Chapter 2: Statiscal Socio-Economic

Measures
Objectivities

 To understand and differentiate absolute & relative

figure
 To grasp the significance of formula calculating
average figures
 To have insight into formula of statistical deviation
 Chapter 2: Statiscal Socio-Economic
Measures

2.1. Absolute figures

2.2. Relative figures
2.3. Average figures
2.4. Statistical indicators determining variation of
statistical deviation
 2.1. Absolute Figures

Definition
Absolute figues are statistical indicators illustrating the scope,
degrees… of socio-economic phenomenon in certain time and
environmental conditions

Type
+ Momentary AF
+ Period AF
 2.2. Relative Figures

Definition
Relative figues are statistical indicators demonstrating the comparing
relationship between the same-type indicators or the different-in-time-or
environment ones that are corresponding each other.

Phân loại
+ Developmental RF
+ Planning RF
+ Environmental RF
+ Segmentative RF
+ Intensity RF
 Developmental RF

Definition
DRF are statistical indicators that reflect the change of phenomenon
in scope, degrees… by time. yt
y0
(yt): current one, mẫu số (y0): previous one

Linking between the root DRF and the sequential DRF

Period 1 2 3 … n-1 n
yt y1 y2 y3 … yn-1 yn

y 2 y3 yn yn
.... 
y1 y 2 y n 1 y1
 Developmental RF

EX 2.1: comsumed products (1.000 MT) of a company shown below:

Năm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sản lượng hàng 240,0 259,2 282,5 299,5 323,4 355,8 387,8
hóa (1.000 tấn)
Calculate the root DRF and the sequential DRFF in the period of 01-
07
 Planning RF

Significance
Showing the rate between the planned rate to root one, or between
the implemented rate and planned one.

Types

Planned degress y
Planned  *100  PL *100
root degree yo

implemented deg ree y

implemented  *100  t *100
Planned degree ypl
 Environmental RF

Significance
Illustrating the comparing relationship between the two components
in a population, or the two same-type phenomena in different
environments.
yenrA
yenrB
Ex: yield of group 1 to that of group 2, urban population to rural
population, province X’s productivity to province Y’s.
 Segmentative RF

Significance
Demonstrating the segmentation of each components in a population

each componet degree

SRF  *100
Whole population degree
 Intensity RF

significance
Showing the intensity of an phenomenal entity in certain time and
environment.

How to calculate?
- Comparing the two different indicator that are relating to each
other. (EX: population density, productivity)
- Having dual units. (EX: people/km2, product/people)

So dan
Mat đo dan so  (nguoi / Km 2 )
Dien tich
Tong san pham
Nang suat lao đong  ( sanpham/nguoi )
Tong so cong nhan
 2.3. Average figures

Khái niệm:
Average figures, in statistics, are statistical indicators illustrating rate
representative to rates of units (of same traits) observed based on
specific statistical standard in serve for certain research purpose.
VD: average price, average productivity…
 Significance of AF

 Representing to rates of observed units within a population.

ex: a student’s average mark of 2013-2014 semester, average
weight of a football team in 2015

 Enabling the comparision between population that are different in

size in specific term.
Ví dụ: khi so sánh điểm trung bình môn nguyên lý thống kê của
lớp C11KT1 (gồm 70 sinh viên) với lớp C11QTDLKS (gồm 30
sinh viên) học kỳ II năm học 2013-2014
 Significance of AF

 Researching the phenomenon throught time – serving for

planning.

Figure 2.1: Energy consumption and GDP growth in Viet Nam in 2002-2012
(source: A-0 of EVN)
 Categories of AF

Plus means:
Multiple means:
Simple
Simple
Weighted
Weighted
Harmonising
Simplified harmonising

Mode Median
 PLUS MEANS

n: number of xi when ungrouped

xi(i=1,2…n): rate of each unit i when ungrouped
k: number of group
xi (i=1,2…k): rate of grouped unit i
fi (i=1,2…k): corresponding frequency i to the group i
Mi = xi.fi (i=1,2…k): total sum of units belong to the group i
Simple PM Weighted PM

Harmonising PM Simplified HPM (M1=M2=..Mk=M)

 When to apply?
- unrouped, few observation
- grouped, fi equals

- grouped, having xi , at least one fi differenting

to the rest f

- grouped, having Mi and xi

- having xi , Mi equal,
 Example for AF

EX 2.2: weight of a football team members measured on 02/09/2016

Average weight:
Member(n= 6) Weight xi (kg)
Vũ Hồng Tuấn 63
Nguyễn Trung 65
Hạnh
Phạm Việt Bình 70
Trần Thanh Tuấn 73
Nguyễn Ngọc 75
Thía
Dương Văn Hùng 80
 Example for AF

EX 2.3: marks of the fundamental statistics subject of the class

C11KT1, in 2015-2016 semester
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mark xi 9 8 8,5 9,5 8 8 9

Member 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
count fi

AF of 7 groups:
 Example for AF

Ex 2.4: outcome of worker groups in a factory, in 5/1989

Group (k= Number of

Productivity Group
5) workers fi
xi (pr/pe) average
(pe)
1 100-110 105 100
2 110-120 115 95
3 120-130 125 90
4 130-140 135 85
5 140-150 145 80

AF of 5 groups:
 Example for AF

Ví dụ 2.5: hiệu quả làm việc các tổ CN ở 1 xưởng, vào 5/1989

Group Group
Number of
(k= 5) average
workers fi
productivity
xi (pr/pe) (pe)

1 105 100
2 115 95
3 125 90
4 135 85
5 145 80
Formula:
 Example for AF

Ex 2.6: outcome of worker groups in a factory, in 5/1989

(TP=Productivity x Number of workers, or: Mi=xi.fi )
Group (k= Total
5) Productivity Group products
xi (pr/pe) average Mi (sp)
1 100-110 105 10500
2 110-120 115 10925
3 120-130 125 11250
4 130-140 135 11475
5 140-150 145 11600

AF of 5 groups :
 Example for AF

Ex 2.7: 05 worker groups, have a productivity contest in a working

day (8 hours), :

Group
(t= 5) Productivity
xi (min/pr)
Calculate the productivity?
1 30
(*) What about the total group products
2 25
produced by each group?
3 20
4 15
5 10
 Example for AF

Ex 2.7: Analysing
Production time (min)=Productivity (min/pr) x total group product (pr)
or: Mi=xi.fi
PT1=PT2=…=PT5
NSLĐTB 5 tổ:

Group (t= 5) 1 2 3 4 5

Productivity xi (ph/sp) 30 25 20 15 10

Total group product fi = Mi/xi (sp) 16 19,2 24 32 48

Production time Mi (ph) 480 480 480 480 480

 How to identify each component?
Case Whole index Component index
(General) Total rate of xi Rate of xi Frequency of xi

Revenue Unit price Sold products

Total production cost Unit cost Manufactured

products
Total manufactured products Productivity (pr/pe) Number of workers

Total manufactured products Productivity Time

  (pr/time)

Total manufactured products Yield productivity Square

i (weight/square)

Production time Productivity Manufactured

(time/pr) products
 Multiple Mean

Simple MM:

Ex 2.8: calculate the average of sequential developmental rate:

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GDP 100 105 108 106 110 117
(tỷ$)
 Multiple Mean

Weighted MM:

Ex 2.9: compute the average of developmental rate of a company Y’s

profits throughout 10 years, for the first 5 years are 110%, the next 3
years are 125%, and the last 2 years are 105%
 The downside of plus mean
Family
number Frequency Accum
Income- xi Accumulated
(fa) –
/total ulated Range
Group frequency frequency
(mil.đ) frequency (fa)
F/TF (mil.đ)
(times) (times)
fi

1 5-7 100 100 0,10 0,10 2

2 7-10 330 430 0,37 0,47 3
3 10-15 200 630 0,22 0,69 5
4 15-20 150 780 0,17 0,87 5
5 20-30 100 880 0,11 0,98 10
6 200-450 20 900 0,02 1 250

Total n=900 1

The weighted average figure = 19, 478 (mil.đ)!

 2.3. Average figure (cont.)

Plus mean, includin:

Giản đơn
Represent
Gia quyền the “ pure
Điều hòa quantitativ
Điều hòa giản đơn e” aspect

Mode Median
 MODE

Definition:
Representing the most popular rate of (a) unit in an array of unit
rates.
 MODE

Application: Determining typical sizes, pack of common goods

consumption, community policies…
 MODE calculation (ký hiệu: Mo) (cs1)

case1: for the qualitative statistical standard

Mode is the trait that is most counted

ex 2.10: List of student of C11KT1 khóa 2012-2015 according to

homeland
Homeland Hải Nam Thái Quảng Ninh
Phòng Định Bình Ninh Bình
Student 90 70 100 85 50
number(pe
)
Mo=Thái Bình
 MODE calculation (cs2)
Case2: for quantitative statistical standard, and no group distance
Mode belongs to the group with fi max

Ex 2.11: Exam mark of a class in 2014-2015

Mark 5 6 7 8 9 10
Student 0 1 1 2 40 1
number
(pe)
Mo=9 (điểm)
 MODE calculation (cs3)
case3: for quantitative statistical standard, and equal group distance
Group i having fi max contains the mode
 MODE calculation (cs3)
Group - VS S M L VL EL
(length)
Trouser 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 100-105 105-110
length
(cm) – xi
Measured 10 30 80 45 30 5
people
(pe) - fi

B1 –determining the group containing the mode: fmax = f of M =

80 (pe)
B2 – Applying the formula:
= 92,941 (cm)
 MODE calculation (cs4)
TH4: for quantitative statistical standard, and unequal group distance
Finding the group having max
 MODE calculation (cs4)
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6
Incomeg
thu nhập 5-7 7-10 10-15 15-20 20-30 200-450
(mil.đ) – xi
Group
distance 2 3 5 5 10 250
(mil.đ) – hi
Family
count 100 330 200 150 100 20
(fa) – fi
di
50 110 40 30 10 0,08
= fi / GDi

B1 - determining the group containing the mode : dmax = d group 2 = 110

B2 – apply the formula:

= 8,385 (mil.đ)
 MEDIAN (Me)

Definition:
Median is the rate of the very unit standing in the centre of of the
array of unit rates
 Median calculation (case1,2)
case1: ungrouped
If the number of rates is odd (n=2m + 1), median is the rate at
the m+1 position.
ex 2.14: 40,45,50 (=Me),55,60
case2 : ungrouped
If the number of rates is even (n=2m), median is calculated by the
average of the two rates at the m and m+ 1 position
Ẽ 2.15: 40,45,50,55,60,65
Me = (50+55)/2=52,5
 Median application
Determine the (x*, y*), that are the 02
medians corresponding to the x and y
axis.
y

y2 ơ ∑ ǀxi – x*ǀ min

x*, y*
Far West ∑ ǀyi – y*ǀ min

y1

y3

0 x 1 x2 x3 x*
x
Far North
 Median calculation(case3)
case3: grouped
Finding the group z that accumulated frequencies
 Median calculation(case3)
Location I II III IV V VI VII
Distance
from far
west (m) - 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 900-1000 1000-1100
xi

Family
number(fa 10 30 45 80 30 3 2
) -fi

Acc Fre- Si 10 40 85 165 195 198 200

S4 = f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 = 165 > (f1+f2+..+ f7)/2 = 100

The group 4 contains median
Apply the formula:
 Median application
The address (718,5, y*)

y2 ∑ ǀxi – 718,75ǀ min

718,75 , y*
Cực Tây y* ∑ ǀyi – y*ǀ min

y1

y3

0 x 1 x2 x3 x4 x*x5 x6 x7
x
Cực Nam
 Downside of plus mean

Cực Tây

0 x
Cực Nam
 Downside of plus mean

Cực Tây

0 x
Cực Nam
Significance of the 3 types of AF

• “pure quantitativeness”.
Mean

• “popularity”
Mode

• “centrality”
Median
 Downside of AF
The deviation of rates from the average of all rates?
2.4. Các mức độ đánh giá độ phân tán

(source: www.averageheight.co)
Height by ethnics in USA in 2008
(source: www.halls.md/on/men-height-h.htm)
Population by ethnics in USA in 2008
(source: www.halls.md/on/men-height-h.htm)
Population by ethnics in Norway in 2007
(source: www.cia.gov)
+

x3 x5
x1

x2 x4 x6

x3 x5

x1

x6
x2 x4
 Statiscal measures of deviation
range Average Absolute
deviation

Variance

Deviation coefficient Standard deviation

 Typical example

eg2.17: marks of the e-commercial subject of the EPU two

classes in 2012-2013:
class C9QT1: class C9QT2:
Mark xi Student Mark xi Student
(i=1÷5) number fi (i=1÷5) number fi
(pe) (pe)
9 10 9 4
8 10 8 5
7 25 7 20
6 10 6 30
5 5 5 1
 ex(cont):
class C9QT1: k=5
Mark xi 9 8 7 6 5

Student
number fi 10 10 25 10 5

Plus mean

Range

ĐLTBBQ

Variance

Standard

Deviation

Deviation
 ex(cont):
Class C9QT2 (the same way):
Mark xi 9 8 7 6 5
Student
number fi 4 5 20 30 1

Plus mean 6,683 (điểm)

Range 4 (điểm)
ĐLTBBQ 0,739 (điểm)
Variance 0,816

Standard
0,903 (điểm)
Deviation

Deviation
13,519%
coeffficient+
 Nguồn tham khảo
1. Nguyễn Văn Chức , Phân tích hồi qui tuyến tính với SPSS,
Nguồn web: http://bis.net.vn/forums/p/722/1565.aspx
2. Nguyễn Quang Dong, Giáo trình Kinh tế lượng, ĐHKTQD.
3. Khoa toán kinh tế ĐHKTQD, Bộ số liệu cho eViews phiên bản 04, ĐHKTQT.
4. Bùi Đức Triệu, Giáo trình Nguyên lý thống kê, ĐHKTQD.
5. Trung tâm điều độ hệ thống điện quốc gia, Gia tăng nhu cầu phụ tải điện quốc gia và tốc độ tăng
GDP tại Việt Nam giai đoạn 2002-2012,
Nguồn web:
http://www.nldc.evn.vn/News/1/87/Tong-quan-ve-font-color-Redphufont-font-color-Redtaifont-dien-tro
ng-he-thong-dien-Quoc-gia.aspx
6. Nguyễn Cao Văn, Giáo trình Xác suất thống kê, ĐHKTQD.

Tiếng Anh
7. Averageheight researching group, Average Male Height By Country,
Nguồn web: http://www.averageheight.co/average-male-height-by-country
8. Steven B. Halls, A height chart for men of differenct races in USA,
Nguồn web: http://www.halls.md/chart/men-height-w.htm
9. Microsoft, the 04th.ver eViews software, USA.
XIN CÁM ƠN
MỌI NGƯỜI!