LEISHMANIA 

& TRYPANOSO
MA
ARUSHI YASHI | A35204119012 | B.TECH(BT) 2019-23
LEISHMANIA
• LEISHMANIA IS A GENUS OF TRYPANOSOMES, ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE DISEASE LEISHMANIASIS.
• LEISHMANIASIS IS A PARASITIC DISEASE CAUSED BY THE
LEISHMANIA PARASITE. THE PARASITE LIVES AND MULTIPLIES
INSIDE THE FEMALE SAND FLY. 
• LEISHMANIA COMMONLY INFECTS HYRAXES, CANIDS, RODENTS,
AND HUMANS.
• THIS INSECT IS MOST ACTIVE IN HUMID ENVIRONMENTS DURING
THE WARMER MONTHS AND AT NIGHT
• TRANSMISSION MAY OCCUR FROM ANIMAL TO SAND FLY TO
HUMAN.
• HUMANS CAN ALSO TRANSMIT THE PARASITE BETWEEN EACH
OTHER THROUGH A BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR SHARED NEEDLES.
LIFE CYCLE
 TYPES
• CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS :- CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSES ULCERS ON SKIN. IT’S
THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEISHMANIASIS. TREATMENT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE
NECESSARY DEPENDING ON THE PERSON, BUT IT CAN SPEED HEALING AND PREVENT
COMPLICATIONS.
• MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS :- A RARE FORM, CAUSED BY THE CUTANEOUS FORM OF
THE PARASITE AND CAN OCCUR SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER SKIN ULCERS HEAL. THE
PARASITES SPREAD TO NOSE, THROAT, AND MOUTH. THIS CAN LEAD TO PARTIAL OR
COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES IN THOSE AREAS. IT DOESN’T HEAL
ON ITS OWN AND ALWAYS REQUIRES TREATMENT.
• VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS :- IT USUALLY OCCURS TWO TO EIGHT MONTHS AFTER BEING
BITTEN BY A SAND FLY. IT DAMAGES INTERNAL ORGANS, SUCH AS YOUR SPLEEN AND LIVER.
IT ALSO AFFECTS YOUR BONE MARROW, AS WELL AS IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH DAMAGE
TO THESE ORGANS. THE CONDITION IS ALMOST ALWAYS FATAL IF IT’S NOT TREATED.
SYMPTOM • CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS :- PAINLESS SKIN ULCERS.
CUTANEOUS SYMPTOMS MAY APPEAR A FEW WEEKS

S AFTER BEING BITTEN BY AN INFECTED SAND FLY.

SOMETIMES SYMPTOMS WON’T APPEAR FOR MONTHS
OR YEARS.
• MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS:-  ULCERS IN THEIR
MOUTH AND NOSE OR ON LIPS, RUNNY OR STUFFY NOSE,
NOSEBLEEDS, DIFFICULTY BREATHING.
• VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS :- SYMPTOMS OFTEN DON’T
APPEAR FOR MONTHS AFTER THE BITE. COMMON SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS INCLUDE : WEIGHT LOSS, WEAKNESS,
FEVER THAT LASTS FOR WEEKS OR MONTHS, ENLARGED
SPLEEN, ENLARGED LIVER, DECREASED PRODUCTION
OF BLOOD CELLS, BLEEDING SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES
 DIAGONISIS
• CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS :- SKIN
BIOPSY
• MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS:-
 SERO-LOGICAL TESTS
• VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS :- BLOOD
TESTS, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF
ENLARGED SPLEEN OR LIVER,  BONE
MARROW BIOPSY
TREATMENT
• CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS :- SKIN ULCERS
WILL OFTEN HEAL WITHOUT TREATMENT. BUT
TREATMENT CAN SPEED HEALING, REDUCE
SCARRING, AND DECREASE RISK OF FURTHER
DISEASE. ANY SKIN ULCERS THAT CAUSE
DISFIGUREMENT MAY REQUIRE PLASTIC
SURGERY.
• MUCOCUTANEOUS
LEISHMANIASIS :- LIPOSOMAL AMPHOTERICIN B
AND PAROMOMYCIN CAN TREAT
MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS.
• VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS :-  SODIUM
STIBOGLUCONATE (PENTOSTAM), AMPHOTERICIN
B, PAROMOMYCIN, AND MILTEFOSINE
(IMPAVIDO).
 • TRYPANOSOMIASIS, ALSO KNOWN AS SLEEPING SICKNESS, IS AN INSECT-BORNE
PARASITIC INFECTION OF HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS. IT IS CAUSED BY THE
SPECIES TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI. 
• HUMANS ARE INFECTED BY TWO TYPES, TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE
(TBG) AND TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE (TBR). BOTH ARE USUALLY
TRANSMITTED BY THE BITE OF AN INFECTED TSETSE FLY.

TRYPANOSO
• THE FLIES BECOME INFECTED WHILE FEEDING ON THE BLOOD OF INFECTED
PEOPLE OR OTHER INFECTED MAMMALS.

MA
• THE TRYPANOSOMES MULTIPLY BY BINARY DIVISION IN THE MIDGUT OF THE FLY,
THEN MIGRATE TO THE SALIVARY GLANDS, AND PASS OUT OF THE FLY’S
PROBOSCIS IN DROPLETS OF SALIVA DURING THE FLY’S BLOODSUCKING.
• TRANSMISSION :- THE PARASITES THAT CAUSE SLEEPING SICKNESS CAN BE
TRANSMITTED BY THE BITE OF INFECTED TSETSE FLIES, MOTHER-TO-CHILD
TRANSMISSION, SEXUAL CONTACT.
• INFECTION OCCURS IN TWO STAGES :-
• A) HAEMOLYMPHATIC STAGE: MULTIPLIES IN PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION,
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES AND LYMPH.
• B) NEUROLOGICAL/MENINGOENCEPHALIC STAGE: ENTERS CNS BY CROSSING
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER 
LIFE CYCLE 
 SYMPTOMS
• EARLY STAGE :-  COMMON SYMPTOMS
• Pain  in the joints or muscles
• NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS FEVER AND • insomnia or sleepiness
WEAKNESS • muscle loss and weakness or
weight loss
• A PERSON CAN BE INFECTED FOR MONTHS OR EVEN • fever, headache, itching
YEARS WITHOUT MAJOR SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS OF THE • mental confusion
• personality change
DISEASE
• problems with coordination, skin
• ADVANCED STAGE :- rash, or swollen lymph nodes

• NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SUCH

AS CONFUSION, LETHARGY, AND CONVULSIONS
• IF LEFT UNTREATED, USUALLY FATAL
 DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
• TREATMENT FOR STAGE I :-
• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION:
• PENTAMIDINE: - DISCOVERED IN 1941 - USED AGAINST
LYMPH & BLOOD TESTS. T.B.GAMBIENSE - GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED
• SURAMIN: - DISCOVERED IN 1921 - USED AGAINST
T.B.RHODESIENSE - CAUSES URINARY TRACT PROBLEMS
AND ALLERGIC REACTIONS
• TREATMENT FOR STAGE II :-
• MELARSOPROLOL: - DISCOVERED IN 1949(DERIVED FROM
ARSENIC) - USED AGAINST BOTH THE SPECIES - CAUSES
REACTIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY WHICH CAN BE FATAL
• EFLORNITHINE: - DISCOVERED IN 1990 - EFFECTIVE
AGAINST T.B.GAMBIENSE ONLY - TREATMENT REGIMEN IS
STRICT BUT LESS TOXIC THAN MELARSOPROLOL
•  COMBINATION OF NIFURTIMOX & EFLORNITHINE IS USED
SINCE 2009, EFFECTIVE AGAINST T.B.GAMBIENSE ONLY.