Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ.

of Technology, Gorakhpur
Derivation of Bragg Equation
According to Bragg Equation:
nλ = 2d sinΘ
Therefore, according to the derivation of Bragg’s Law:
1.The equation explains why the faces of crystals reflect X-ray beams at particular angles of incidence (Θ, λ).
2.The variable d indicates the distance between the atomic layers, and the variable Lambda specifies the wavelength
of the incident X-ray beam.
3.n as an integer.

22-04-23 Side 1
 Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur

Questions:

1. Write short note on bond order.

2. Calculate the bond order of F2 and CO molecule on the basis of
molecular orbital theory.
3. Explain hydrogen bonding.
4. Write short note on fullerene.
5. Define degree of freedom. How many degrees are possible in H2O
system?

22-04-23 Side 2
 Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur

Applications of Bragg’s Law

There are numerous applications of Bragg’s law in the field of science.
Some common applications are given in the points below.
1.In the case of XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) or WDS
(Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry), crystals of known d-spacings are
used as analyzing crystals in the spectrometer.
2.In XRD (X-ray diffraction) the inter-planar spacing or d-spacing of a
crystal is used for characterization and identification purposes.

Question 1. The wavelengths of first-order X-rays are 2.20A0 at 2708’.

Find the distance between the adjacent Miller planes.

22-04-23 Side 3
 Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur

22-04-23 Side 4
 Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur

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