Object-Oriented Software

Development

Tutorial 3
 Objectives
• Understand the Control of Execution;
• Understand and able to use array and Strings in
Java programs.
• Explain the difference (and similarities) between
strings and arrays of characters.
• Declare an array, define, interrogate and change
individual elements of an array.
• Declare and work with instances of the String
class.
• Implement Java programs illustrating the
manipulation of arrays and strings.
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 Branch of execution
Branch of execution is also called control
statement.
There are 3 kinds of control statements:
1. method calling;
2. Selection – if .. else and switch .. case;
3. Iteration - looping.

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 1. Method calling
Example:
int lengthOfString = text.length;
//the class String provides a length() method,
whereas .length is how we find out the
length of an array.

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 2. Selection: IF…ELSE
• If (test)
statement to execute if test was true
else
statement to execute if test was false
• If (temperature > 78)
{
soundAlarm( );
displayFlashingLight(red);
}
else
displayFlashingLight(green);

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 3. Iteration in Java
There are three forms of iteration statement
implemented in Java:
• While
• For
• Do…while

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 Iteration: WHILE
• The statement repeated until the test is false.
counter = 0;
while (counter < 5)
{
System.out.println( counter );
counter = counter + 1;
}
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 Iteration: FOR
• Particularly useful for concisely writing counter
controlled loops.
// FOR loop
int counter;
for (counter = 0; counter < 10; counter = counter + 1)
{
<action1>
<action2>
}
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 What is an array?
• Read section 7.1-7.4 pp 314-328 of Chapter 7
Deitel and Deitel.
• An array is a way of storing, retrieving and
changing a sequence (i.e. ordered collection) of
variables that are all the same type.
• An array has an identifier (name), stores elements
all of the same type, and has an unchanging size
(dimension).

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 array
• If we wish to store all the booking for the coming
week, we need to store and work with 7 int
variables. Rather than have seven different variables,
we can work with an array of 7 int variables.
int bookings[];
• Once declared, an array needs to have its size
defined.
Bookings = new int[7];
• To refer to a particular element in an array, we need
to specify the array identifier and the index of the
array element in which we are interested.
System.out.println(booking[1]);

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 Motivation for using arrays
• There are twelve months in the year, so we need
an array with 12 elements:
double monthlySales[] = new double[12];
• Then instead of writing
januarySales = 1234;
februarySales = 2345;
• We would write
monthlySales[0] = 1234;
monthlySales[1] = 2345;
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 Array elements
• We have assumed that January is month
number 0, February is number 1, and so on,
up to December which is number 11.
• Array elements in Java are always
numbered from 0, not from 1.
• If an array has 100 elements, the last
element is number 99, not 100, as the first is
0, not 1.

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 Add the monthly totals
Double annualTotal = 0;
For (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
annualTotal = annualTotal + monthlySales[i];
If i has the value of 3, it is referred to April.
It is a powerful feature to use a variable to select
a particular array element.

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 Declaring arrays
• State that an array exists, and that it has a
particular name and data type.
• The general form of an array declaration is:
<type> <identifier>;
• Examples of array declaration include:
int shoeSizes[];
char initials[];
String names[];
Date appointments[];
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 Defining the dimensions of an array
• The general form of defining an array dimension
is:
<array_identifier> = <type>[<dimension>];
• Example:
initials = new char[3];
appointments = new Date[365];
• We can place values into these array elements:
initials[0] = “I”;
initials[0] = “N”;
initials[0] = “T”;
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 Common errors
• Having a different type when declaring and
defining an array;
• Forgetting the double square brackets “[“
“]” when declaring and defining an array.

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 Array errors
import java.applet.Applet;
class ArrayDefinition extends Applet
{
double monthlySales[];
public void init()
{
monthlySales = new int[12];
}
}
// The error is that the array monthlySales has been
declared as an array of type double, but it is
defined as int when the dimension is defined.
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 Second common array error
import java.applet.Applet;
class ArrayDeclaration extends Applet
{
double dailyCosts;
public void init()
{
dailyCosts = new double[31];
}
}
// The line double dailyCosts;
is valid, but it only declares dailyCosts to be the
identifier of one double variable – not as an array.
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 Combining declaration and definition error
import java.applet.Applet;
class SalesArray extends Applet
{
double monthlySales[12];
//methods go here
}
// Java insists on separating declaration and definition
of array. However, you can combine them as:
double monthlySales[] = new double[12];
The general form is:
<type> <identifier> = new <type>[<dimension>];

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 Array size
• If arr is an array then arr.length is the length
of the array.
int arr = new int[100];
System.out.println(arr.length);
//Will print out the number 100 as there are
100 elements in array arr.

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 Array index
• The number that identifies a particular
element in an array is called the index.
• An index must be an integer.
• Example: int x = array1[(int)2.0];
is valid. This form of expression is called a
cast.

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 Looping with the array index
double total = 0;
int index;
for (index = 0; index < purchases.length; index++)
total = total + purchases[index];
//If purchases[0] = 10.11,
purchases[1] = 5.0, and
purchases[2] = 2.5,
the value of total after the loop terminates is 15.61.

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 Array bounds exceptions
• An error will occur if an array index is negative,
or greater than the index.
• Example:
double myArray[] = new double[100];
• All the following lines will cause a run time error:
myArray[] = 0;
myArray[100] = 0;
myArray[200] = 0;

int y = -1;
myArray[y] = 0;
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 strings
• Read section 10.1-10.5,10.11 and 10.13 pp 537-547,
555-557 and 559-560 respectively from Chapter 10 of
Deitel and Deitel.
• Strings – sequences of characters treated as an object.
Class ProgramMessage
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“This application is running.”);
}
}
//String objects are instance of the String class.

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 The String class
• Defines methods for many actions:
• Finding the length of a string;
• Locating a character or sub-string within a
string;
• Concatenating two strings together to create
a new String object;
• Converting primitive types to Strings;
• Comparing the values inside String objects.
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 Strings as objects
• Anything in double quotes is assumed by the Java
compiler to be a String.
String text = “hello”;
Or
String text = new String(“hello”);
• String objects can be concatenated:
String text = new String(“hello”+” ”+”there”);
Will set the String object, text, to “hello there”.

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 String method
Example:
newText = text.substring(1,3);
• Will make the string, newText, equal to the
first, second and third characters from the
String text.

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 Individual characters in String
objects: charAt()
Example:
String text = “hello”;
Char x = text.charAt(1);
//x = “h”.

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 Length of String objects
Example:
int lengthOfString = text.length;
//it will return an integer value.
//the class String provides a length() method,
whereas .length is how we find out the
length of an array.

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 Review Question 1

• What keywords are associated with iteration

(repetition or looping) in the Java language?

Hint: there are 5 in total, but some of them

are concerned with stopping a loop and have
not been mentioned in this unit, although they
are commonly used and are discussed in
Deitel & Deitel
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 Review Question 2
• What keywords are associated with
selection in the Java language?

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 Discussion 1 – case-sensitivity
issues
• Misspelling of identifier names is a major source of error for novice
(and other) programmers. For example, if I write
• System.out.Println("hello");
• where I really meant
• System.out.println("hello");
• then this is an error, and the compiler will display an error message.
Note that it does not say:
• 'You have `Println'
• it says:
• ``method `Println(String)' not found
in class ... ''
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