LECTURE # 4

PRESENTATION OF DATA
PART 2

By Sofia Aslam
Department of Statistics
 Frequency
The number of observations in each class is referred to
as frequency denoted as f, or in other words the number
of times a certain value or class of values occurs.

 Frequency Distribution
in statistics a frequency distribution is a list ,table or
graph that displays the frequency of various outcomes in
a sample.
 Group Data
Data presented in the form of frequency distribution are
called group data.
 Ungrouped Data

The data, which are collected for the first time and
original in character, are called ungroup data.
 Distribution

Arrangement of data according to the values of a

variable characteristic is called a distribution.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

 Array Data
An array data structure, or simply an array, is a data
structure consisting of a collection of elements.
DISCRETE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
 Discrete Frequency Distribution
Arrangement of discrete data in a table, such that,
against each observation its frequency is given is called
discrete frequency distribution, for example
BI- VARIATE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
 Bi- variate Frequency Distribution
A bivariate frequency distribution is the frequency
distribution of two variables at a time. for example
 Open End Frequency Distribution
When the lower limit of the first class or upper limit of
the last class or both is unknown then the frequency
distribution is called open end frequency distribution.

 Class Limits
Class limits are the smallest and the largest observations
(data, events etc.) in each class.
 Class Intervals

Class interval is the difference between upper and lower-

class boundaries of any class.
 Class-mark or Mid-value
A class mark, also called class midpoint, is that number
which divides each class into two parts. It is obtained by
dividing either the sum of lower and upper limit of a
class, or the sum of lower and upper-class boundaries of
a class by 2.
 Class Boundaries
The class boundaries are obtained by increasing the
upper-class limits and decreasing the lower-class limits
by same amount so that there is no gap between
consecutive classes.
CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
The important steps involved in construction of frequency
distribution are given below:
 Find the range of data as

Range = maximum value – minimum value

 Decide on the number of classes into which the data are to be
grouped. Statistical experience has shown that no less than 5
and no more than 20 classes are generally used. H.A. Sturges
has proposed the following empirical rule for the determining
the number of classes into which a set of observations should
be grouped
k = 1 + 3.3 log N
where k denotes the number of classes and N denotes the
total number of observations.
CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
 Determine suitable class width (Class interval size) as:
h=R/k
Class interval = range / number of classes
 Write the class limits in such a way that the smallest
observation is absorbed in the first class and highest
observation in the last class.
 All the observations are put into respective classes (It
may be done by using tally marks) and determine the
frequency of each class.
 Finally, total the frequency column to see that all the
data have been accounted for.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
 Relative Frequency
The frequency of a class divided by the total frequency of
all the classes is called the relative frequency.
Relative Frequency = fi / ∑fi
The total of relative frequency is unity.
 Relative Frequency Distribution

A relative frequency is the fraction or proportion of times a

value occurs in a data set.
 Percentage Relative Frequency

If relative frequency is multiplied by 100, we obtain

percentage relative frequency. A table showing percentage
frequencies is called as percentage frequency distribution.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

 Cumulative Frequency
The total frequency of all the classes less than the upper-
class boundary of a given class is called the cumulative
frequency of that class.

 Cumulative Frequency Percentage

If cumulative frequency is divided by total and multiplied
by 100, we obtain percentage cumulative frequency.
 Note:
 Before forming, a cumulative frequency distribution class limits are
converted into class boundaries.
 If it is not mentioned about less than or more than type cumulative
frequency distribution then we always mean less than type
cumulative frequency distribution.
 It is used to obtain the partition values such as median, quartiles,
percentiles etc.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
 An arrangement of different class boundaries with their
respective cumulative frequencies is called cumulative
frequency distribution.
 If the cumulative frequency distribution is made below
than the class boundaries it is called less than type
cumulative frequency distribution.
 If the cumulative frequency distribution is made above
than the class boundaries it is called more than type
cumulative frequency distribution.
 EXAMPLE
 The following data represents the height of 30 wheat plants taken
from the experimental area. Construct a frequency distribution.
Find relative frequency, percentage relative frequency,
cumulative frequency and percentage cumulative frequency.
87 91 89 88 89 91 87 92 90 98 95 97 96 100 101
96 98 99 98 100 102 99 101 105 103 107 105
106 107 112
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
  Decide the number of classes:
K=1+3.3 log(n)=5.87 or =5.47  6 Classes
 Determine the range of variation of the data i.e,
R= Max – Min = 112 – 87 = 25
 Determine the approximate size of class interval

= 25/6 = 4.17  5 Class Interval

 Decide where to locate the class limits  86-90, 91-95,
…
 Distribute the data into appropriate classes
CLASS BOUNDARIES
 Class Boundaries
 Subtract any Upper Class Limit from its Subsequent Lower
Class limit and divide the difference with 2, you will get the
Continuity correction factor
 Subtract this factor from all Lower Class Limits and add it to all
Upper Class limits.

For example, (91-90)/2 = ½ =0.05 or (96-95)/2 = ½ =0.05

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Classes Class Tally f c.f. r.f. % r.f % c.f
Boundaries
86–90 85.5–90.5   6 6 0.200 20.0 20.00
91–95 90.5–95.5   4 10 0.133 13.3 33.3
96–100 95.5–100.5   10 20 0.333 33.3 66.6
101–105 100.5–105.5   6 26 0.200 20.0 86.6
106–110 105.5–110.5   3 29 0.100 10.0 96.6
111–115 110.5–115.5   1 30 0.033 3.3 100.0
∑ _ _ 30 _ 1.000 100.0 _
QUESTION
 Construct a frequency distribution with the suitable class
interval size of marks obtained by 50 students of a class,
which are given below:
23, 50, 38, 42, 63, 75, 12, 33, 26, 39, 35, 47, 43, 52, 56,
59, 64, 77, 15, 21, 51, 54, 72, 68, 36, 65, 52, 60, 27, 34,
47, 48, 55, 58, 59, 62, 51, 48, 50, 41, 57, 65, 54, 43, 56,
44, 30, 46, 67, 53
Also find
 Relative Frequency

 Percentage Relative Frequency

 Cumulative Frequency

 Percentage Cumulative Frequency

THOUGHT OF THE DAY
ANY QUESTIONS?????