Urolithiasis

Dorcas Lori
4th year med student @ SEU Georgian National University
What is Urolithiasis?

▪ Urolithiasis is the formation of stones in the urinary tract

▪ Also known as kidney stones, nephrolithiasis, renal/urinary calculi
▪ Kidneys, Urethra, Bladder, Ureters
Types of stones
Risk Factors

▪ Smoking, alcoholism
▪ Gender
▪ Age
▪ Family history and ethnicity
▪ Diet (insufficient fluids/high
sodium)
▪ Diabetes
▪ Hypertension
▪ Obesity
Signs & Symptoms

▪ Nausea
▪ Vomiting
▪ Back pain
▪ Pain in flank area
▪ Burning/Pain during urination
▪ Blood in urine
▪ Abnormal colour of urine
▪ Groin pain (testes/labia)
 Clinical Manifestations

In urinalysis we see:
- Hematuria
- Microhematuria
- Pyuria

Patients may also experience:

- Fever
- Chills
- Renal colic
Diagnosis

 Patient with mobile calculi will complain of intractable pain

and is usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting
 Patient with a less mobile stone will have signs and
symptoms as that with a UTI ( pain and burning with
urination, nocturia, abdominal discomfort, flank pain,
hematuria, or pyuria.)
 Collection of objective data would include assessing for
kidney functions, urinalysis and blood tests
 Also examination of the stone to determine type
 Diagnostic Methods

 KUB X-ray
 IVP
 RGP
 Ultrasound
 Cytoscopy
 Urinalysis
Treatment
Conservative
Instrumental
Conservative – medication
Surgical
• NSAIDS
• Antibiotics
• Diuretics
• Antiemetics
Treatment
Conservative
Instrumental
Instrumental
Surgical
• Lithotripsy
• Ureteroscopy
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Treatment
Conservative
Instrumental
Surgical
Surgical
• Pyelolithotomy
• Ureterolithotomy
• Nephrectomy
• Nephreolithotomy
• Cystolithotomy
Prevention

• Drink plenty fluids

• Avoid foods high in sodium,
calcium
• Regular blood/urine tests
• Some medications