Calculations from Chemical Equations: Stoichiometry

Objectives:
Define stoichiometry and describe its
importance Relate stoichiometry to balanced chemical equations Identify and solve different types of stoichiometry problems Determine the limiting reactant of a chemical reaction Calculate the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction when reactants are present in nonstoichiometric proportions

Definition
is the calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemicals); that exists in chemical formulas and chemical reactions stoy-key-ah-meh-tree

Definition
STOICHIOMETRY of a reaction deals with the combining proportions of the elements or compounds involved in chemical reactions. It tells us the relationship of the moles and weights of the reactant to one another and to the products.

Etymology
Stoichiometry derived from the Greek words (stoikheion, meaning element) (metron, meaning measure)

Have you ever used hydrogen peroxide to sterilize a minor cut?

The fuel of some rocket is a mixture of hydrazine N2H4 and hydrogen peroxide H2O2.

N2H4 + 2 H2O2

N2 + 4 H 2 O

1 mol N2H4 + mol 2 H2O2 1 mol N2 + 4 moles H2O

How you read this? 1 mole of hydrazine reacts with 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide to produce 1 mole of nitrogen and 4 moles of water

Consider a reaction:
2C2H2 2moles + 5O2 4CO2+ 5moles 4moles 2 H2O 2moles

Explanation
This explains that for a reaction to undergo, 2 moles of C2H2 should react to 5 moles of O2 to produce 4 moles of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O. This is mole relationship. It is very important that equation should be balanced.

Mole-Mole Relationship
Let us consider the reaction in which nitrous oxide N2O is produced by decomposition of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3. NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

Suppose you want to find out how many moles of N2O and H2O are produced from 2.25 moles of NH4NO3.
Soln: Determine the molar ratios indicated by the equation

NH4NO3

N2O + 2 H2O

Molar ratios: 1:1 NH4NO3 to N2O 1:2 NH4NO3 to H2O

Suppose you want to find out how many moles of N2O and H2O are produced from 2.25 moles of NH4NO3.
2.25 mol NH4NO3 X 1 mol N2O =4.50 mol N2O 1 mol NH4NO3

Suppose you want to find out how many moles of N2O and H2O are produced from 2.25 moles of NH4NO3.
2.25 mol NH4NO3 X 2 mol H2O =2.25 mol H2O 1 mol NH4NO3

The decomposition of 2.25 moles of ammonium nitrate produces 2.25 moles of nitrous oxide and 4.50 moles of water.

Mole-Mole Relationship
If we are given 10 moles of C2H2, how many moles of CO2 would be produced?

Consider a reaction:
2C2H2 2moles + 5O2 4CO2+ 5moles 4moles 2 H2O 2moles

Mole-Mole Relationship
How many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced by the complete combustion of 2.0 mole of glucose (C6H12O6)?

Sample Problem: How many moles of HCl are needed to react with 2.3 moles of Zn? The equation for this reaction is 2 HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2

PLAN: Determine the molar ratio between the two reactants and then use this ratio to solve problem. SOLVE: The molar ratio of Zn to HCl is 1:2. There are 2.3 moles of Zn. Therefore, 2.3 mol Zn X 2 mol HCl = 4.6 mol HCl 1 mol Zn

PRACTICE PROBLEM: 1. Magnesium burns in oxygen to produce magnesium oxide. How many moles of oxygen are needed to burns 0.52 mole of magnesium? 2. How many moles of Al (NO3)3 will be produced when 0.75 mol AgNO3 reacts according to the following equation: 3 AgNO3 + Al Al (NO3)3 + 3 Ag? ANSWERS :1. 0.52 mol O2 2. 0.25 mol Al (NO3)3

Verifying the Law of Conservation of Matter 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O Note: The Mass of the reactant and product is found by multiplying the molar mass of the substance by the number of moles of that substance in the balanced equation. The molar mass of H2 is 2 g/mol, of O2 is 32 g/mol, and of H2O is 18 g/mol.

2 mol H2 (2 g H2 /1 mol H2 ) = 4 g + 1 mol O2 ( 32 g O2 /1 mol O2 ) = 32 g 36 g 2 mol H2O (18 g H2O/ 1 mol H2O) = 36 g

STEPS IN SOLVING STOICHOIMETRY PROBLEMS QUANTITY OF GIVEN Convert to moles

MOLES OF GIVEN

QUANTITY OF UNKNOWN
Convert to desired units MOLES OF UNKNOWN

MASS to MASS PROBLEMS What mass of water is produced from 1.5 grams of glucose? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Step 1: Convert the given mass to moles using the molar mass of glucose, which is 180 g/mol
1.5 g C6H12O6 X 1 mol C6H12O6 = 0.0083 mol 180 g C6H12O6 C6H12O6

STEPS IN SOLVING MASS TO MASS PROBLEMS MASS OF GIVEN

Convert to moles using the molar mass of given

MASS OF UNKNOWN
Convert mass using molar mass of unknown

MOLES OF GIVEN
Find the molar ratio

MOLES OF UNKNOWN

STEP 2: Determine the number of moles of water that are produced

0.0083 mol C6H12O6 X 6 mol H2O = 0.050 mol 1 mol C6H12O6 H2O STEP 3: Convert the number of moles of H2O into grams using molar mass. This time you need to use the molar mass of water, which is 18 g/mol

0.050 mol H2O X 18 g H2O = 0.90 g H2O 1 mol H2O

Thus, 1.5 grams of glucose produce 0.90 g of water.

ONE STEP WAY 1.5 g C6H12O6 X 1 mol C6H12O6 X 6 mol H2O 180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 X 18 g H2O = 0.90 g H2O 1 mol H2O

Mass-Mass Relationship
Recall that from the weight and MW of a compound, we can determine the number of moles, n, [n = (W/MW)]. We could therefore establish a weightto-weight relationship of each compound involved a balanced chemical reaction.

Sample Problem
Based on the balanced equation: 4NH3(g) + 5O2 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) How many grams of NH3 will be required to produce 200g of H2O?

Sample Problem
What is the weight in grams of H3PO4 is produced from 250g of P4O10? P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4

MASS- VOLUME PROBLEMS

When the car is involved in a collision, a motion sensor sets off a spark that causes sodium azide to decompose explosively. The result is the production of nitrogen gas, which quickly inflates the bag. The chemical equation for this reaction is: 2 NaN3 2 Na + 3 N2

Assume that a particular air bag contains 125 grams of sodium azide. What volume of nitrogen gas is produced at STP? Recall that STP is standard temperature and pressure ( 0oC at 1 atm) To solve? STEP 1 : Convert the given information to moles. The molar mass of NaN3 is 65.0

g/mol.

STEP 2: Calculate the relative number of moles of N2 produced using the balanced equation.

The ratio between moles of NaN3 and moles of N2 is 2:3. STEP 3 Convert the number of moles of N2 to volume. The molar volume of a gas

at STP is 22.4 L/mol.

125 g NaN3 X 1 mol NaN3 x 3 mol N2 x 22.4 L N2 65.0 g NaN3 2 mol NaN3 1 mol N2
= 64.6 L N2 ( STP )

STEPS IN SOLVING MASS TO VOLUME PROBLEMS MASS OF GIVEN

Convert to moles using the molar mass of given VOLUME OF GASEOUS UNKNOWN
Convert to volume using molar volume of a gas

MOLES OF GIVEN
Find the molar ratio

MOLES OF UNKNOWN

Theoretical Versus Actual Yields

Previous stoichiometric calculations are assumed that all the reactants involved in the reaction were converted to products. This seldom happens in actual practice because many reactions do not go to completion.

Theoretical Versus Actual Yields

They end up in an equilibrium state in which appreciable amounts of reactants and products are left. At this state, the products are the actual yields

Theoretical yield
Theoretical yield is the amount of product obtained if the reaction goes to completion, i.e., all reactants are converted to products.

actual yield Percent yield = 100 theoretical yield

Percent Yield Determination

Silver bromide was prepared by reacting 200 grams of magnesium bromide and an adequate amount of silver nitrate. Calculate the percent yield if 375 grams of silver bromide was obtained from the reaction.

Practice Exercise
The reaction of copper sulfate, and phosphine to form copper phosphide is given by: 3CuSO4 + 2PH3 Cu3P2 + 3H2SO4 When enough amount of PH3 was added to 100 grams of CuSO4, 40 grams of Cu3P2 were obtained. Calculate the theoretical yield of Cu3P2 and the percentage yield (MW CuSO4, = 160; MW Cu3P2 =254)

Limiting And Excess Reactants

Generally, the reactants are not brought together in the ratio in which they react. Almost always, one of the reactants is needed to follow all the reactants to combine.

Limiting And Excess Reactants

This reactants reacts completely and the possible extent of a reaction depends highly on the amount of this reactant. This reactant is called limiting reactant. Other reactants are in excess because a certain amount of them will be left unreacted after a complete reaction.

Guidelines
Select a reactant to be used as initial basis for calculation. Compute the theoretical weights of the other reactants using the basis. Compare the theoretical weight to the given actual weight of the reactant.

Guidelines
If the theoretical weight is greater than the actual weight, the reactant is already the limiting reactant. If not, i.e., the theoretical weight is less than the actual weight, the said reactant is an excess reactant.

Sample Problem
How many moles of HCl can be produced by reacting 4.0 moles of hydrogen and 3.5 moles of chlorine. Which compound is the limiting reactant?

Sample Problem
Fluorine reacts with iron to produce iron (III) fluoride. If 5 g of fluorine is added to 10 g of iron: a. Determine the limiting and excess reactants b. Calculate weight of iron (III) fluoride obtained from reaction. c. How much of the excess will be left unreacted?