INTRODUCTION TO

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
TRUTH or MEH

Strawberries aren’t berries.

TRUTH!
Academic Romance and Academic
Achievement (Capariño, 2012)
• An increase in time spent with the partner
shows an equivalent decrease in their
academic performance.
• The longer the relationship is the more
motivated the students to stay in school.
• Nonetheless, the motivation to stay in school
is not significantly related to their academic
performance.
Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for
investigating our ideas about the world using
statistics. It is most often used by scientists to test
specific predictions, called hypotheses, that arise
from theories.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
In hypothesis testing, the researcher must:
• define the population under study,
• state the particular hypotheses that will be investigated,
• give the significance level,
• select a sample from the population,
• collect the data,
• perform the
• calculations required for the statistical test, and
• reach a conclusion.
Methods in Hypothesis Testing

1.Traditional method
2.The p-value method
3.The confidence interval method
Traditional Method in Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis (pl. hypotheses)
A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture
about a population parameter. This
conjecture may or may not be true.

A conjecture an opinion or conclusion

formed on the basis of incomplete
information.
Hypothesis (pl. hypotheses)
e.g.

Men are more mathematically inclined in

than women.
Two Kinds of Hypotheses

1. Null Hypothesis .
2. Alternative Hypothesis .
The Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statistical

hypothesis that states that there is
no difference between a parameter
and a specific value, or that there is
no difference between two
parameters.
The Null Hypothesis
e.g.
Men are more mathematically inclined
in than women.

There is no significant difference

between the math test scores of men
and women.
The Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis is a

statistical hypothesis that states the
existence of a difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or
states that there is a difference
between two parameters.
The Alternative Hypothesis
e.g.
Men are more mathematically inclined in
than women.

There is a significant difference between

the math test scores of men and women.
Stating the Hypotheses

The hypotheses can tell use whether a

situation will make use of a , or a ,
either a or a .
Stating the Hypotheses
Example:

A medical researcher is interested in finding out

whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication. The researcher found out that the mean
pulse rate for the population under study is 82 beats
per minute. Will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or
remain unchanged after a patient takes the medication?
Stating the Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis:

The mean pulse rate of the patients did not change after
taking the medication. .

Alternative Hypothesis:

The mean pulse of the patients rate changed after taking

the medication. .
Stating the Hypotheses
Example:

A chemist invents an additive to increase

the life of an automobile battery. The
mean lifetime of the automobile battery
without the additive is 36 months. Is the
additive effective in increasing automobile
batteries?
Stating the Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis:

The additive did not increased the batteries lifespan. .

Alternative Hypothesis:

The additive increased the batteries lifespan. .

Stating the Hypotheses
Example:

A contractor wishes to lower electric bills

by using a special type of wire insulation
in houses. The average of the monthly
electric bills is 7,000.00 PhP. Does the
wire insulation effective in lowering the
electric bills?
Stating the Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis:

The insulation wire is not effective in lowering the electric

bill. .

Alternative Hypothesis:

The insulation wire is effective in lowering the electric

bill. .
Stating the Hypotheses
Exercise 1.
A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use
vitamin pills, the birth weight of the babies will
increase. The average birth weight of the
population is 8.6 pounds.

: The vitamin pill did not increase the babies birth weight.
: The vitamin pill increased the babies birth weight.
Exercise 1.
An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number
of defects can be decreased in a manufacturing
process of compact disks by using robots instead
of humans for certain tasks. The mean number of
defective disks per 1000 is 18.

: There is no change in the number of defective disks.

: The number of defective disk decreases.
Exercise 1.
A psychologist feels that playing soft music during
a test will change the results of the test. The
psychologist is not sure whether the grades will
be higher or lower. In the past, the mean of the
scores was 73.

: There is no change in the mean score.

: There is no change in the mean score.
Possible Outcomes of a Hypothesis Test
Level of Significance
The level of significance is the maximum probability
of committing a type I error.

This probability is symbolized by (Greek letter

alpha). That is, P(type I error)=.

Arbitrary levels of significance are usually 0.10, 0.50,

0.01.
Critical Value (CV)
The critical value separates the critical region from the noncritical
region. The symbol for critical value is C.V.

The critical or rejection region is the range of values of the test

value that indicates that there is a significant difference and that
the null hypothesis should be rejected.

The noncritical or nonrejection region is the range of values of the

test value that indicates that the difference was probably due to
chance and that the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
Critical Value (CV)
Procedure in Finding the CV for a specific
Step 1: Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate
area.
a. If the test is left-tailed, the critical region, with an area
equal to , will be on the left side of the mean.

b. If the test is right-tailed, the critical region, with an area

equal to , will be on the right side of the mean.

c. If the test is two-tailed, must be divided by 2; one-half of

the area will be to the right of the mean, and one-half will
be to the left of the mean.
Procedure in Finding the CV for a specific
Step 2

a. For a left-tailed test, use the z-value that corresponds to the

area equivalent to in Table E.

b. For a right-tailed test, use the z-value that corresponds to the

area equivalent to .

c. For a two-tailed test, use the z value that corresponds to for

the left value. It will be negative. For the right value, use the z
value that corresponds to the area equivalent to . It will be
positive.
Procedure in Finding the CV for a specific
Example:
Using Table E, find the critical value(s) for each
situation and draw the appropriate figure,
showing the critical region.
a. A left-tailed test with .
b. A two-tailed test with 0.02.
c. A right-tailed test with 0.005.
Traditional Hypothesis Testing
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value(s).

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Step 4: Make the decision to reject or not reject

the null hypothesis.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

test for Mean
The test is a statistical test for the
mean of a population. It can be used
when , or when the population is
normally distributed and is known.
test for Mean
The formula for the z test is:

Where:
= sample mean
= hypothesized population mean
= population standard deviation
= sample size
Example 2:
The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation
reports that the average cost of rehabilitation for stroke
victims is $24,672. To see if the average cost of
rehabilitation is different at a particular hospital, a
researcher selects a random sample of 35 stroke
victims at the hospital and finds that the average cost of
their rehabilitation is $26,343. The standard deviation
of the population is $3251. At , can it be concluded that
the average cost of stroke rehabilitation at a particular
hospital is different from $24,672?
Example 1:
A researcher wishes to see if the mean
number of days that a basic, low-price, small
automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is 29. A
sample of 30 automobile dealers has a mean
of 30.1 days for basic, low-price, small
automobiles. At , test the claim that the mean
time is greater than 29 days. The standard
deviation of the population is 3.8 days.