Chapter 03

Topics Covered in Chapter 3
• Schematic Symbol
• Diodes, A Non-linear Device
• Calculating Bulk Resistance
• Diode Approximations
• Reading a Data Sheet
• Testing a Diode
• Sample Problems
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Schematic Symbol
Anode
Cathode
Linear Devices
• The relationship between the voltage
across and the current flowing through a
resistor is linear.
• As the voltage increases, the current
increases proportionately.
• As the voltage decreases, the current
decreases proportionately.
V=IxR
Diodes, A Non-Linear Device
• The relationship between the voltage
across and the current flowing through a
diode is non-linear.
Silicon Diode V-I Curve
Silicon
200
Diode V-I Curve
175
Diode Current (mA)
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 Knee1.0
0.5 1.5
Diode Voltage (V)
Silicon Diode V-I Curve
Breakdown Diode Voltage (V)
600 400 200 0
20
Diode Current (mA)

40
60
80
100
120
140
Bulk Resistance
• The bulk resistance is comprised of the
resistance of the P and N material.
• Bulk resistance is typically less than 1 W.
• When forward biased, after the knee
voltage is met, diode current
increases rapidly.
Bulk Resistance
175
V2, I2 V2 V1
Diode Current (mA)
150 RB 
I2  I1
125
870 mV  810 mV
RB 
100 150 mA  75 mA
V1, I1
75 RB  0.8 
50
25
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Diode Voltage (V)
1 Approximation (Ideal Diode)
st
• When Forward Biased

– Diode behaves like a closed switch.
• When Reverse Biased

– Diode behaves like an open switch.
• The bulk resistance and knee voltage are

ignored.
2 Approximation
nd

– Diode behaves like a closed switch and the
knee voltage is included.

– Diode behaves like an open switch.
• The bulk resistance is ignored.
3 rd
Approximation
– Diode behaves like a closed switch. The knee
voltage and bulk resistance are included.

– Diode behaves like an open switch. The knee
voltage and bulk resistance are included.
Appropriate Use of Approximations
• 1st Approximation
– Troubleshooting
– High Voltage Circuit Calculations
• 2nd Approximation
– Low Voltage Circuit Calculations
• 3rd Approximation
– Circuit Modeling
Reading a Data Sheet
• VRRM
– Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage
• VFM
– Typical voltage across the diode when
forward biased. This is usually measured
when the diode is conducting 1A.
• IO
– Average rectified output current.
Testing a Diode (Ohm Meter)
• Low Ω in one direction and very high Ω in
the other direction.
– Good diode
• Low Ω in both directions.
– Shorted diode
• High Ω in both directions.
– Open diode
Testing a Diode (Diode Tester)
• Low numbers in one direction and OL in
– Good diode
• Low numbers in one direction and OL in
– Shorted diode
• OL in both directions.
– Open diode
Sample Problems
• Solve for VD1, VR1, ID1, PD1 (use 2nd approx.)
Sample Problems
VS is greater than 0.7 V

and the diode is
forward biased.
VD1 = 0.7 V
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

VR1 VS VD1
VR1  9V  0.7 V
VR1  8.3 V
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  8.3V
VR1
I D1  I R 1 
R1
8.3V
I D1  I R 1 
1k 
ID1  IR1  8.3 mA
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  8.3V
ID1  IR1  8.3 mA
PD1 VD1 x ID1

PD1  0.7V x 8.3 mA
PD1  5.81mW
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  8.3V
ID1  IR1  8.3 mA
PD1  5.81mW
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
VS is greater than 0.7 V

and the diode is
forward biased.
VD1 = 0.7 V
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

VR1 VS VD1
VR1  12V  0.7 V
VR1  11.3 V
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  11.3V
VR1
I D1  I R 1 
R1
11.3V
I D1  I R 1 
2.2 k 
ID1  IR1  5.14 mA
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  11.3V
ID1  IR1  5.14 mA
PD1 VD1 x ID1

PD1  0.7V x 5.14 mA
PD1  3.6 mW
Sample Problems
VD1  0.7V
VR1  11.3 V
ID1  IR1  5.14 mA
PD1  3.6 mW
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
The diode is reverse

biased.
VD1 = 5 V
Sample Problems
VD1  5V
VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

VR1 VS VD1
VR1  5V  5 V
VR1  0 V
Sample Problems
VD1  5V
VR1  0V
VR1
I D1  I R 1 
R1
0V
I D1  I R 1 
10 k 
I D1  I R 1  0 A
Sample Problems
VD1  5V
VR1  0V
I D1  I R 1  0 A
PD1 VD1 x ID1

PD1  5V x 0 A
PD1  0 W
Sample Problems
VD1  5V
VR1  0V
I D1  I R 1  0 A
PD1  0 W

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Topics Covered in Chapter 3

Diode Current (mA)

• When Forward Biased

• When Reverse Biased

• The bulk resistance and knee voltage are

• When Forward Biased

• When Reverse Biased

• The bulk resistance is ignored.

• When Reverse Biased

VS is greater than 0.7 V

VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

PD1 VD1 x ID1

VS is greater than 0.7 V

VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

PD1 VD1 x ID1

The diode is reverse

VS VR1 VD1  0 (KVL )

PD1 VD1 x ID1

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