RAO BAHADUR.Y.

MAHABALESWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[FORMERLY VIJAYANAGARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE.]
BALLARI-583103. KARNATAKA
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PARTILLAY REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY

ARTIFICAL SAND IN FERROCEMENT USED
IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT BATCH TE-20

BANAKARA KUSUMA : 3VC19CV006 Project Guide: Mr. Tilak Kumar S
DHANVITH S SHETTY : 3VC19CV012 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
SOUMYA P :3VC19CV067 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, 1
MADIVALARA SAHANA :3VC19CV036 R.Y.M.ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BALLARI-583104.
NAGARAJ G :3VC20CV417
INTRODUCTION
 Due to the large demand of natural sand in the environment almost the natural Sand
has been exhausted. so natural sand is Replaced by artificial sand, It is also found
that use of artificial sand if more suitable for high strength concrete production.

 Extracting river sand from the river is harmful to the environment it reduces the
ground water level and river water get’s dried up.

 Ferrocement is a composite material which prepared by using closely spaced one.(no

multiple layers of the meshes and Small diameter of roads)

 Ferrocement can be used as an alternative to the reinforced cement concrete.

 Ferrocement is which has a homogeneous structure which has more tensile strength
and compressive strength as compared to RCC.

2
LITERATURE
 Kumar, A. (2005), "Ferrocement box section-viable option for floor and roof of
multi-storey building". A 5m x 9m size interior panel of a framed structure has been
designed Ferrocement box sections for 5 kN/m2 live load. The self- weight, floor/
roof height and cost of these options have been compared. It is found that the flat
slab option is comparable in weight to the panel-slab option, about 58.2% less in
floor height and 17.7% costlier than the conventional panel and slab construction.
The Ferrocement box section alternative is found to be 56.2% less in weight,
comparable in floor height and 15.6% cheaper than the panel - slab construction.

 Kohler, E. (2007),121"Precast Mortar Pavements and Results of Accelerated Traffic

Load Test" This paper summarizes experiences around the world with the use of
precast slabs for pavement rehabilitation. The life of this system of precast slabs,
when used as detailed for this test, is estimated to be between 142 and 242 million
ESALS. These numbers result from estimated traffic applied in section 2, which did
not fail, and in section 1, which failed under very high load levels. The failure
mechanism in this system of precast slabs was no different than failure in cast-in-
place jointed mortar pavements

3
 4

LITERATURE
 Mahmood, M. (2008), "Flexural Behavior of Flat and Folded Ferrocement Panels". The
paper describes the results 29% of testing folded and flat Ferrocement panels reinforced
with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of tion these experimental
tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural
strength of folded and flat Ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the
number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these and types of
Ferrocement structure. Seven Ferrocement elements were constructed and tested each
having (600x380mm) horizontal projection and 20mm thick, consisting of four flat panels
and three folded panels

 Kathleen, Hall (2010), "Full-depth Repair of Jointed PCC Pavements Cast-in-Place and
Precast Procedures". During the 1960s in Michigan (Simonsen 1972) and Virginia, jointed
reinforced mortar pavements were constructed with panel lengths of up to 30.48 m (100 ft)
and 18.75 m (61.5 ft), respectively. While a number of factors contributed to early
deterioration of these pavements, a principal mode of failure was transverse joint
"blowups" due to large seasonal and daily joint movements, loss of joint sealing material,
intruded incompressible fines, and, typically on very hot summer days following an
afternoon rain shower, the sudden compressive rupture and upward thrusting of mortar at
the transverse joint.
 OBJECTIVES
The study has the following objectives.
1. To compare the data of partially replace sand by artificial sand in ferrocement
sample (1:3) with M40 grade (1:1.65:2.92) conventional concrete sample for road
pavement.

2. To find out cost effective pavement or economically pavement

3. To find out Time saving construction of pavement.

4. To suggest management plan for growth of roadnetwork in India.

5. The saving of a resource of natural sand by replacement of artificial sand.

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 METHODOLOGY

Methodology preliminary Materials

Mix design

workability test

casting of cubes & beams

compressive testy Tensile Test.

Flexural test.

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METHODOLOGY
METRIALS

 Cement
 M sand
 Coarse aggregate
 Sand
 Water

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 LABORATORY TEST
CEMENT
Specific Gravity
Initial Setting Time
Normal Consistency

COARSE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity

FINE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity
Sieve analysis
Bulk density

MIX DESIGN
Slump cone
8
Specific gravites of cements
Sl.no Description Trial 1 Trial 2

1 mass of empty bottle, w1 gm. 30 30

2 mass of bottle + hand of cement, 48 46

w2 gm

3 mass of bottle + 1/3 of cement 86 92

+2/3 rd diesel '3'gm

4 mass of bottle + diesel, W4 gm 74 81

5 mass of fully water with bottle. 89 89

W5.gm

6 Specific gravites of cements 3.0 3.2

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Calculation
Average of 2 trails= 3.0+3.2 /2=3.1

DENSITY BOTTLE
Specific gravites Fine aggregate
Sl. Description Trial 1 Trial2 Trial mean
no 3
1 Weight of empty 681 681 681
pycnometer (W₁)
2 Weight+pycnometer + Fine 1385 1395 1393
Aggregate(w2)
3 pycnometer + Fine 1961 1973 1968 2.65
Aggregate + water(W3)
4 Weight of pycnometer + 1534 1534 1534
water (w4)
5 Specific gravity of fine 2.64 2.65 2.66
aggregate
Calculation

Average of 3 trial =2.64+2.65+2.66/3 = 2.65

Methodology
Material collection
> M sand

We have collected a M sand from Fort area

TEST RESULT
Sl/NO Test Result Range
1 Specific Gravity 3.1 3.1 to 3.16
Cement

2 Specific Gravity 2.65 2.5 to 3

Fine Aggregate

3 Specific Gravity 2.74 2.5 to 3

Coarse Aggregate
 Mix design
 Step 1: Traget strength for mix
traget strength = 48.25N/mm^2

 Step 2:Selection of water cement ratio = 0.40<0.45

 Step 3:Selection of water content = 140 liter

 Step 4: Calculation of cement = 350 kg/m^3

 Step 5: Proportion of volume of course and fine aggregate

course aggregate =0.62*0.9=0.56
fine aggregate =1-0.56=0.44

 Step 6: Mix calculation

a) Total volume = 1 m^3
b) Volume of cement = 0.112m^3
c)Volume of water = 0.140m^3
Mix design
d)Volume of chemical admixtures
super plasticizers @ 2% by mass
of cement = 0.06m^3
e)Volume of all in aggregate = 0.742m^3
f) Mass of course aggregate = 1146kg
g) Mass of fine aggregate = 865.172kg
 h)M sand @ 20% by mass of fine
 aggregate =173.03kg

Step
 8:mix proportion

Cement
 =350 kg/m^3
Water
 =140 liters
Fine
 aggregate =865.172kg/m^3
course aggregate
 =1146kg/m^3
Water cement ratio
 =0.40

Mix
 design (M40) (1:2.5:3.3)
cement Fine aggregate course aggregate
350.00 2.5 3.3
Slump cone test
 To measure the consistency of cement by using slump cone test
 Grade of concrete = M40 (1:2.5:3.3)
 (1+2.5+3.3) = 6.8

 Volume of cone V =3.142*H/3 (r^2+R^2+rR)

 3.142*0.3/3 (50^2+100^2+50*100) =0.0055m^3

 Volume of cone V= 0.0055m^3

 Density of concrete = 24kn/m^2
 Total weight of concrete = Volume*Density of concrete
 0.0055*2400=13.2kg

 weight of Cement 1/6.8*13.2 = 1.94kg

 volume fine aggregate: 2.5/6.8x13.2 =4.85kg
 volume Course aggregate : 3.3/6.8x13.2 = 6.40kg
 weight of water content = w/c= 0.45x 1.94 =0.8731lit
 M sand =4.85*20/100 =0.97kg
Table : Slump value of concrete

Sr. # Mix designation Slump value (inch)

1. M-SAND 0 2.1

2. M-SAND 25 1.9

3. M-SAND 50 1.8

4. M-SAND75 1.7

4. M-SAND 100 1.6

In Table shows the slump values of different concrete mix containing

0%, 25%, 50% 75% and 100% of M-sand during casting. The lowest
value of slump at 100 % shoes that lowest workability.As e increase
the percentage replacement of M-sand,slump decreases because of
more fine particles concentration.Surface area of finr aggregate
increases that results in reduction in slump.But the value of slump even
at 100% replacement is within the limit.
 Slump Test
2.5
2.1
1.9
2 1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
 
1
 
0.5
 
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mixer Designation (%)

Figure: Slump values for different concrete mix

Figure shows slump values of different concrete mix proportions. Abscissa shows
percentage of M-sand and ordinate shows the slump values. In this figure slump value at
0% is more. Slump value is gradually decreasing and at 100% slump value is minimum.
7-Days compressive strength
Table: 7-days compressive strength results

Sr Mix Percentage 7-days compressive

.# Designati Replacement (%) Strength (mpa)
on
1. M-SAND 0 0 15.258

2. M-SAND 25 25 17.733

3. M-SAND 50 50 21.139

4. M-SAND75 75 16.147

4. M-SAND 100 100 10.900

 50%, 75%, and100% replacement. While the mixture containing 25% of M sand
has attained 16.22% as compared with control samples also the concrete mixture
containing 50% of M sand has attained 38.54% as compared with control
samples and the other sample the strength as development is low and NSC
mixture with 100% has attained 28.85% as compared with control samples.
shown in the result of compressive strength at age of 7 days for control specimen
and artificial sand at 25%,
 7-Days Compressive Strength
50
 
40
 
30

21.139
17.733 16.147
20 15.258
10.9
10
 
0
0 25 50 75 100
Mixer designation (%)

Figure : Graphical representation of compressive strength at 7-days

Figure shows the behavior of artificial sand concrete in terms of compressive strength.
Artificial sand with different ratio is at abscissa and compressive strength is at ordinate.
The highest strength is developed after control mix for NSC with 25% of artificial sand as
replacement of fine aggregates, while for rest of samples the average of strength value is
greater than the control specimen and lowest strength comes at 100% replacement of
artificial sand.
7-Days Flexural strength
Table : 7-days Flexural strength results

7-days Flexural Strength

Sr. # Mix Designation Percentage Replacement (%)
(mpa)

1. M-SAND 0 0 3.47

2. M-SAND 25 25 3.55

3. M-SAND 50 50 3.78

4. M-SAND75 75 3.32

5. M-SAND 100 100 2.17

 Table shows the results of flexural strength at age of 7 days for control specimen
and M-sand concrete at 10%, 20% and 100% replacement. While the mixture
containing 10% of M-sand (M-SAND 10%) has attained 2.18% as compared with
control samples also the concrete mixture containing 20% of M-sand (M-SAND
20%) has attained 8.92% as compared with control samples and the other sample the
strength development is low and NSC mixture with 100% has attained 37.30% as
compared with control samples. Hence the rate of strength gain is most for NSC
containing 20% M-SAND as replacement of Fine Aggregate. The graphical
representation of 7 days strength.

7-days Flexural strength

5

4 3.55 3.78
3.47 3.32
3
2.17
2

0
0 25 50 75 100
MIX DESIGNATION (%)

Figure : Graphical representation of Flexural strength at 7-days

 Figure shows the highest strength is developed after control mix for M-SAND
concrete with 50% replacement of M-SAND, while for rest of samples the average of
strength value is greater than the control specimen. But at 100% of M-SAND
replacement with fine aggregates. Strength is lesser than the control mix strength.
CONCLUSION
 Inclusion of M-sand as a fine aggregate in concrete has
positive impact on compressive,flexural and tensile
strength.
 M-sand is well appropriate for normal strength concrete
for better performance in terms of strength and economy
over normal sand.
 Increase in compressive strength at 10% replacement is
13.84% and at 20% replacement is 25.88%.
 Increase in flexural strength at 10% replacement is
17.61% and at 20% replacement is 29.01%.
REFERENCES
 Kumar A, "Ferrocement box sections viable option for floors and roof of multi
storeyedbuilding" Asian journal of civil engineering, [2005], pp (569-582).

 Mohamad Mahmood, Sura M, "Flexural behavior of flat and folded ferrocement

panel", [2009], Volume 17.

 Erwin Kohler, Louw du Plessis, Peter J. Smith, John Harvey, Tom Pyle, "Precast
Concrete Pavements and Results of Accelerated Traffic Load Test", [2007], pp(263-
280).

 Dr. S.K. Kaushik, Varinder Singh, Prem Pal Bansal, Maneek Kumar, "Effect of Wire
Mesh Orientation on Strength of Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Retrofitted
THANK YOU