CHAPTER 19

ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1.Ecosystem
2. Energy Flow
3.Food Chain, Food Web, Niches
4.Pyramid Of Numbers, Biomass , Energy
5.CYCLES -Carbon Cycle ,Nitrogen Cycle,H20 water
cycle
6.Population size
7. Age pyramids
– Human populations
– Birth rate, death rate

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 POPULATION SIZE

• Population is a group of organisms of species living in

one space in the same time.
• Most populations stay stable over a long time period.
• Fluctuates
• Size depends on :
1. How many enter –birth,immigration
2. How many leave –death, emmigration

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 Birth rate /death rate
• Population increases –
Birth rate > death rate
• Population decreases –
Birth rate < death rate
• Population stable –
Birth rate = death rate

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Green fly / aphids vs beetles

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Population graph no.1

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 Population graph no.2
• Predator –lynx
• Prey –hare

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• Population of hare and lynx will fluctuate
between an average.
• Reason – PDF
1.PREDATOR
2.DISEASE
3.FOOD

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HUMAN POPULATION

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 AGE PYRAMIDS
• count the no. of
individuals in various
age groups at one point
in time.
• Each box represents the
no. of individuals in that
age group

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 Types of pop. graphs
1. RAPID GROWTH
• Bottom heavy
pyramid
• Far More young
individuals
• Than old ones
• B.R.> D.R.

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 Types of pop. graphs
2. SLOW GROWTH

• B.R.> D.R.

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Types of pop. graphs
3. STABLE GROWTH

• B.R.= D.R.

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 HUMAN POPULATION
• Remained stable most of time
• Recent gradual rise
• Why:
1.Reduction of disease
2.Increase in food supply

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 BR vs DR
Developing countries Developed countries
1. High birth rate 1. Static birth rate
2. Main reason
2. Against contraceptives
contraception 3. Good healthcare
religious reasons 4. Hygiene
3. Poor healthcare 5. Food
6. Antibiotics
7. Immunization
8. Sewage treatment

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