Arithmetic and geometric progressions

6.1 Arithmetic Progressions

Bila suatu barisan mempunyai selisih tetap antara
istilah berturut-turut itu disebut Arithmetic Progression (sering disingkat AP).
Contohnya meliputi:
• (i) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... di mana perbedaan umum adalah 3 dan
• (ii) a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... di mana persamaannya
perbedaannya adalah d.
Jika suku pertama dari AP adalah 'a' dan sukunya
perbedaannya adalah 'd' kalau begitu

suku ke-n adalah: a + (n-1) d

Dalam contoh (i) di atas, suku ke-7 diberikan oleh 1 +
(7-1)3 = 19, yang dapat dengan mudah diperiksa.
Jumlah S dari AP dapat diperoleh dengan mengalikan rata-rata semua suku dengan jumlah
ketentuan.

Rata-rata semua suku = di mana 'a’ adalah suku pertama dan l suku terakhir, yaitu l = a +
(n 1) d, untuk n suku.
Jadi jumlah n suku,

Sn = n ()

= {a+ [a+(n-1)d]}

Sn= [2a+(n-1)d]
For example, the sum of the first 7 terms of the series
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... is given by
S7 = 7
2
[2(1) + (7 − 1)3], since a = 1 and d = 3
=7
2
[2 + 18] = 7
2
[20] = 70
 6.2 Worked problems on arithmetic progressions

Problem 1. Determine (a) the ninth, and (b) the Problem 2. The 6th term of an AP is 17 and
sixteenth term of the series 2, 7, 12, 17, ... the 13th term is 38. Determine the 19th term.

2, 7, 12, 17, ... is an arithmetic progression with The n’th term of an AP is a + (n − 1)d
a common difference, d, of 5. The 6th term is: a + 5d = 17 (1)
(a) The n’th term of an AP is given by a + (n − 1)dThe 13th term is: a + 12d = 38 (2)
Since the first term a = 2, d = 5 and n = 9 Equation (2) − equation (1) gives: 7d = 21, from
then the 9th term is: which, d = 21
2 + (9 − 1)5 = 2 + (8)(5) = 2 + 40 = 42 7 = 3.
(b) The 16th term is: Substituting in equation (1) gives: a + 15 = 17, from
2 + (16 − 1)5 = 2 + (15)(5) = 2 + 75 = 77 which, a = 2.
Hence the 19th term is:
a + (n − 1)d = 2 + (19 − 1)3 = 2 + (18)(3) =
2 + 54 = 56.
Problem 4. Find the sum of the first 12 terms Problem 5. Find the sum of the first 21 terms
of the series 5, 9, 13, 17, ... of the series 3.5, 4.1, 4.7, 5.3, ...

5, 9, 13, 17, ... is an AP where a = 5 and d = 4. 3.5, 4.1, 4.7, 5.3, ... is an AP where a = 3.5 and
The sum of n terms of an AP, d = 0.6.
Sn = n The sum of the first 21 terms,
2 S21 = 21
[2a + (n − 1)d] 2 [2a + (n − 1)d]
Hence the sum of the first 12 terms, = 21
S12 = 12 2 [2(3.5) + (21 − 1)0.6] = 21
2 [2(5) + (12 − 1)4] 2 [7 + 12]
= 6[10 + 44] = 6(54) = 324 = 21
2 (19) = 399
2 = 199.5
6.3 Further worked problems on arithmetic progressions
The sum of 7 terms of an AP is 35 and the common difference is 1.2. Determine the first
term of the series.
n = 7, d = 1.2 and S7 = 35
Since the sum of n terms of an AP is given by

Sn =[2a + (− 1)d], then

i.e the first term , a = 1.4

The first, twelfth and last term of an arithmetic progression are 4, 311 2 , and 3761 2
respectively. Determine (a) the number of terms in the series, (b) the sum of all the
terms and (c) the ‘80’th term.

(a) Let theAP be a,a + d, a + 2d, ... ,a + (n − 1)d, where a = 4

The 12th term is: a + (12 − 1)d = The last term (𝑛 − 1)d

i.e 4+11d=
( 12 )=376 12
𝑖 .𝑒 4 + ( 𝑛 −1 ) 2
From which, 11d = - 4 = 27 1
376 −4
2
1 ( 𝑛 − 1 )= =149
27 1
2 1 2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑= =2 2
11 2

Hence the number of terms in the series ,n=149=150

(b) Sum of all the terms (c) The 80th term is:

𝑎+ ¿
𝑛
𝑆150 =
2
[ 2 𝑎+ ( 𝑛 −1 ) 𝑑 ]

¿
150
2 [
2( 4)+ ( 150 − 1 ) 2
1
2 ( )] ¿ 4 ( 79 ) ( 2 )
1
2

[ ( )]
1 1
¿ 75 8+ ( 149 ) 2 ¿ 4 +197,5=201
2 2

¿ 85 [ 8+372.5 ]

1
¿ 75 ( 380,5 ) =28537
2
6.4 Geometric progressions

When a sequence has a constant ratio between successive terms

it is called aression geometric progression (often abbreviated to
GP). The constant is called the common ratio, r.
Examples include

(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, ... where the common ratio is 2 and

(ii) a a, r, ar2, ar3, ... where the common ratio is r.

If the first term of a GP is ‘a’ and the common ratio is r, then the
n’th term is:𝑎𝑟𝑛−1
which can be readily checked from the above examples.
For example, the 8th term of the GP 1, 2, 4, 8, ... is (1)(2)7 = 128,
since a = 1 and r = 2.
Let a GP be a, ar, ar2, ar3, ..., arn−1 then the sum of n terms,
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟2 + 𝑎𝑟3 + 𝑎𝑟4 +··· +𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 1 + 𝑎𝑟𝑛 +··· 1
Multiplying throughout by r gives:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟2 + 𝑎𝑟3 + 𝑎𝑟4 +··· +𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 1 + 𝑎𝑟𝑛 +··· 2
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1) gives:
𝑆𝑛 − 𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟𝑛

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑆𝑛(1 − 𝑟) = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟𝑛)

Thus the sum of n terms

is valid when r < 1.

Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2) gives
𝑆𝑛 𝑎(𝑟𝑛−1) which is valid when r > 1
(𝑟−1)

is valid when r < 1.

Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2) gives

Sn which is valid when r > 1

For example, the sum of the first 8 terms of the GP
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ... is given by S8 = since a = 1 and r = 2

i.e = = 225

When the common ratio r of a GP is less than unity, which

may be written as 𝑆𝑛 =

be written as 𝑆𝑛 =

Since r < 1, 𝑟𝑛 becomes less as n increases, i.e. 𝑟𝑛 →0 as

n →∞

Hence 0 as n→∞. Thus Sn → as n→∞.

The quantity is called the sum to infinity

S∞, and is the limiting value of the sum of an infinite number of terms,

i.e S∞ which is valid when −1 < r < 1.

For example, the sum to infinity of the GP

1 1
𝑆∝ = 𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎=1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 , 𝑖 .𝑒 . 𝑆∝ =2
(1− 12 ) 2
6.5 Worked problems on

geometric progressions
• Problem 1. Determine the tenth term of the series 3, 6, 12, 24, ... 3, 6, 12, 24,... is a
geometric progression with a common ratio r of 2. The n’th term of a GP is where a is
the first term. Hence the 10th term is:

Problem 2. Find the sum to infinity of the series 3, 1, ,…3,

1, is a GP of common ratio, r = The sum to infinity,
S∞ = = = = = 4
 6.6 Further worked problems on
geometric progressions

Problem 1. A hire tool firm finds that their net return from
hiring tools is
decreasing by 10% per annum. If their net gain on a
certain tool this year is
£400, find the possible total of all future profits from this
tool (assuming the
tool lasts for ever) .
The net gain forms a series:
£400 + £400 × 0.9 + £400 × 0,9
2 +··· ,
which is a GP with a = 400 and r = 0.9. The sum to infinity,
S∞ =£4000 = total future profits
Problem 18. If £100 is invested at compound interest of 8% per annum,
determine (a) the value after 10 years .
Let the GP be a, ar, , …. The first term a = £100 The common ratio r
1.08 Hence the second term is
ar = (100) (1.08) = £108
which is the value after 1 year, the third term is = (100) = £116.64,

which is the value after 2 years, and so on. Thus the value after 10 years
= = (100) = £215.89

Contoh soal
• Hitunglah besarnya dari barisan 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21,
23, 25, 27, …
jawaban :
a=7;b=2
Sehingga :
= a + (n – 1)b = 7 + (31) 2 = 69
TERIMA KASIH