Schrodinger Equation- Introduction and Derivation

Lecture-S1
12-04-2021

Dr. V. Kumaran
Research Associate Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
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Outline

 WAVE MECHANICAL CONCEPT OF ATOM

 de BROGLIE’S EQUATION

 HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

 SCHRÖ DINGER’S WAVE EQUATION

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What is Atom
 John Dalton (1805) considered that all matter was composed of small particles
called atoms. He visualised the atom as a hard solid individual particle incapable of
subdivision.

 At the end of the nineteenth century there accumulated enough experimental

evidence to show that the atom is made of still smaller particles.

 These subatomic particles are called the fundamental particles. The number of
subatomic particles now known is very large.

 For us, the three most important are the proton, neutron and electron.
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 How these fundamental particles go to make the internal structure of the atom, is a
fascinating story. The main landmarks in the evolution of atomic structure are :
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The Bohr model is

a primitive model
of the hydrogen
atom. As a theory,
it can be derived
as a first-order
approximation of
the hydrogen atom
using the broader
and much more
accurate quantum
mechanics
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Diffraction of Electrons : Wave –Particle Duality

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QUANTUM MECHANICS
• Through the work of Plank and Einstein we were force to accept that energy is
quantized and light exhibit the wave-particle duality

• Louis de Broglie extended this duality to include to matter as well, meaning that all
the matter has a wave length, from tiny electron to your whole body to massive stars.
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The Reason for quantization of the

energy of the electron is now clear
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 Circular standing waves can have only have

integer number of wave lengths

 Move the wave length = More energy

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Electron in atom only exhibit discreate

set of energy levels.

Photon absorption promotes the electron to a higher energy levels

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HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

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HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

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HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

The more precisely one parameter we know the

less we know about other
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HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

if position is determined with accuracy or precision, the momentum becomes less accurately
known or uncertain. Thus certainty of determination of one property introduces uncertainty of
determination of the other. The uncertainty in measurement of position, Δx, and the uncertainty of
determination of momentum, Δp (or Δmv), are related by Heisenberg’s relationship as

It may be pointed out here that there exists a clear difference

between the behaviour of large objects like a stone and small
particles such as electrons. The uncertainty product is negligible in
case of large objects.
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Derivation of Schrödinger Wave Equation

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Derivation of Schrödinger Wave Equation

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 The Schrö dinger’s wave equation is a second degree differential equation. It has several solutions. Some of these are
imaginary and are not valid. If the potential energy term is known, the total energy E and the corresponding wave
function ψ can be evaluated
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