Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cell Activities
5.1 The Concept of Metabolism
5.2 The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism
5.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activities
5.4 Transporting Materials in and out of Cells
What is metabolism?
• All chemical activities taking place inside the body cells of
an organism are collectively called metabolism
Examples:
• Bone and wood:
contain living cells carry out metabolism
• Respiration
- glucose carbon dioxide & water
- release energy
Anabolism
simpler molecules
complex molecules
Examples:
• Photosynthesis
- combination of simple inorganic molecules
Low metabolic
rate at rest
• Enzymes
– maintain metabolic rate
– may work inside or outside of the cells
(e.g. digestive enzymes in the gut)
What are the properties of enzymes?
• Made up of proteins
• Speed up the rates of chemical reactions
• Are regenerated / reused after reaction
• Effective in very small quantities
• Easily affected by changes in temperature and pH
• Very specific in the reactions they catalyse
How do enzymes work?
Based on experimental evidence, scientists have
proposed a hypothesis to explain how enzymes work
and why enzymes are so specific in their actions:
Lock-and-key hypothesis
Substrate : the reacting molecule in an enzyme-
catalyzed reaction
Active site : the particular site of the enzyme for
reaction to occur; specific for each type of enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex : an unstable structure
formed by the enzyme and substrate molecules
during reaction
Enzyme-
Lock substrate Opened lock
(substrate) complex (product)
Introduction
Amylase is a type of digestive enzyme found in saliva
and the gut. It speeds up the breakdown of starch.
In this experiment, we are going to test the effect of
temperature on the activity of amylase.
Procedure
1. Prepare six water baths with the following
temperatures:
- 0C
- room temperature
- 40C
- 60C
- 80C
- 100C
2. Put 1 cm3 of amylase solution into each of six test
tubes, and place them into the suitable water baths.
3. Put 4 cm3 of starch solution into each of six other test
tubes, and place them into the suitable water baths.
4. After 5 minutes, pour the amylase solution from a
test tube into the starch solution in the test tube in
the same water bath.
5. After 10 minutes, pour 5 cm2 of Benedict’s solution
to each tube and shake gently. Boil for 5 minutes.
6. Shake the tubes at 1-minutes intervals. Note the
colour changes of the mixtures. Compare the
amount of brick-red precipitate formed in the six
tubes.
Analysis
1. What is the purpose to keep the test tubes containing
the starch solution and amylase solution in each water
baths for about five minutes before mixing?
Ans: To ensure that both starch and amylase solutions
have reached the desired temperatures before mixing
2. What is the optimum temperature for the action of
amylase? Ans: At 60C
Introduction
In this experiment, we are going to test the effect of pH
on enzyme activity. Amylase is extracted from mung be
ans for the test.
Procedure
1. Soak 10 mung beans in
water for two days.
D E
F
5. Prepare six small
filter paper discs.
Examples:
• Gas exchange in the breathing organs of animals
• Gas exchange on the leaf and stem surfaces of
plants
• Absorption of digested food in the small intestine
What is osmosis?
Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water from
the dilute solution to the concentrated solution
across a selectively permeable membrane
Why does osmosis occur?
Note:
The membrane has numerous tiny pores that allow small
particles (e.g. water molecules) to pass through, but not
larger particles (e.g. sucrose molecules)
• Region B contains a
higher proportion of
sucrose molecules and
a lower proportion of
freely moving water
molecules
• In a sucrose solution,
the sucrose molecules
and water molecules
are in continuous,
random motion
• Only water molecules
can pass through the
membrane in both
directions and more
pass from region A to
region B
• There is a net
movement of water
molecules from dilute
to concentrated
solution across the
membrane
• Osmosis is a special
type of diffusion
• Takes place only when a
selectively permeable
membrane is present
• Definition: the diffusion
of water molecules from
a dilute solution to a
more concentrated
solution across a
selectively permeable
membrane
What is water potential?
• Water potential is the total energy for the water
molecules in a solution to move about
• Net movement of water molecules: from a region
of higher water potential to a region of lower water
potential
• Pure water has the highest water potential, its
water potential is defined as zero
• When substances are dissolved in water, water
potential become less than zero
• Concentrated sucrose solution has a lower water
potential than dilute sucrose solution
How does osmosis affect
organisms?
Water molecules may move into or out of the cell by
osmosis depending on the concentration of substances
dissolved in the fluid around a cell
Plant cells
become
turgid
Isotonic solution
• A solution with the same water potential as that of
another solutions, e.g. the water potential of the
solution in the cell
• Important to maintain a suitable water potential of
body fluids (e.g. the blood)
No net movement of
water into or out of
the cell
Water Water
leaves Immersed in enters
the cell isotonic solution the cell
Immersed in Immersed in
hypertonic so hypotonic sol
lution ution
The cell shrin The cell
ks and becom A plant cell
swells and
es plamolysed becomes
turgid
The cell
The cell swells and
shrinks eventually
An animal cell burst
Immersed in Immersed in
hypertonic so hypotonic sol
lution ution
Water Water
leaves Immersed in enters
the cell isotonic solution the cell
No net movement of
water into or out of
the cell
Importance of osmosis to plants
• For water absorption
- water potential of the root epidermal cells is
lower than that of soil water
- water moves from the soil (higher water
potential) into the root epidermal cells (lower water
potential)
• For support
- young, non-woody plants depend entirely on
turgidity for support
- if water loss is significant, plant tissue will
become flaccid and the plant will wilt
Practical 5.6
Studying osmosis by using a dialysis tubing
Introduction
The phenomenon of
osmosis can be
demonstrated by:
• using a selectively
permeable membrane
• using two solutions of
different concentrations
Procedure
1. Soak a dialysis tubing in water.
2. Open up and tie a knot close to one end of the
dialysis tubing.
3. Fill the dialysis tubing with 20% sucrose solution.
4. Tie the other end of the dialysis tubing to a 1 cm 3
pipette.
5. Wash the dialysis tubing with distilled water.
6. Place the dialysis tubing into a beaker of distilled
water.
7. Measure & record the change in liquid level.
8. Set up a control.
Analysis
1. Why do we rinse the outer surface of the dialysis tubing?
Ans: To avoid introducing sucrose solution to the su
rrounding medium
Introduction
Instead of using a dialysis tubing, a living tissue
(potatoes) can be used to demonstrate
osmosis.
Procedure
1. Peel off the skins of potatoes and make 3
potato cups.
2. Place the potato cups into three petri dishes cont
aining distilled water, and label as:
- A (unboiled, cavity filled with distilled water)
- B (unboiled, cavity filled with sucrose solutio
n)
- C (boiled, cavity filled with sucrose solution)
In plants:
• Absorption of minerals from the soil