DRAFT

USAID Jordan Water Efficiency and Conservation Activity (WEC)

Research
November 2021
 DRAFT
Research Topics

• Background and Context on Issues

• Update on Technical Approach
• SOW Mapping
• Water Saving Technologies
• USAID Projects
• Water Security
• Farmers and Crops
• Treated Wastewater
• Appendix

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Background

− G-Trip Insights
− Oversaturation of donors in the space makes it difficult to implement a Market Systems
Development (MSD)
− WIT has introduced MSD to an important cohort of input suppliers and farmers – opportunities
to build on successes and learn from missteps 3
 DRAFT
Jordan WEC Initial SOW Components

Component 1: Technical Component 2: Reduce Reliance Component 3: Expand the use Component 4: Efficient use of
Resources Irrigated Ag on Groundwater of treated wastewater in water conservation in the
irrigated agriculture municipal sector
Task 1.1: Develop Market Systems Task 2.1: Develop and implement Task 3.1 Revise existing policies, 4.1 Identify priority areas for
approach to increase water use partnership programs with private standards, and regulations that water efficiency programs and
efficiency in agriculture sector to reduce water consumption manage the use of treated targeted water conservation
and increase water use efficiency in wastewater in agriculture activities
agriculture

Task 1.2: Build method to include Task 2.2: Increase GoJ’s ability to Task 3.2 Incorporate a technical 4.2 Develop gender-sensitive list
wide scale adoption of water- develop incentives that address the assistance program in tandem with of technologies, best practices,
saving technologies and practices needs of users and increase the a behavioral change program and interventions
ability to enforce laws and targeted at male and female
regulations that govern farmers to increase appeal of
groundwater products grown on treated
wastewater
Task 1.3: Bridge the gap in Task 3.3 Increase social, cultural, 4.3 Design and implement a
knowledge and access to technical and religious acceptance of the use water efficiency and conservation
information of treated wastewater incentive program

Task 3.4 Support existing and new

programs that monitor effluent
quality and end uses of treated
wastewater
Task 3.5 Develop and implement
response plans and risk monitoring
for treated wastewater in cases of
emergencies
4
Updated Technical Approach

General Strategy Approach Pillars

TBD
TBD

5
Updated Technical Approach by Component

SOW Components Market incentives-driven approach

Component 1: Efficient and At market level, help irrigation companies market water
Reduced water utilization in efficient products in partnership with lead farmers with
agriculture messaging around saving labor and energy costs. 
Component 2: Increased At policy level, help develop (alongside ERA?) appropriate
ability of the GoJ to manage and tariffs on non water efficient crops and at the same time help
plan agriculture / reduce develop markets for water efficient crops through offtaker
reliance on groundwater facilitation, marketing board creation, export promotion. 
Component 3: Increased Help facilitate replacement of fresh water with treated
capacity of farmers and the GoJ wastewater through appropriate incentives to relieve pressure
to augment the reliance on on springs, other natural sources.
treated wastewater for irrigation
purposes
Component 4: Efficient use of Help drive market-driven behavior change for reduced
water conservation in the municipal market demand for fresh water.
municipal sector
6
Research Approach

Research Topics Sources

• USAID and other IDO projects and programs in Jordan • USAID WIT
• USAID RIAL 1 & II
applicable to SOW components and corresponding tasks. • USAID ASPIRED
• For each project: • IWMI Groundwater
o Successes Governance in the MENA
o Challenges/ barriers Region
o Constraints • USAID LEO Brief Market
o Opportunities Systems Framework
• GIZ
• Analysis of geographical focus areas for water conservation • AWCUA
• State of CA
o Brainstormed metrics that could measure the water and
• State of NM
land efficiency of different crops and governorates 
o Incorporating gender into Jordanian agriculture 

• Literature review of academic institutions in Jordan that

focus on the economic impacts of water conservation
7
Stakeholder Mapping

Research POC: Jeff Nahm

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 8
Jordan Water Sector Stakeholders – Jordan Counterparts
External *We know that WAJ is
Stakeholders merging and transferring its
Other functions to MWI.
Ministry of Water & Irrigation
Considerations
(MWI)
Creates (ultimate regulatory authority)
for Ag Sector: What is the latest?
Tribal leaders
policy

*Water
Planning & Authority of Jordan Valley
Management Jordan (WAJ) Authority (JVA)
(drinking water, municipal (agricultural water services)
water supply & sewage)
Consumers
Water User
Associations
Performance (supported by GIZ & JCC)
es &

Co per
ag ns

o
m ate
an w

m d
m AJ o

er
Information
ci
al
dissemination,
W

ly
Water behavior
Citizens
Conservation change & GESI
& Allocation
* Yarmouk * Miyahuna Aqaba water
water company (JWC) company
Cross
Karak, tafilah, cutting
Irbid, Jerash, Ajloun, Amman, Zarqa,
Ma’an Special Economic gender
Capacity Governorates
Mafraq governorates Balqa, Madaba zone & Aqaba gov
governorates Local CBOs integration &
Building social
& CSOs
inclusion

Government Ministries
(Department of Lands & Survey, Ministry of Education,
Ministry of Work & Housing, GAM, Ministry of Ag) German Jordanian
University, JUST, 9

University of Jordan
SOW Mapping

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 10

USAID Water Innovations Technologies (WIT) Program
Overview
Purpose
Five-year initiative implemented by Mercy Corps (MC)
project goal is to save 18.5 MCM of water by addressing
market system constraints in the adoption of innovative
WST in the ag and household sectors.
WIT focuses on the following aspects:
• Increased adoption of water conservation
technologies and practices by farmers, households,
and communities.
• Improved access to finance for water conservation
technologies.
• Strengthened institutions to further support water
conservation.
Partner Structure
• Two Jordanian organizations: the Jordan River
Foundation, Royal Scientific Society
• Four international organizations with strong
connections to Jordan: the International Center for
Biosaline Agriculture, International Water Management
Institute, Interdisciplinary Research Consultants, and
Souktel Digital Solutions
Problems Encountered/
Lessons Learned
• Restructured SOW between Year 1 and Year 2 which
caused significant impacts to project results
• Year 1 of project shifted from direct to indirect
Project implementation by incorporating a Market
Systems Development(MSD) approach
• Used a market assessment refocus the project and
to identify interventions, potential water saving
market actors to work with and to consolidate a
vision of the functionality of Jordan’s water saving
market at an agricultural, household and
institutional level.
• Changes were applied in Year 2
• Did not meet water savings targets until Year 4 and 5
• WIT’s market assessment revealed weaknesses in
sustained adoption rates for WST.
• Many farmers and households in WIT’s proposed area of
intervention did not have adequate financial funds,
technical and managerial skills to adopt the water saving
technologies without donor support.
• This has led to a farmer and household market that is
not adopting water saving behaviors without 100 percent
donor support.
What lessons learned were found on the ground?
11
Other Donor Organization Projects in Jordan
United Nations
Provision of Operational Servi
Supports the engagement of UNICEF by providing operational
services for education activities in the Syrian Refugee Camps Za’atari
and Azraq as well as the Emirati Jordanian Camp (EJC). The
maintenance of schools will include maintenance of WASH facilities
inside these schools, for example, repair or replacement of broken
taps, fittings and pipe connections in toilet and handwashing stations.
Global Environment Facility (GEF) Small Grants Programme
helps protect poor remote villages from the serious effects of climate
change & environmental degradation.
UNICEF
• Works to influence the MWI & policy change to target access to clean water for
vulnerable communities.
• Completed Sanitation Roadmap to increase water and wastewater services
providing evidence based studies and needs.
• Assist govt. in their reporting obligation on the water and sanitation space.
• Develop a Water Sector Planning report.
• Works with USAID on the WASH IN SCHOOLS program upgrading facilities and
curriculum to promote WASH standards in schools.
• UNICEF is working with Miyahuna to involve utilities in UNICEF’s WASH activities

World Bank
Exploring High-Value, Socially Inclusive and water-
efficient Agriculture
The Project Development Objective is to pilot an environmentally
sustainable, commercially viable and socially inclusive hydroponic
agriculture business model in the Jordan Valley area.
and operate the services in camps as a more sustainable way forward and build
the capacity of the utilities and to make WASH services part of the water utilities’
space and nexus.
• UNICEF works with Luminus on all their training and capacity building needs.
• UNICEF is developing an innovation hub Water Mobile App that will work with all
3 water utilities for people to access their water bills, report any leaks/theft,
submit any complaints. App sends water conservation reminders, methods, etc..

GIZ
Projects:
• Strengthening capacities for wastewater management
• Decentralized wastewater management as a measure for climate change
• Reduction of water losses
adaptation
• Water and Wastewater Companies for Climate Mitigation (WaCCliM)
• Technical and vocational education and training for Jordanian and Syrian
• Strengthening the Resilience of Water Utilities II
refugees in the Jordanian water sector
• Decentralized Integrated Sludge Management (DISM)
• Protection of Water Dams in Jordan through Labor-intensive Activities (Cash
• Improvement of communal water efficiency through cooperation with religious
for Work)
authorities
• Renewable energies in the water sector
12
GIZ Water Projects in Jordan
Water and Wastewater Companies for Climate
Mitigation (
WaCCliM)
Executing agency: Ministry of Water and
Irrigation (MWI), Water Authority of Jordan
(WAJ);
The project introduces technologies to
reduce greenhouse gas in water and
wastewater companies, thus improving their
CO2 balance. Furthermore, it supports
climate protection efforts in the water sector
by integrating the water and energy sectors
with regard to emission reduction and
climate resilience.
Strengthening capacities for wastewater
management
Lead executing agency: Water Authority of
Jordan (WAJ)
Overall term: 2017 to 2020
The project supports the Jordanian
Government in developing knowledge and
skills for state supervision of the wastewater
sector & establishing effective and efficient
processes for the operation of treatment
plants and are training specialist staff to
meet new technical requirements.
Technical and vocational education and trai
ning for Jordanian and Syrian refugees in th
e Jordanian water sector
Lead executing agency: Jordanian Ministry
of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
Overall term: 2017 to 2019
The project supports the Jordanian Vocational
Training Corporation in creating training
courses for semi-skilled and qualified
sanitation specialists. These are aimed at men
and women from both Jordan and Syria in the
governorates of Amman and Irbid.
Reduction of water losses
Lead executing agency: Water Authority of
Jordan (WAJ)
Overall term: 2017 to 2020
A concept is being developed for monitoring
losses at a national level, which will support
WAJ in further developing the political and
institutional framework for reducing water
losses. Technical measures to reduce water
losses are also being implemented (accurate
water balance, repaired leaks, reduced &
stabilized water pressure).
Protection of Water Dams in Jordan thro
ugh
Labour-intensive Activities (Cash for
Work)
Lead executing agency: Jordan Valley Authority
Overall term: 2017 to 2022
Activities are focused on protecting the
storage capacity of the reservoirs through
reforestation and anti-erosion infrastructure.
By creating temporary jobs as part of this
field of activity, the project is contributing to
improving the household income of
Jordanian families and displaced Syrians
Decentralised
wastewater management as a measure
for climate change adaptation
Lead executing agency: Ministry of Water
and Irrigation
Overall term: 2014 to 2020
The project supports the Ministry of Water
and Irrigation as well as the Water Authority
of Jordan to develop and implement
strategies for decentralised wastewater
treatment, integrating these concepts into
the national water strategy and
implementing them. 13
GIZ Jordan Water Projects
Decentralised
Integrated Sludge Management (
DISM)
Lead executing agency: Water
Authority of Jordan
Overall term: 2015 to 2020
The project aims to reduce the
carbon footprint of sludge handling
by demonstrating an integrated
approach towards collecting,
treating, digesting and co-
digesting, and then re-using sludge
in limited land applications.
Improvement of communal water
efficiency through cooperation w
ith religious authorities
Lead executing agency: Jordanian
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Overall term: 2015 to 2021
The project team develops
information and teaching materials
on resource and water protection
with religious leaders and education
experts. Partners use these
documents to train imams and
waithat – male and female religious
scholars – so that they can serve as
water ambassadors teaching
believers in communities how to
use water economically and why
this is important.
Renewable energies in the water
sector
Lead executing agency: Water
Authority of Jordan (WAJ)
Overall term: 2017 to 2021
The project will provide expert advice
to the WAJ and water supply
companies (WSCs), to plan RE
projects in the water sector according
to technical and economic criteria.
Identification of innovative renewable
energy approaches with
dissemination potential and
promoting the use & implementation
of RE in the water sector through
WSCs expert & close cooperation
with the private sector or research
institutions.
Strengthening the Resilience of
Water Utilities II
Lead executing agency: Ministry of
Water and Irrigation
Overall term: 2018 to 2021
facilitates performance improvement
programmes in seven selected
regional operating units of the
Yarmouk Water Company and
Balqa Water Administration. The
project supports the heads of
departments of operation and
maintenance, and customer service
to identify revenue drivers and
designs targeted interventions and
on-the-job trainings to increase staff
productivity, job satisfaction and
customer satisfaction.

German Jordanian University

School of Natural Resources Engineering Management The “Water Security in Jordan- from data to decision’ (Water D2D) is a consortium of higher
education institutions promoting “evidence based knowledge” as an effective tool for decision making towards a water secure Jordan, focusing on research
questions triggered by the needs of the decision makers and stakeholders in responding to current and potential societal challenges. The project is being
implemented through a coalition of institutions from higher education that includes: the German University of Jordan (GJU), the Jordan University, the
Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management, TH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Technical University of Munich and
Freie Universität Berlin. This project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2018-2019).

German Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) launched a study on Groundwater Resources of Jordan in collaboration with MWI. This
launched late 2019

German Jordanian University has a new WASH master’s program that is the first in the MENA region.
14
SOW Mapping WEC & WIT

TBD

Research POC: Jeff Nahm

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 15
Scene-Setting - Irrigated agriculture
Challenges
Due to low tariffs on water destined
for irrigation and no incentives to
grow water-efficient crops, Jordanian
farmers have little incentive to use
water to its maximum efficiency.
Due to the political economy around
irrigation water pricing, there is little
chance of this project changing the
water pricing structure.
However, there are market
opportunities through incentives to
promote water-efficient crops, as well
as promote water-efficient
technologies that also provide labor
and/ or energy savings.
Context
• Drip irrigation is nearly universally used, but most farmers
don’t use good equipment/ connectors/ timers
• In JV, farmers take as much as possible on days with water
pumping.
• Farmer-to-farmer is best way to extend new ideas (NARC,
input suppliers, and farmers said this)
• Under WIT, input suppliers did not provide ongoing service/
maintenance for farmers
• Farmers can’t access $ for new tech, banks have “blacklisted”
farmers
• WIT technologies were hit or miss for farmers, and certainly
the input suppliers weren’t seen as innovators – farmers don’t
trust them and see input suppliers as trying to maximize
sales at all costs within existing customers rather than
innovate to attract new ones
16
Jordan Geographic Focus for Agriculture
Water Consumption and Price Patterns in Agriculture

1 2
Water & Land
Inefficient Crops
• Dates and Olives are among the most
water (and land) inefficient crops
• Tomatoes and potatoes are the most
water (and land) efficient crops
• Water inefficiency was measured by
Production/Water Use. Land inefficiency
was measured by Production/Land
Dollar per Drop
• “Dollar per drop” is measured by Crop
Price/Water Use
• Olives and Dates had the lowest “dollar
per drop” value
• Tomatoes and potatoes had the highest
“dollar per drop” value
3
Target Geographic
Locations
• In order from worst to best, the following
are the most water inefficient governorates:
Aqaba, Zarka, Balqa, and Mafraq. This is
particularly true for vegetable production
followed by fruit production
• Although the Highlands have 4x land than
the Jordan Valley, they have very similar
production due to the latter’s ideal climate

Gender Consideration: Women participate most during Spring and Winter where fruits and olives are
the most produced, respectively. Throughout all seasons however, women produce vegetables the
most, followed by olive/fruit and livestock
17
Water Saving Technologies

TBD

Research POC: Chase Procknow

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 18
Scene-setting – Water resource management

Challenges Context
• Difficult political • Tariffs could help drive change – tariffs on crops w/ high water use + incentivizing
new export markets could unlock water savings
economy for • Marketing of products is key constraint for farmers (exacerbated by COVID closure
appropriate water of regional markets).
pricing makes o How can we help central wholesale market/ develop offtakers?
o Irrigation suppliers are not innovative companies and don’t have a diversity of products
alternative
and services (except for Smart Green for example).
government • More information needed on cost vs benefit of WST (may exist but is not in hands
incentives of farmers)
important. • GIZ helped create WUAs and there is tension between them and JVA
o 23 WUAs covering 50% of JV. Regional WUAs are being contemplated with two
• If the GOJ is going established so far, and want to expand to cover all of JV
to be able to o JVA collects annual surveys on WUA satisfaction, and monthly data on technical issues
– how can we use this data?
influence improved, • JVA needs support in rebuilding old irrigation networks and technical training for staff
more resilient o Farmers lack technical knowledge on how to properly use irrigation.
agricultural • Challenges in oversight – JVA authority extends to the farm line, then it’s MoA. Potential
water savings from converting King Abdullah canal to closed pipe instead of open canal
development.
• Investigate potential for up to 40M m3 of water that runs off Syria, enters Jordan, then
exits (Munich University study)
19
USAID Projects

TBD

Research POC: Bibi Lichauco

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 20
Scene-Setting – Use of wastewater
Challenges
• Wastewater is being used
more and more, but there
are still important gains to
be made particularly in
meeting water needs of
farmers in the JRV.
• Infrastructure capacity and
capabilities.
• Technical knowledge and
capabilities of farmers.
Context
• Many areas in JV already using blended
wastewater, with notable exception being in
north and citrus – still resistance due to
perception of poor crop quality
• In past, orchards have died due to poor
wastewater quality, causing citrus farmers
to fear it will happen to them
• Effluent still poor
• See GTIC feasibility study on increasing
wastewater mix
• JV farmers aren’t getting enough fresh water, so
wastewater is the only solution
• Wastewater demand is mainly in summer – how
can Jordan manage this supply in winter
21
Water Security

TBD

Research POC: Haidi Al-Shabrawey

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 22
Scene-setting – water use at municipal level
Challenges
• Water destined for municipal
use is generally priced more
realistically than irrigated
water. However, prices are
still far below true market
value. Opportunities in
tourism, heaviest industrial
users.
Context
• Placing burden on water savings on municipal
residential users is difficult – they get water 1-2
times per week and can barely store enough for
daily use. NR water is the key, as it accounts for
50% of water loss
• Petra GCE is example of company developing
innovative, user-friendly tech that doesn’t put
burden on HH
• Water meters don’t work well
• Focus on larger users to maximize benefits
• Many residential users don’t have basic tech like
water tank “floaters” that shut water off
automatically, or filters with a storage system that
reduce water waste
23
Farmers & Crops

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 24

Scene-setting – TBD

Challenges Context
• TBD
• TBD

25
Treated Wastewater

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 26

Scene-setting – TBD

Challenges Context
• TBD
• TBD

27
Water Banking

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 28

Scene-setting – TBD

Challenges Context
• TBD
• TBD

29
Thoughts on Theory of Change / Log
Frames

Copyright © 2017 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 30

Situational
Model for Poor
Few export Low prices
marketing
WEC support for market for
opportunities production
farmers
No incentives Weak private
for water- inputs
Reduced
efficient crops provision for
incomes
farmers
Low water
No farmer Inefficient/
tariffs in High overuse
incentives poor
agriculture of water in Reduced
to conserve production
agriculture economic
Weak water of crops
growth
enabling
environment Ag. water
for water use supply does Increased
in agriculture not meet instability
Low demand
Low
availability,
demand for
awareness of
wastewater
treated
in ag.
wastewater

Low supply of No incentives for

municipal water conservation Overuse and Low resilience of
waste of municipal water
Poor awareness municipal water system actors
Municipal water
of conservation
undervalued
options
31
Theory of
Change for Increased
marketing Increased ag.
WEC support for export market Increased
opportunities prices
farmers
Incentives for Improved
water-efficient private inputs Increased/
crops provision for stable
farmers incomes
Realistic
Farmer
water tariffs Low overuse Efficient
incentives
in agriculture of water in production Increased
to conserve
agriculture of crops economic
Improved water
growth
enabling
environment
Ag. water
for water use Increased
supply meets
in agriculture stability
demand
Increased Increased
availability, demand for
awareness of wastewater
treated in ag.
wastewater

Low supply of High incentives Increased

municipal water for conservation Appropriate use
resilience of
of municipal
Increased municipal water
Municipal water water
awareness of system actors
appropriated
conservation
valued
options 32
Supporting Functions

Financing
Knowledge/
opportunitie
technology Awareness
Access to s
transfer of water
offtakers/
saving
export
devices
Marketing markets
services

Resilient water market

system among farmers Economic growth and
and municipal users stability

Public-private Standards
research enforcemen
Policies Water
partnerships Incentives t
around plannin
favoring low- g
water treated
wastewater capacity
agriculture
use
Rules
33
Policy Level
Support standards Market incentives-driven
enforcement of water approach:
Identify saving devices
Component 1) at market level, help
water- irrigation companies market water
efficient Incentivize policy for efficient products in partnership
crops water efficient crops with lead farmers with messaging
with high around saving labor and energy
demand Support costs. 
agricultural Component 2) at policy level, help
develop (alongside ERA?)
marketing and
appropriate tariffs on non water
export promotion Reduced efficient crops and at the same time
water use help develop markets for water
efficient crops through offtaker
Market Level Facilitate lead
facilitation, marketing board
farmer demos creation, export promotion. 
Compile of improved Component 3) Help facilitate
evidence base irrigation replacement of fresh water with
for products treated wastewater through
Increase appropriate incentives to relieve
technologies pressure on springs, other natural
with public-private
sources.
labor/energy/ tech transfer Component 4) Help drive market-
Support
water savings driven behavior change for reduced
private sector
municipal market demand for fresh
marketing and water. 34

services