STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
2ND SEMESTER, SY 2021-2022
MS. BIAN CAMILLE R. PATANO
 Learning Competencies

1. define statistics and probability

2. illustrates a random variable (discrete and
continuous).
3. distinguishes between a discrete and a
continuous random variable.
4.finds the possible values of a random variable.
 What is Statistics and Probability?

 Probability and Statistics are closely related fields in mathematics,

sometimes combined for academic purposes.
 Probability deals with predicting the likelihood of future events, while
statistics involves the analysis of the frequency of past events. Probability
is primarily a theoretical branch of mathematics which studies the
consequences of mathematical definitions.
 What is Statistics and Probability?

Probability refers to chance and possibilities

Statistics refers to data

 Understanding Probability

Probability is a field of mathematics that deals with chance.

An experiment is an activity in which the results cannot be predicted with certainty.

Each repetition of an experiment is called a trial.
An outcome is a result of an experiment.

An event is any collection of outcomes, and a simple event is an event with only
one possible outcome.
 Understanding Probability

The sample space is a set S that contains all possible outcomes

of the experiment. In any experiment for which the sample space
is S, the probability of an event occurring is given by the
formula.
 The sample space for the experiment in
throwing a die

𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }

Probability of an event
𝑛(𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑃 ( 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 )=
𝑛( 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)

n(event) = number of outcomes of the event,

n(sample space) = number of all possible outcomes
Example1: A coin is tossed, Find:

a. The sample space { h𝑒𝑎𝑑 ,𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 }

n(sample space) = 2

b. The probability of getting a head.

𝑛 (h𝑒𝑎𝑑) 1
𝑃 ( h𝑒𝑎𝑑 ) = ¿
𝑛 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒) 2
 Example 2: What would be the probability of:

a. Picking a black card at random from a standard deck of 52

cards?

𝑛(𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
𝑃 ( 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 ) =
𝑛 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 )

26 1
¿ =
52 2
 Example 2: What would be the probability of:

b. picking a face card (i.e. a king, queen or jack)?

𝑛( 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑)
𝑃 ( 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 ) =
𝑛(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)

12 3
¿=
52 13
 Random Variable:

A random variable is denoted with a capital letter. The probability

distribution of a random variable X tells what the possible values of
X are and how probabilities are assigned to those values. A random
variable can be discrete or continuous
In some experiments such as:

- Tossing a coin three times;

- Rolling a dice twice; and

- Drawing two balls in a bag

Example 1: Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of heads that occur. Find the
values of the random variable X.
Possible Value of the
H HH outcomes random variable X
H T HT
(number of heads)
2
H TH
T HH 1
HT
T TT 1
TH 0
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒={ 𝐻𝐻 , 𝐻𝑇 ,𝑇𝐻 , 𝑇𝑇 } TT

Therefore, the possible random variable X are:

𝑋 = {0 ,1 , 2 }
 Example 2: Suppose tree coins are tossed. Let Y be the random
variable representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of
the random variable Y.
Possible Random
outcomes variable Y
(number of
tails)
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 1
HTT 2
THH 1

𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒={ 𝐻𝐻𝐻,𝐻𝐻𝑇,𝐻𝑇𝐻,𝐻𝑇𝑇 ,𝑇𝐻𝐻,𝑇𝐻𝑇,𝑇𝑇𝐻,𝑇𝑇𝑇 } THT

TTH
2
2
TTT 3

𝑌 = {0 ,1 , 2 , 3 }
 Example 3: Write all possible values of each
random variable.

a. X: Number of even number outcomes in a roll of a die

𝑋 = {2 , 4 , 6 }
b. Y: Weight (in mg) of a powder that does not exceed 70
mg.
0 ≤ Y ≤ 70
c. Z: Scores of a student in a 10 – item test.
𝑍 ={ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 }
 Types of Random Variables

Discrete Random Variables are variables can take on a finite number of

distinct values. Examples are number of heads acquired while flipping a
coin three times, the number of kin an individual has, the number of
students present in a study hall at a given time, and so forth.
Types of Random Variables

Continuous Random Variables, are random variables that take an

interminably uncountable number of potential values, regularly measurable
amounts. Examples are the height or weight of an individual, the time an
individual takes for an individual to wash, time, temperature, item thickness,
length, age, etc.
Classify each random variable as discrete or
continuous

1. Score of a students in a quiz discrete

2. How long students ate breakfast continuous

3. Time to finish running 100 m continuous

4. Amount of paint utilized in a building project continuous

Classify each random variable as discrete or
continuous

5. The number of deaths per year attributed discrete

to lung cancer
6. the speed of a car continuous

7. The number of dropout in a school discrete

8. the number of voters for each candidate discrete