Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Chapter 8
Wireless Ad hoc Networks
“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
 To know the concept of wireless ad hoc networks.

 To know the different classes of wireless ad hoc networks.
 To study the architecture and different protocols of Mobile Ad
hoc Networks.
 To understand the architecture and protocols of Wireless
Sensor Networks.
 To gain the knowledge of architecture and protocols of
Wireless Mesh Networks.
 To study the architecture and applications of Vehicle Ad hoc
Networks.
 To study the applications of wireless ad hoc networks.
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
 A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous

nodes or terminals that communicate with each other by
forming a multi hop radio network and maintaining
connectivity in a decentralized manner
 The network topology is dynamic, because the connectivity
among the nodes may vary with time.
Advantages
 Wireless ad hoc networks can be set up very fast.

 They are very resilient.
 No single point of failure, such as a base station. Network still
functions even if individual node fails.
 They are spectrally more efficient than cellular networks.
 Every node can communicate with any other node, so nodes can make
better use of the channel.
 Potential for multiple concurrent communications.
 Cheaper to deploy
 non-requirement of base station, non-requirement of backbone
infrastructure, and easy adaptation to changing requirements.
Applications

Military communications
 Sensor networks
 Networks in historical buildings where placing wires is not an
option

WLANs in conferences, where placing wires would be a
nuisance.
 They can be designed for an emergency applications
 Vehicular communications
 Museums, E-commerce, Campus Networks etc.

To have broadband Internet with mobility in 4G wireless
networks.
Ad Hoc Networks Vs. Cellular Networks
Network Achitecture: Single Hop
Network Architecture: Multihop
Characteristics of MANETs
 Spontaneous established networks.

 Self-organizing and adaptive.
 Accommodate communication between diverse devices.
 Devices can communicate directly with neighbor devices.
 Single-hop or multi-hop communication may be employed.
MAC Protocols
Routing Protocols
Technologies
 HomeRF
 Smart Wireless Sensors
 Smart Batteries
 Software-Defined Radio
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
Applications
 ilitary battlefield
 Commercial sector
 Creating personal network
 Local level
 Message oriented applications
Wireless Sensor Networks
 The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be

several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad
hoc network.
 Sensor nodes are densely deployed.
 Sensor nodes are prone to failures.
 The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently.
 Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities,
and memory.
 Sensor nodes may not have identification (ID) because of the
large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.
Network Architecture

A sensor node is made up of four basic components, a
sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit, and a
power unit.
Protocols
Protocols
(Contd..)
 The sensor network environment is noisy and sensor nodes
can be mobile, the medium access control (MAC) protocol
must be power-aware and able to minimize collision with
neighbor’s broadcasts.
 The network layer takes care of routing the data supplied by the
transport layer.
 The transport layer helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor
networks application requires it.
 Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application software
can be built and used on the application layer.
Protocols
(Contd..)
 The power management plane manages how a sensor node
uses its power.
 The mobility management plane detects and registers the movement
of sensor nodes, so a route back to the user is always maintained, and
the sensor nodes can keep track of their neighbour sensor nodes.
 The task management plane balances and schedules the sensing tasks
given to a specific region.
MAC Protocol
 The MAC protocol in a wireless multihop self-organizing sensor

network must achieve two goals.
 The first is the creation of the network infrastructure.
 The second objective is to fairly and efficiently share communication
resources between sensor nodes.
MAC Protocol
(Contd..)
 Self-Organizing Medium Access Control for Sensor Networks
(SMACS)
 SMACS is a distributed infrastructure-building protocol that enables
nodes to discover their neighbors and establish transmission/reception
schedules for communication without the need for any local or global
master node.
MAC OProtocol
(Contd..)
 Eavesdrop-And-Register (EAR)
 The EAR algorithm allows mobile sensors to maintain
connectivity to a wireless stationary sensor network (i.e.,
Hybrid Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks), while preventing
extensive energy consumption at the stationary nodes.
 Accomplishes this by allowing the mobile nodes to remain
inconspicuous to, but to continuously monitor, the stationary network,
initiating handshaking procedures only when desired.
Adaptive Transmission Rate Control
(ARC)
 ARC scheme achieves medium access fairness by balancing
the rates of originating and route-through traffic.
 The ARC uses a linear increase and multiplicative decrease
approach.
 The computational nature of ARC scheme makes it more
energy-efficient than hand-shaking and messaging schemes
using the radio.
Routing Protocols
Applications
 To determine the value of some parameter at a given location.

 Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate
parameters of the detected event or events.
 To track an object.
 To detect and monitor environmental changes in plains,
forests, oceans, etc.
 Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security.
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
 A WMN is a communication network made up of radio nodes

organized in a mesh topology.
 A mesh network is reliable and offers redundancy.
 When one node can no longer operate, the rest of the nodes
can still communicate with each other, directly or through one
or more intermediate nodes.
The Characteristics of WMNs
 WMNs support ad hoc networking, and have the capability of

self-forming, self-healing,and self-organization.
 WMNs are multi-hop wireless networks, but with a wireless
infrastructure/backbone provided by mesh routers.
 Mesh routers are used to direct data traffic from one place,or
node, to another.
 Mesh routers have minimal mobility and perform dedicated
routing and configuration.
The Characteristics of WMNs
(Contd..)
 Mobility of end nodes is supported easily through the wireless
infrastructure.
 Mesh routers integrate heterogeneous networks, including
both wired and wireless.
 Power consumption constraints are different for mesh routers
and mesh clients.
 WMNs are not stand-alone and need to be compatible and
interoperable with other wireless networks.
WMN: Network Architecture
 The architecture of WMNs can be classified into three types

 Infrastructure/Backbone WMNs
 Client WMNs
 Hybrid WMNs
Infrastructure/Backbone in WMNs
Client WMNs
WMN Architecture
Routing Protocols
 Multi-Path Routing: to perform better load balancing and to

provide high fault tolerance.
 Multi-Radio Routing: A Multi-Radio Link Quality Source Routing
(MR-LQSR) is a routing protocol for multi-radio WMN.
 Hierarchical Routing
 Each cluster has one or more cluster heads.
 Nodes in a cluster can be one or more hops away from the cluster
head.
 When the node density is high, hierarchical routing protocols tend to
achieve much better performance because of less overhead.
Applications
 Broadband home networking

 Community and neighborhood networking
 Enterprise networking
 Transportation systems
 Health and medical systems
 Security surveillance systems
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)
 Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are an envision of the

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).
 Vehicles communicate with each other in two ways: Inter-
vehicle communication and Vehicle to roadside infrastructure
communication.
 VANETs are special case of Networks (MANETs).
Unique Characteristics of VANETs
 Geographically constrained topology

 Partitioning and large-scale
 Self-organization
 Unpredictability
 Power consumption
 Node reliability
 Channel capacity
 Vehicle density
VANET: Network Architecture
Applications
 Message and file delivery

 Internet connectivity
 Communication-based longitudinal control
 Co-operative assistance systems
 Safety services
 Traffic monitoring and management services

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

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Chapter 8

Wireless Ad hoc Networks

 To know the concept of wireless ad hoc networks.

 A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous

 Wireless ad hoc networks can be set up very fast.

 Spontaneous established networks.

 The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be

 The MAC protocol in a wireless multihop self-organizing sensor

 To determine the value of some parameter at a given location.

 A WMN is a communication network made up of radio nodes

 WMNs support ad hoc networking, and have the capability of

 The architecture of WMNs can be classiﬁed into three types

 Multi-Path Routing: to perform better load balancing and to

 Broadband home networking

 Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are an envision of the

 Geographically constrained topology

 Message and ﬁle delivery

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