Title:

Mechanism of Pole-Mounted
Transformer Damage by AGENA, JOLO ARVIE
Backflow Lightning and
Measures against the Damage
on Low-Voltage Distribution
Line
01
 Summary
Pole-mounted transformers are especially exposed to lightning damage. The progress of the
information society imposes increasingly stringent requirements for the reliability of electric
power supply, and this, in turn, necessitates a reduction in lightning damage to pole-mounted
transformers. But surge arresters installed on the primary side of the transformer cannot
protect it against backflow lightning entering the secondary side of the transformer. The
characteristic of transformer damage by backflow lightning is that the electromagnetic force
produced by the current flowing into the secondary side deforms the transformer
windings. Effective countermeasures against transformer damage by backflow lightning are
examined by EMTP calculations, which indicate that neutral grounding on the low-voltage
distribution line is the most effective way of decreasing the current flowing into the
transformer. The lower the grounding resistance, the less current flows into the transformer.

2
 Conclusion
With the case study's pole-mounted transformers being exposed to lightning
damage, countermeasures should be well examined regarding its past damaged
happenings. Due to the damage of pole-mounted transformers to backflow
lighting, all components that will be used as replacements should be studied and
examined to ensure safety and less hazard. This case study has shown what to do
and to avoid for a better and safe distribution line. Also, it explains the efficacy of
neutral grounding on low voltage distribution lines in decreasing the current flow
into the transformer. Lastly, with the said possible countermeasures on low
voltage distribution lines, it will prevent or avoid damages to lines against
backflow lighting.
3
 Recommendation

1. Installation of neutral grounding devices and reduction of

neutral grounding resistance, installation of low-voltage surge
arresters
2. Use Transformers with interlaced secondary windings

4
 Reaction
This case study has informed how pole-mounted transformers were sensitive
to lightning damage, specifically backflow lighting. Also, this has shown
some scenarios and experiments that can lead to the point they want to pin.
This case study has shown awareness and information that have been
informative, especially to us, on what to avoid, do or use in incidents such as
the said damage in this case study.

5
 Title:
A Study of the Root Causes of
High Failure Rate of
Distribution Transformer

AGREGADO, JOHN JASPER 6

 Summary
The Case Study is about finding the causes of the high failure rate of distribution
transformers. A distribution transformer is a vital piece that provides the final
voltage transformation in the electric distribution system to supply electricity to
consumers. Failure of distribution transformer results into interruption of power
supply to consumers. Approximately 10-12% per annum is the failure rate in
Kenya which is far above the failure rate of 1-2% in the developed countries per
annum. From April 2015 to March 2016, the transformers that failed have their
suspected causes listed. The faults on low voltage systems were suspected to be
the main cause of failure of distribution transformer and its minor cause are
accidental damage.
7
 Summary
166 transformers were randomly sampled to establish the main contributors
of failure on LV system. Upon inspection of the transformers, it is said that
that most distribution transformers are exposed heavily to lightning and
switching surges as more than half of all the inspected transformers were
found to lack lightning arrestors. Transient travelling waves are also a main
cause in the failure of the transformer. Furthermore, due to rampant
vandalism of the earthing wire and earth rods the protective equipment have
become ineffective.

8
 Conclusion
From the given information and data from the case study, the causes of the
failure of transformers are the lack of lightning arrestors of the transformers
and transient travelling waves that originate from switching operations of
circuit breaker causing transformer to fail due to lack of protection system.
Furthermore, poor workmanship, lack of knowledge about proper installation
of equipment, vandalism of earthing wire and earth rods and the absence of
graded fuses have been a factor in the failure rate of a transformer.

9
 Recommendation
The following are the recommended actions for the improvement of
condition and service life of the distribution transformer.

1. Proper training of workers on the installation and maintenance of the

electrical equipment such as the fuse and the lightning arrestors.
2. Use of concrete poles with the earthing system appended to prevent the
vandalism of the earth wire.
3. Use the correct grading of the fuses to avoid overload of the transformer
and each circuit should have independent fuses.
10
 Reaction
Based from the information of the case study, a reason for the failure of the
distribution system is due to human negligence and carelessness as it showed that the
installation of the arc horns is not properly or well aligned making it vulnerable.
Vandalism of the earthing system is also clear making the transformer exposed. From
this data, we should always have proper protective devices and care for our
equipments so that its life span doesn’t shorten as it will result to economic losses and
disturbance for the consumers. The recommendations could be applied in our country
to prevent and minimize the happening of the scenario in the case study.

11
 Efficiency
Improvement on a
Distribution Feeder:
A Case Study
ARABE, IRISH NICOLE

12
 Summary
Electricity is a necessary requirement for accelerating the economic development
of any country and is considered an important input
to improve quality of life. Electricity supply to consumer end is possible by the
combine function of power generation, transmission
and distribution instantly. The Case Study is all about the losses occurred in the
distribution feeder. Overloaded conductors and transformers, unbalanced load on
the transformer, long distance feeder, low power factor load, use of inefficient
load and other factors are all known to cause feeder losses. Technical losses and
Non-technical losses are the two typed of distribution losses that are more
common. The study’s major goal is to increase a distribution’s feeder with a
significant loss has been chosen. 13
 Conclusion
As a result, it has been discovered that there are a number of elements that
contribute to both technical and non-technical losses that must be addressed.
The approaches taken over the years in Nepal has created an inefficient
distribution system contributing to very high overall losses and poor quality
and reliability of power supply to consumers. It has led tremendous consumes
dissatisfaction as well as it has affected the financial performance of the
utilities.

14
 Recommendation

For the recommendation of this study, since it is impossible to eliminate all

sources of loss in the country at the same time, strategic actions should be
implemented to decrease or eliminate the primary factors of loss. The focus
of continuing power sector reforms has appropriately turned to rebuilding and
increasing the
distribution system's efficiency in order to decrease total losses. In the end,
this could help with the economic growth of the country.

15
 Reaction
After reviewing and analyzing the case study, I realized that this study is very
important wherein they analyze this study to improve the technical and overall
efficiency of a distribution feeder. Technical losses of existing
feeder and improvement on same distribution system through technical loss reduction
options is analyzed by implementing the methods using electrical transient analyzer
program (ETAP) simulation which could really help in improving its efficiency on a
distribution feeder in the country.

16
 A case study about the
Electrical Power
Distribution and Network
Reliability
BARCENAS, AARON JOHN

17
 Summary
 The system is all the elements that are regularly interconnected and work together to be able
to produce something. So what is meant by the Electric Power System are several pieces of
equipment or equipment consisting of generation, distribution, distribution, and customers,
which are related to one another and work together to produce electricity.

This means that electricity is essential for the continuity of the production process, both small,
medium, and large industries. Reliability can be interpreted as optimizing the performance of
a system in a predetermined period in all excellent or adverse conditions. The level of quality
in an electric power distribution system depends on the reliability of an electrical energy
distribution system itself. If the distribution of electrical energy is far from reliable, then
automatically, the supply of electrical energy will not run following consumer expectations.

  18
 Summary
In general, Power Plants have a considerable distance from the center of the
load so that in order to channel electricity from the plant to the consumer,
there must be a channel that supplies electrical energy from the load center to
the consumer. In the distribution network system there are 2 kinds of network
systems, namely primary and secondary, both are differentiated based on the
voltage, generally in the primary network the voltage is 20kV and the
secondary distribution network is 380V or 220V.

19
 Conclusion
This study discusses the reliability of the electricity distribution
of the electricity supply companies. Based on the study
conducted the electricity companies still needs to strengthened
their capabilities of providing a reliable and stable electricity
supply as they are the suppliers of the electricity.

20
 Recommendation

To have a reliable source of electricity maintaining and

improving the system and their ways as providers should always
be on the list of recommendations. Giving the quality products
and providing a better service to the consumers is always
recommended.

21
 Reaction

The study is very well said and should be introduced to the

consumers for them to know the value of the reliability of the
electricity. This study has given the information needed by the
consumers as they are the ones who receives the electricity
provided by the electricity companies in lined to them.

22
 Title:
Oil level assessment of Distribution
Transformer by development of
Capacitance Model

BUENAFE, MARC RAZEL

23
 Summary
Distribution Transformers are one of the most important equipment in power system
network. Distribution transformer failures can be broadly categorized due to electrical
and/or mechanical faults. Preventive diagnosis and maintenance of transformer have
become more and more popular in recent time in order to improve the reliability of
electric power system. It is experienced by the power utility engineers that the
distribution transformer failure occurs mainly due to overload condition and improper
cooling agent (oil) level in distribution transformer. In this paper capacitance model is
developed as a function of oil level and its validation is made by Newton’s Cooling Law.
Results are validated by Newton’s cooling law for the realistic or actual data for
distribution transformer available from the state utility (Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company Limited, MSEDCL) .
24
 Conclusion
Distribution transformers have a long service life about more than 25 years if they
operated under rated conditions. The operation of these transformers under condition
of low oil level for longer time will reduce their life. The main contribution of this
paper is that a capacitance model is developed for the condition assessment of
distribution transformer in terms of oil level. The oil leakage problems are frequently
observed in distribution transformers of utilities. Thus, therefore actual data of three
different types of distribution transformers are collected, capacitance model is
developed and the results are validated by plotting the cooling curve in terms of
Newton’s cooling law.

25
 Recommendation

Therefore, in order to be aware of occurring these conditions, the operation of

these distribution transformers should be monitored and controlled
continuously. It is recommended to install an oil meter with an alarm feature.
The alarm will sound if the oil level falls below a predetermined level and it
enables the operator to take the necessary steps.

26
 Reaction
This study introduced a very useful methods on assessing the oil level of a certain
distribution transformer. This study will be a significant endeavor in providing
information about on failures occurs to a transformer due to its operation under
condition of low oil level and will be beneficial to certain group such as, Engineering
Students, where in the ideas presented may be used as reference when studying
similar topic. This study will aide Professors in their discussion related to the topic.
And of course, this study will be a useful reference future researchers when
understanding similar research study. This also helps other distribution companies on
their problems when it comes to this topic.

27
 Title:
A fault analysis of 11kv
distribution system (a
case study of ado Ekiti
electrical power
distribution district)
CARAIG, KEN JOSHUA
28
 Summary
The primary research purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of the electric power
distribution system in Ekiti-Ado Status's district with the goal of identifying and
quantifying essential factors that might give a clear description of the state of electric
power. Electric power infrastructure and energy availability is studied for Ado-Ekiti, the
principal economic and political hub of Ekiti State. Hence this work presents a research
on fault analysis of Ado Ekiti distribution power system. Power availability was also
considered by collecting necessary data that had to do with energy supplied, faults and
other outages. It was discovered that the distribution lines were in a rather poor state
with as many as 25% of the poles not meeting a condition of "goodness", 33% of cross-
arms being broken or unsatisfactory, about 10% of the insulators defective and almost
40% of the span not complying with standards.
29
 Conclusion
The assessment aimed at investigating the physical state of the distribution system,
operational performance of the system in terms of determining hours of power supply,
hours of black-out, hours of load shedding, hours of fault as well as obtaining
probabilities of consecutive hours of power at any time of the day. It is seen that on an
annual average basis Ekiti-State is experiencing erratic power supply as power may
only be available in about just a third of a year. The low value is attributable to poor
supply from source of power, periods of load shedding, periods of fault as a result of
the poor state of the lines and other outages whether planned or unplanned.

30
 Recommendation
To improve system performance of power distribution, the utility must need more
attention should be paid to the maintenance of the distribution network. Then, the
government should vote more funds to infrastructural development of electric
power distribution so that defective components can be replaced as soon as
possible. Also, the radial configuration of the distribution network should be
replaced with a ring network so that power can be supplied from alternative
sources. Lastly, the right-of-ways should be adequately maintained in order to
avoid interruptions on the network as a result of incidences of fallen trees and
creepers. This will also make line tracing much easier.

31
 Reaction
After reviewing and analyzing the case study, I realized that this study is very important
especially to the consumers of a distribution utility. It is important that the utility company
know the faults and why electrical power distribution experiencing problems and other
power outages. It really helps them to overcome those problem in effective and easiest way.
Because of conducting the case study, the utility company gained ideas about maintenance
strategies for distribution network components that will enable reliable power supply at
lower cost of maintenance for components. Reliable statements about the condition and
importance of network components are used for adequately determining the risk of network
component outage. In the long term, maintenance costs could be influenced by more
simplified network and plant structures. The potential cost reduction is evaluated by means
of real networks.
32