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Introduction
Plants are autotrophic and thus they produce their own food. Without the process so called photosynthesis, plants can not produce their own food. This process takes place in chlorophyll containing plants.

Primary Producers (autotrophs)

These plants can make their own food using
Sunlight Chlorophyll Water Carbon dioxide

Introduction
This is in contrast with heterotrophs They must obtain their food from other organisms. Most heterotrophic organisms have to convert solid, complex food into soluble state which is capable of being absorbed into the blood and transported to all the cells of the body.

What determines our diet?

Our diet is determined by: Fashion fashion dictates what we eat as well as what we dress in. Religions different world religions give guidance on what can or should be eaten. E.g. Pork Doctor prescription / recommendations. Moral grounds objections to the killing of animals. Personal health choices.

Why do we need to eat??

Carbohydrates and Fats

We need carbohydrates to: Supply energy to the body. Provide energy (calories)
Lipids (Fats and Oils) They are Insoluble in water They Provide HIGH ENERGY Lipids provide over twice carbohydrates energy.

Proteins
They help in:
Growth and repairs of all cells Development from young to adult Production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies

Minerals
In maintaining body process we need vitamins and mineral salts. They help us in: Bone development Teeth development Chemical process regulation Nervous system function and also in Reproduction

Food

Type Carbohydrate Fat Protein

These are types of food that we normally consume. But what happens to the food we eat??

Sugars

There are 6 main steps that food travels in animals digestive system.
1. Ingestion: 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Translocation 5. Assimilation 6. Egestion

Ingestion
It is the Process of taking food into the body. We take in food through the mouth; we chew the food to form a bolus. The bolus is swallowed and moved by peristalsis.

Peristalsis
It is a wave like muscle that contracts to push food down the esophagus and the small intestine

Digestion begins in the mouth

Mechanical digestion It is the process of breaking down food physically. Food is then converted mechanically and chemically from complex to simple state in bolus form.

Mechanical digestion

Digestion

Peristalsis (rhythmic contractions) carries the bolus to the stomach

Fig. 41.16

 absorption
Nutrients are absorbed as monomers by the cells lining the gut.

Translocation/ transport
the blood transports the nutrients to all the parts of the body.

Assimilation
Nutrients are removed from the blood by the cells by diffusion and active transport, to build substances like proteins for nuclear material and cell membranes and also to replace damaged cells and organelles.

Egestion
Undigested food is passed out of the body, by a process called defecation

Summary

Egestion

Ingestion

 Please refer to module 1 unit 2

Lifestyle and energy relationships

Energy Pyramids
Only about 10% of energy passed on between trophic levels Few Carnivores

More Herbivores

Most is lost through the organisms living processes

All supported by energy from producers

Consumers

Food Chain
Top Predator

Shark Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton

Carnivore

Herbivore

Producer

Label the trophic levels as herbivore, carnivore, producer, top predator. Indicate which are consumers.

Lifestyle of herbivores
They have much competition for food so they developed different feeding habits. Some are grazers and they feed on grass
E.g. Cow, sheep,....

Herbivore lifestyle
Browsers eat foliage from trees and shrubs Examples will be animals like elephants and giraffes.

Type of food
Plants foliage Roots Underground stems Seeds And fruits

Type of teeth
They have well developed molars and premolars to grind plant matter well. Jaws can be moved sideways to enable grinding process.

Stomach
More than 1 stomach to digest cellulose. Mutualistic bacteria produce their enzyme cellulase for digestion of the cellulose in plants. Eg. Cow has four chambers or so called stomach

Energy relationship
Primary consumers; must consume large amounts of plant material to meet their energy requirements.

Carnivores lifestyle
They are commonly predator and scavengers.
Predators hunt for prey, catch them and then eat them. Examples will be lions, snake, spider,

Scavengers
They feed on dead bodies. Once the predator have eaten their fill, scavengers will eat the remainders or the carcass. Examples: vultures, hyenas, vultures,

Type of food
Flesh of other animals Blood And bones

Type of teeth
Well developed canines to rip flesh. Have carnassials teeth to crush and chew bones

Carnivore Teeth Adaptation

Stomach
Well developed stomach with gastric juice that enables the digestion of proteins and bones.

Energy relationship
Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers They require less volume of food because their diet is rich in proteins.

Omnivores lifestyle
They feed on plants and animals Eg: we as human beings, feed on plants and animals.
In some cases omnivores are predators and hunt for prey.

Omnivores generally live in group and share their food Why?

Omnivore
Eats a mixture of plants and animals e.g. Pigs, humans Increased chance of survival as they are not restricted to one diet. In some cases omnivores are predators and hunt for prey. Omnivores generally live in group and share their food Why?

Type of food
Plant leaves Vegetables Fruits Nuts Eggs And meat

Type of teeth
Teeth help in (mechanical breakdown) of food. Teeth are similar shape and size, incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Incisors are used for cutting.

Canines are used for piercing and holding. Molars have large surface area and are used for grinding.

Stomach
They have well-developed stomach with gastric juice to digest proteins and fats.

Energy relationship
Tertiary consumers; consume least amount of food as their diet is rich in all the nutrients that their body need. Especially proteins.

Omnivore
Eats a mixture of plants and animals
E.g. Pigs, humans

Increased chance of survival as they are not restricted to one diet.

Digestive Systems are Adapted to their Owners Lifestyles

Vertebrate dentition generally matches the diet
An adult human has 32 teeth: Incisors for cutting Canines for tearing Premolars and molars for crushing and 'grinding

Fig. 41.26

Summary of previous lesson

1. Humans, like most animals, are HETEROTROPHS; We eat other organisms for Food and Energy. 2. FOOD CONTAINS NUTRIENTS, OR MOLECULES THAT PROVIDE ENERGY AND MATERIAL FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR. 3. NUTRIENTS ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY FOR GROWTH, REPAIR, AND MAINTENANCE.

Summary of previous lesson

4. All the different FOODS in the world CONTAIN at least ONE of SIX KINDS OF NUTRIENTS: CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS (FATS), VITAMINS, MINERALS AND WATER. 5. FOUR of these Nutrients- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and Vitamins-are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Because they contain the Elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

6. The TWO Remaining Nutrients-Minerals and Water-are INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Fig. 5-8

Cell walls

Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Microfibril

10 m

0.5 m

Cellulose molecules

Glucose monomer

 Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing linkages cant hydrolyze linkages in cellulose Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 5-9

Mechanical and Chemical digestion

Mr. Khoza

Introduction
Digestion can be divided into 2 processes: mechanical and chemical breakdown of the 'insoluble, complex molecules that can be absorbed.

Mechanical process
This process physically breaks the food to increase the surface area for enzyme action. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. it also serves to move and mix the food.

The mechanical process involves:

Chewing of food (mastication) Bolus formation which involves saliva and tongue Peristalsis where muscle action moves the food along the alimentary canal (tube). The churning movement of the stomach to mix the chyme (food + enzymes) Segmentation in the small intestine to mix the chyme and move it along the canal.

Roughage
Is very important to the mechanical process. It help to: Speed up the movement of food in the digestive tract (area). Stimulate peristalsis in the colon. Decrease the occurrence of haemorrhoids and constipation Absorb water and makes the contents bulky (large)

Chemical process
Enzymes break complex nutrients down into their monomer state (simple molecules) so that absorption into the blood can take place. Compounds are hydrolysed as follows: Carbohydrates- glucose, fructose and galactose. Proteins amino acids Lipids fatty acids and gycerol

Chemical process
Digestive juices like hydrochloric acid (in the stomach)and bile (produced by the liver) help the enzymes to function optimally.

The Digestive System

(Breaking food down into smaller pieces)

Lets find out what happened to your breakfast today!

Mouth Oesophagus (peristalysis) Stomach Small Intestine (jejenum) Liver Large Intestine Gall Bladder Pancreas Rectum Anus

Oesophagus
Approximately 25cm long Moves food from the throat to the stomach
Muscle movement called peristalsis

If acid from the stomach gets in here thats heartburn.

Stomach
Stores the food you eat Chemically breaks it down into tiny pieces Mixes food with digestive juices Acid chyme -(pH 2,8) in the stomach kills bacteria

Small Intestine
Small intestines are roughly 6 metres long. Enzymes and bile are added. Villi increase the surface area to help absorbtion. Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.

Liver
Directly affects digestion by producing bile
Bile is an enzyme that helps dissolve fat

Processes nutrients in the blood, filters out toxins and waste. Is often called the bodys energy factory

Gall Bladder
Stores bile from the liver Delivers bile when food is digested

Pancreas
Produces compounds to digest fats and proteins Neutralizes acids that enter small intestine Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

Large Intestine
About 1.5 metres long Accepts what small intestines dont absorb. Absorbs water and minerals from the waste matter. Absorption means taking into the body via the blood stream.

Rectum and Anus

Rectum
About 15cm long Stores waste before egestion.

Anus
Muscular ring that controls egestion.

Write the name of each colored organ:

Green: Red: Pink: Brown: Purple: Green: Yellow:

Answers
Green: Oesophagus Red: Stomach Pink: Small Intestine Brown: Large Intestine Purple: Liver Green: Gall Bladder Yellow: Pancreas

Humans have 4 types of teeth:

Incisors to cut the food Canines to tear the food Premolars to grind and crush the food Molars to grind and crush the food.

Teeth
Mammals have two sets of teeth: Milk teeth in children (22 teeth) Permanent teeth in adults (32 teeth). The process of chewing the food is called mastication.

 In humans, the dental formula is calculated on half of the jaw, left or right side of the mouth. The formula is: 2 . 1 . 2 . 3--------left jaw 2 . 1 . 2 . 3---------right jaw Human(adult) I -2/2 C -1/1 P 2/2 M 3/3 = 16 X 2 = 32 This indicates: 2 Incisors, 1 Canine,2 Premolars and 3 Molars on 1 side the top jaw and the same for the bottom jaw.