Presentation of Statistical Data

What is Data?
Factual information such as measurements or statistics used as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculations.

There are three types of Data presentations.

1. Ascending and Descending order.
2. Frequency Distribution
3. Graphical Presentation
• 1.Ascending and Descending order.
• Arrangement of raw data into increasing pattern that is from lower
observation to higher observation is known as “Ascending Order” while
the reverse order of arrangement. That is from higher observation to lower
observation is known as “Descending order”.

• 2. Frequency Distribution:
• Frequency distribution is the arranged data summarized by distributing it
into class or categorize with their frequencies.
• The data presented in frequency distribution table is known as “ grouped
data” while the data in original form is known as “ungrouped data” . In
terms of its instruction each class or group measurement has lower and
upper limit , lower and upper boundaries, an interval and a middle value.
•
• Example: wages of 100 workers
Wages in RS 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No of workers 12 23 35 20 10

• Class limits:
• A group in which we divide the data are called class interval. Each class
interval consists of two class limits known as lower and upper class limits.
Lower class limit is that limit at which interval is starts and upper class limit is
that limit at which interval is end.
• Class Boundaries
• A class boundaries is mid way between upper limit of class and the lower limit
of the next higher class. CB is obtained by adding the upper and lower class
limit of the next class and divide by 2.
• Mid Point:
• Mid point of the class is that point which divides the class into two equal
parts. It is obtained by dividing either the sum of the lower and upper limits
of the class intervals by 2.
• Construction of a Frequency Distribution Table:
• The frequency distribution table can be constructed by the method given
below.
• 1. Find the range, that is difference between the largest and smallest
observation.
• 2. Divide the range by the number of class intervals to determine the size of
class interval. In case of fraction appears, the next higher whole number is
usually is taken as the size of the class interval.
• 3. determine the number of observations (frequency) falling into each class
interval. This is best done by tally sheet.
• 4. In making tallies, it is customary to recorded the first four tallies as straight
tallies and fifth tally crossing the first four tallies. This way of making tallies
gives facility in counting the frequencies. Which are written in the frequency
column.
• 5. total the frequency column to see that all observed values have been
marked.
• Example
• Construct the frequency distribution table from the following soil
compaction data. Use five class intervals.
• 90, 92, 95, 93, 95, 91, 88, 91, 96, 100, 101, 103, 102, 100, 102, 101, 103,
101, 100, 98, 97, 99, 98, 96, 99, 97, 98, 104, 106, 105, 106, 104, 105, 106,
90, 105, 104, 98, 97,92, 94,91, 107.
• Solution.
• 1. Largest Observation = 107
• 2. Smallest Observation = 88
• 3. Range 107 - 88 = 19
• 4. Size of class interval = Range/ total number of class intervals
• = 19/5
• = 3.8 = 4 approximately
• Frequency Distribution table:

Class Interval Frequency Class Boundaries Class Mid Points

88-91 5 87.5-91.5 89.5

92-95 8 91.5-95.5 93.5

96-99 12 95.5-99.5 97.5

100-103 17 99.5-103.5 101.5

104-107 21 103.5-107.5 105.5

• Relative Frequency:
• A relative frequency distribution shows the proportion of the total number of
observations associated with each value or class of values and is related to a
probability distribution, which is extensively used in statistics.
• Cumulative Frequency Distribution
• Technically, a cumulative frequency distribution is the sum of the class and all
classes below it in a frequency distribution. All that means is you’re adding up
a value and all of the values that came before it.

• Here’s a simple example: You get paid $250 for a week of work. The second
week you get paid $300 and the third week, $350. Your cumulative amount
for week 2 is $550 ($300 for week 2 and $250 for week 1). Your cumulative
amount for week 3 is $900 ($350 for week 3, $300 for week 2 and $250 for
week 1).
• CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE