CORONAVIRU

S
• Coronaviruses (CoV) cause Respiratory tract infections in humans.
• Coronaviruses causing human infections mostly belong to the Betacoronavirus.

• SEVERE DISEASES :-
 SARS-CoV (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
 MERS-CoV (Middle east respiratory syndrome)
 SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2)

• MORPHOLOGY :-
 They are linear, enveloped ssRNA.
 Club shaped or Crown like peplomer spikes giving appearance of a Solar Corona.
 They are spherical large (12-160 nm) viruses having Helical symmetry.
 COVID-19
• COVID-19 is a acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.
• This virus caused a pandemic which originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and
subsequently spread to the world over 3-4 months.
• Over 67 crore cases with >67 lakh deaths were reported as of
January 2023, with overall mortality rate of 1%.
• India experienced 3 different COVID waves and accounts for
Second highest number of cases.

• SARS-CoV-2 Variants:-
 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta (2nd wave), Omicron (3rd wave).

• MORPHOLOGY:-
 RNA virus comprises of nucleocapsid with Helical symmetry
surrounded by an envelope.
 4 Structural Proteins:
Nucleocapsid protein, Spike protein, Membrane glycoprotein, Envelope protein.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS :-
• Incubation Period: 5-6 days but can be long as 14 days.
• Symptomatic patients :-
 MILD: ILI (Influenza like illness)
 MODERATE: Pneumonia
 SEVERE: Severe Pneumonia with Complications like Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Sepsis, Septic
shock, etc.

TRANSMISSION :-
# Respiratory droplets # Contact routes # Aerosol transmission

PREVENTION & CONTROL:-

# Hand hygiene # Social distancing # Sanitization # Masks # PPE # Quarantine

VACCINES :-
# Covishield # Covaxin # Sputnik V vaccine

LAB DIAGNOSIS :-
• Real time RT-PCR
• Antigen Detection Assay
• Antibody (IgG) detection assay
 HIV
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causal agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS).
• STRUCTURE :-
 They are spherical, ranging from 80-110 nm in size.
 ENVELOPE: Lipid part, Protein part (gp120 & gp41)
 NUCLEOCAPSID: Capsid has Icosahedral symmetry; made up of core protein.
RNA- ssRNA linear RNA
ENZYMES- Reverse transcriptase, Integrase, Proteases.
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION:-
 Sexual Mode – Most common; 75% of total cases
 Blood Transfusion – Least common; 90-95% of cases
 Percutaneous/Mucosal – Less transmission; about 10% of cases
 Perinatal Mode – 20-40% transmission; 10% of cases
VIRAL REPLICATION

Fusion

Penetration & Uncoating

Reverse transcription

Pre-Integration complex

Integration

Latency
LAB DIAGNOSIS :-

 Specific Tests (1) Screening Tests – Antibody detection

• ELISA (2-3 hrs)
• Rapid/Simple test (<30 min)
(2) Supplement Tests – Antibody detection
• Western blot assay
• Line immunoassay (LIA)
(3) Confirmatory Tests
• P24 antigen detection
• Viral culture – by Co-cultivation technique
• HIV RNA (Best confirmatory method)
• HIV DNA detection
 Non-Specific (1) Low CD4 T cell count
(2) Hypergammaglobulinemia
(3) Altered CD4:CD8 T cell ratio

TREATMENT :-
 Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART)