CH-10-LIGHT-PHYSICS

BY P.THANAY
 IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRRORS
CASE1: POSITION OF THE OBJECT IS AT INFINITY. IMAGE OF THE
OBJECT IS FORMED ON PRINICIPAL FOCUS BEHIND THE MIRROR.
THE SIZE OF THE IMAGE FORMED IS HIGLY DIMINISHED AND
POINT SIZED HERE. VIRTUAL IMAGE WHICH IS ERECT IS FORMED.
EXPLAINATION OF DIAGRAM OF IMAGE
FORMATION OF CONVEX MIRROR WHEN THE
OBJECT IS AT INFINITY
• HERE AB IS THE OBJECT WHICH IS AT INFINITY. LET MN
BE CONVEX MIRROR WHICH IS CURVED
OUTWARDS.THERE IS A POINT P(POLE) THE CENTRE OF
REFLECTING SURFACE OF SPHERICAL MIRROR. THE
FIRST INCIDENT RAY GOES PARALLEL TO PRINCIPAL
AXIS, HITS THE MIRROR AND REFLECTS. THE SECOND
INCIDENT RAY HITS THE MIRROR AT POLE AND IS
REFLECTED BACK IN THE SAME PATH. THE THIRD
INCIDENT RAY WENT PARALLEL TO PRINCIPAL AXIS
BELOW AND IS REFLECTED BACK WHEN HITS THE
REFLECTING SURFACE OF MIRROR. NOW EXTEND THE
1ST AND 2ND REFLECTED RAY BACK AND THEY
INTERSECT AT A POINT CALLED PRINCIPAL FOCUS
WHICH IS BETWEEN POLE AND CENTRE OF CURVATURE.
THEREFORE IMAGE FORMS ON PRINCIPAL FOCUS
BEYOND CONVEX MIRROR.
 IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR
CASE 2:
• POSITION OF OBJECT IS BETWEEN INFINITY AND POLE OF
MIRROR. IMAGE OF THE OBJECT IS FORMED BEHIND THE
CONVEX MIRROR BETWEEN POLE AND PRINCIPAL FOCUS.
IMAGE IS DIMINISHED, VIRTUAL AND ERECT.
EXPLAINATION OF IMAGE FORMATION
BEHIND CONVEX MIRROR WHEN OBJECT IS
BETWEEN POLE AND INFINITY
• AB IS THE OBJECT HERE. LET MN BE CONVEX
MIRROR. THE FIRST INCIDENT RAY GOES PARALLEL
TO PRINCIPAL AXIS, HITS THE MIRROR AND
REFLECTS BACK. THE SECOND INCIDENT RAY GOES
DIRECTLY WITHOUT BEING PARALLEL TO PRINCIPAL
AXIS , HITS THE MIRROR AND REFLECTED BACK IN
THE SAME PATH. NOW EXTEND THE FIRST
REFLECTED RAY TO FOCUS AND ND REFLECTED RAY
TO CENTRE OF CURVATURE OF THIS CONVEX
MIRROR. THE POINT WHERE THE EXTENSIONS OF
BOTH THE REFLECTED RAYS MEET IS WHERE THE
IMAGE IS FORMED(BETWEEN POLE AND FOCU).
USES OF CONVEX MIRROR

• When convex mirrors are used, the magnification of objects becomes simple.
• It is used in sunglasses.
• It is used as a rear-view mirror in automobiles.
• It's utilised in ATMs and other places for security reasons.
• It's used as a reflector for street lights.
TELESCOPE IS A APPLICATION OF CONVEX
MIRROR.
BECAUSE OF CONVEX MIRROR IT CAN SEE
FAR OFF OBJECTS CLEARLY IN THE FORM OF
POINT-SIZED IMAGES. 
A CONVEX MIRROR
IS USED AS A STREET
LIGHT REFLECTOR
DUE TO ITS ABILITY
TO SPREAD LIGHT
RAYS OVER A
LARGER REGION.
CONVEX MIRRORS
USED IN ATM- AUTO
TELLER MACHINE
• Automated Teller Machines Convex mirrors
are kept close to the ATM or automated teller
machine to permit the customers to figure out
whether someone is standing behind them.
This is used to ensure the security of the
customers while they use an ATM. It ensures
safety from the theft of withdrawals of cash
or any other precious item. Also, it keeps the
identity of the machine user safe and secure.
REAR VIEW MIRRORS
• CONVEX MIRROR IS ALSO USED AS REAR VIEW
MIRRORS WHICH ARE ALSO CALLED AS WING
MIRRORS WHICH AARE FITTED ON THE SIDES
OF AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES LIKE CAR AND BIKE
ETC… IT IS CHOSEN BECAUSE THE PERSON
WHO IS DRIVING CAN SEE THE VEHICLES
WHICH ARE COMING BEHIND HIM AND MAKE
HIM DRIVE WITH SAFETY. THE CONVEX
MIRRORS ARE CHOSEN HERE BECAUSE THEY
GIVE AN ERECT IMAGE WHICH ID DIMINISHED.
IT GIVES DRIVER THE CHANCE TO SEE LARGER
AREA OF VEHICLES BEHIND HIM THAN THAT
WOULD BE POSSIBLE WITH PLANE MIRROR.
CONVEX MIRROR ARE CURVED OUTWARDS SO
THAT PERSON WHO IS DRIVING CAN SEE A
WIDER FIELD OF VIEW IN THE MIRROR.
QUESTIONS

• WHAT IS PRINCIPAL FOCUS?

• RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF MIRROR IS 15CM. WHAT IS FOCAL LENGTH?
• NAME THE MIRROR THAT GIVES REAL AND INVERTED IMAGE ?
• NAME THE MIRROR THAT GIVES ERECT AND ENLARGED IMAGES?
• DEFINE POLE, CENTRE OF CURVATURE, FOCAL LENGTH, PRINCIPAL AXIS AND
APERTURE OF MEDIUM?
• SAY ANY FOUR APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX MIRROR?
• EXPLAIN WHY WING MIRRORS ARE USED IN THE AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES?
SIGN CONVENTION OF REFLECTION BY
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
EXPLAINATION OF SIGN CONVENTION BY
SPHERICAL MIRROR
• Whenever we discuss about reflection of light we should NEW CARTESIAN SIGN
SYSTEM WHICH IS SET OF SIGNS. THE PRINCIPAL AXIS IS X- AXIS IN THE
GIVEN DIAGRAM AND POLE IS THE ORIGIN IN GIVEN DIAGRAM. THE RULES
OF THIS SYSTEM ARE:
• OBJECT IS ALWAYS PLACED ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE MIRROR.OBJECT
SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN NEGATIVE.
• DISTANCES TRAVELLIN PARALLEL TO PRINCIPAL AXIS TO RIGHT SIDE FROM
THE POLE OF MIRROR SHOULD BE TAKEN AS NEGATIVE SIGN AND TO THE
LEFT OF POLE OF MIRROR WHICH IS ORIGIN SHOULD BE TAKEN AS POSITIVE.
• THE HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT ABOVE PRINCIPAL AXIS WHICH IS
PERPENDICULAR SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS POSITIVE SIGN AND HEIGHT
BELOW PRINCIPAL AXIS PERPENDICULARLYY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS
NEGATIVE SIGN.
• THIS SYSTEM CAN HELP US SOLVE MIRROR FORMULA RELATED
NUMERICALS.
MIRROR FORMULA

• THE DISTANCE OF OBJECT FROM THE MIRROR IS CALLED OBJECT

DISTANCE.
• THE DISTANCE OF THE IMAGE FROM THE MIRROR IS CALLED AS
IMAGE DISTANCE.
• THE FOCAL LENGTH IS THE DISTANCE OF THE FOCUS FROM
ORIGIN OF MIRROR WHICH IS POLE MIRROR.
• THESE THREE QUANTITIES ARE REPPRESENTED AS A FORMULA
CALLED MIRROR FORMULA THAT IS 1/v+1/u=1/f