GENERAL PHYSICS

1 I N T R O D U C T I O
N
 1ST SEMESTER TOPICS TO
DISCUSS
• Measurement

• Speed, Velocity, Acceleration,& Freefall

• Relative Motion, Projectile Motion, Circular

Motion

• Laws of Motion

• Work, Energy, & Power

• Impulse & Momentum

 1ST SEMESTER TOPICS TO
DISCUSS
• M oment of Inertia, Torque, Static Equilibrium, Rotational
Kinematics

• Newton’s Laws of Gravitation, Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

• Periodic Motion, Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillation,

Mechanical Waves

• Sound Waves, Interference, Doppler Effect

• Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes Principle

 1ST SEMESTER TOPICS TO
DISCUSS
• Thermodynamics, Zeroth Law, Thermal Expansion

• G as Laws, Heat C apacity, Laws of

Thermodynamics
 Grading System
• DepEd Order #31 s. of 2012 and DepEd Order #8 s. of
2015
Components Percentage
Written Works 25
Performance Task 45
Quarterly Assessment 30

Components Percentage
Written Works 40
Performance Task 60
 /ˈfiziks/

What is Physics?

Physics is the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of
matter and energy. It comes from the Greek word φuσισ (phusis)
'knowledge of nature,' and in general, the field aims to analyze and
understand the natural phenomena of the universe.
 Two Divisions of physics

1. Classical Physics

 motion, fluids, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism

2. Modern Physics

relativity, atomic structure, quantum theory, condensed

matter, nuclear physics, elementary particles, cosmology and
astrophysics.
Measurement and
Uncertainty;
Significant Figures
 Measurement

In science, measurement is a collection of

quantitative or numerical data that
describes a property of an object or event.
Since this comparison cannot be perfect,
measurements inherently include error,
which is how much a measured value
deviates from the true value.
Metrology
• Metrology is the science of measurement, embracing both
experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty
in any field of science and technology. (https://www.sciencedirect.com)
 THE
HISTORY
• Before, the names for many units of measurement for length
were
borrowed from human morphology.

These are used

to measure
length
 THE
HISTORY
• For measuring
time

gnomon

dial

Sandglass
Errors in
Measurement
Uncertaint -
y Error
Some of the Types
Errors
1. Constant Errors
2. Systematic Errors
3. Random Errors
3. Gross Errors
 Uncertainty

There is uncertainty associated with every measurement.

Among the most important sources of uncertainty, other
than blunders, are the limited accuracy of every measuring
instrument and the inability to read an instrument beyond
some fraction of the smallest division
 Example
• Using a centimeter ruler to measure the
width of a board the result could be
claimed to be precise to about 0.1 cm
(1 mm).
• When giving the result of a
measurement, it is important to state
the estimated uncertainty in the
measurement.
googlephoto

Measuring the width of a

board with a centimeter
ruler.
 Percent Uncertainty
• The percentuncertainty is the ratio of the
uncertainty to the
measured value, multiplied by 100.

Example:

• 8.8 is the measurement, 0.1 cm is the estimated uncertainty, that

𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑖
is: 𝑛 𝑡 𝑦 𝑥100
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒�
�𝑡
0.1 𝑥100 = 1.1%
8.8
 uncertainty in a numerical value is assumed to be one or a
few units in the last digit specified.
Length is given as 8.8 cm, the uncertainty is assumed to be
about
0.1 cm or 0.2 cm.
Do not add zero to the right of 8.8, making it 8.80
This implies an uncertainty on the order of 0.01 cm; it assumes
that the length is probably between 8.79 cm and 8.81 cm, when
actually you believe it is between 8.7 and 8.9 cm.
 Accuracy vs. Precision

Accuracy: indicates how a given measurement is close to

the real value.

Precision: refers to the closeness between

independent measurements.
 Significant Figures
The number of reliably known digits in a number is called
the number of significant figures.
 Rules in Identifying Significant
Figures
1. All non – zero digits are
significant.

2. Zeros are significant if they are only obtained by actual

measurement and were found at the right end of a
measured number and after the decimal point.
3. Zeros are significant if they are found in between non-
zero digits

4. Zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but to the left of

an understood decimal point are not significant unless
indicated as significant.
5. All zeros found at the right of a decimal point but to
the left of a non-zero digit are not significant

6. Exponents in a scientific notation do not affect the

number of a significant digits.
Rounding Off Significant Digits

The result of calculation with number containing more

than one uncertain digit, should be rounded off. The
technique of rounding off is followed in applied areas of
science.

A number 1.876 rounded off to three significant digits

is
1.88 while the number 1.872 would be 1.87. The rule is
that if the insignificant digit (underlined) is more than 5,
the preceding digit is raised by 1, and is left unchanged if
the former is less than 5
If the number is 2.845, the insignificant digit is 5. In this
case, the convention is that if the preceeding digit is
even, the insignificant digit is simply dropped and, if it is
odd, the preceding digit is raised by 1. Following this,
2.845 is rounded off to 2.84 whereas 2.815 is rounded
off to 2.82.
EXAMPLES

1. Add 17.35 kg, 25.8 kg and 9.423 kg.

2. Multiply 3.8 and 0.125 with due regard to significant

figures.
 Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is a way of expressing

numbers that are too large or too small to
be conveniently written in decimal form.
Systems of
Measuremen
t
The word “measurement” is derived from the Greek word
"metron," which means a limited proportion. This word
also finds its roots in the words "moon" and "month",
possibly because astronomical objects were among the
first methods to measure time. In the old days, we used
body parts for informal measurement systems like foot
length, cubit, handspan, etc. which were not so accurate
and vary from person to person.

https://www.cuemath.com/measurement/system-of-measurement/
Informal System of
Measurement
 METRIC
SYSTEM
The metric system is a system of measurement that
uses the meter, liter, and gram as base units of
length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight
(mass) respectively.
Metric
Conversions
 SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL
(SI)

C gs system
British Engineering System
 Physical Quantities of Measurement

Fundamental Quantities
Derived Quantities
Rules and conventions for writing SI
units and their symbols
1.The units named after scientists are not written with
a capital initial letter.
2.The symbols of the units named after scientist should be
written by a capital letter.
3.Small letters are used as symbols for units not
derived from a proper name
4.No full stop or other punctuation marks should be used
within or at the end of symbols.
 5. The symbols of the units do not take plural form.
6.When temperature is expressed in kelvin, the degree sign
is omitted
7.Use of solidus is recommended only for indicating a
division of one letter unit symbol by another unit
symbol. Not more than one solidus is used.
8.Some space is always to be left between the number
and the symbol of the unit and also between the symbols
for compound units such as force, momentum, etc.
9. Only accepted symbols should be used.
10.Numerical value of any physical quantity should
be expressed in scientific notation.
Expressing large and smaller Physical quantities
 Converting Units
Units in different systems or even different units in the
same system can express the same quantity. To avoid
confusion, it is therefore necessary to convert the units of
a quantity from one unit to another.

Conversion Factor
Thank you! 