Solid Fuel

Grade of Coal

Grade Ash+ Moisture (%)

Selected Grade 19 ˃
Grade I 19 – 24
Grade II 24 – 28
Grade III 28 – 35
Type of Carbonisation
1. Low temperature carbonisation (LTC) 500 – 700 oC
2. Medium temperature carbonisation (MTC) 700 – 900 oC
3. Medium temperature carbonisation (HTC)700 – 900 oC

Manufacture of Metallurgical Coke

• Beehives ovens Method

• Otto-Hoffman’s Ovens
 Source: ww.goggle.com/images

Pictorial representation of Beehive Oven

Source: ww.goggle.com/images
Otto Hoffman’s Oven
 Heating section Recovery Section
Temperature (oC) Condition/ state
300 – 450 Moisture is expelled and Decomposition of coal substance
takes placed
About 500 The coal passes through a plastic state
550 – 600 The plasticity ceases and semi coke is produced
600 The semicoke decomposes with loss in volatile matter and
get transformed into steel grey hard coke.
1100 The yield of coke is 70%.
 Recovery Section
Recovery Section
1. Recovery of tar The gas from the coke ovens is passed through a tower where
liquor ammonia is trickles from the top. Tar and ammonia are recovered.
Ammonia is sent back to the tower.
2. Recovery of Ammonia NH3 + H2O OH
NH3 + H2SO4 SO4
Condensation of gas takes place and Naphthalene is recovered
3. Recovery of benzole The gases then pass through an oil (petroleum) scrubber where
benzene and its homogenous are recovered.
3. Recovery of H2S The gases then pass through a chamber packed with moist F2O3

F2O3 + 3H2S F2S3+ 3H2O

2FeS + 3SO2

4FeS F2O3
 Liquid Fuels
Carbide Theory

Petroleum
Petra means Rock and Oleum means Oils
Dark Colored Viscous liquid
Mixtures of Hydrocarbons

Origins of Petroleum
Inorganic theory or Carbide theory or Mendeef’s theory
Organic Theory
Organic theory or Engler’s theory

Detection of oil deposition

Refining of Petroleum
Demulsification
• Hydrophilic – Soluble in water. Sodium salts of napthenic acids, sulfoacids etc.

• Hydrophobic – napthanates finely dispersed clay, metal oxides

Demulsification can be done by magnetic, mechanical, thermal,

chemical, thermochemical and electrical methods

Removal of harmful impurities

Fractional distillation