POLITICAL SCIENCE

INTEGRATED PROJECT
CLASS 12 TH
 FIVE YEAR PLANS AND
PLANNING COMMISSION
 FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN
I. It was made for the duration of 1951 to 1956, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. 
II. It was based on the Harrod- Domar model with a few modifications. 
III. Its main focus was on the agricultural development of the country.
IV. This plan was successful and achieved a growth rate of 3.6% (more than its target of 2.1%). 
V. At the end of this plan, five IITs were set up in the country. 
 POLITICAL CONTESTATION/IDEAS OF
PLANNING
In a democracy or in a democratic country the final decision must be a political decision, taken by
people’s representatives who are in touch with the feelings of the people.
There was disagreement on the kind of role that the government must play in ensuring economic
growth with justice.
Ideas of Development
Any discussion on development is bound to generate contradictions, conflicts and arguments.
‘Development’ was about becoming more ‘modern’ and modern was about becoming more like the
industrialised countries of the West.
Modernisation was associated with the ideas of growth, material progress and scientific rationality.
Planning
Despite the various differences, there was a consensus on one point: that development could not be left to
private sectors. So, there was the need for the government to develop a design or plan for development.
In 1944, the big industrialists drafted a joint proposal for setting up a planned economy in the country known as
Bombay Plan.

The Early Initiatives

The draft of the First Five Year Plan and then the actual Plan Document, released in December 1951, generated
a lot of excitement in the country.

Rapid Industrialisation
The second Five Year Plan stressed on heavy industries. It was drafted by a team of economists and planners
under the leadership of PC Mahalanobis.

Key Controversies
The strategy of development followed in the early years raised several important questions.
THE EARLY INITIATIVE / PLANNING
 1STFIVE YEAR PLANNING
• The first Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and
needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the
primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.

• The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and
energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry
(8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). 

• The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified
at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and
low capacity to save.
 OUTCOMES
• The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net
domestic product went up by 15%. 

• The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income,
which increased by 8%.

• National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth.

• Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley
dams. 

• Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The
plan was quasi-successful for the government.
 AGRICULTURE VS INDUSTRIES/PUBLIC VS
PRIVATE
Agriculture Versus Industry
After first two plans agriculture could not develop at appreciable level. Gandhian economist J.C. Kumarappa
proposed an alternative blueprint that put greater emphasis on rural industrialisation.
Some others thought that without a drastic increase in industrial production, there could be no escape from the
cycle of poverty.

Public Versus Private Sector

India adopted ‘mixed economy’ where elements of both public and private sector exist together.Critics argued
that the planners refused to provide the private sector with enough space and the stimulus to grow. The
enlarged public sector produced powerful vested interests that created enough hurdles for private capital.
 2NDFIVE YEAR PLANNING
• The Second Plan focused on the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation".
• The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the
Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953.
• The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors
in order to maximise long-run economic growth.
• The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on
importing capital goods.
• Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were
established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal
production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
• The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India were established as
research institutes. In 1957, a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young
students to train for work in nuclear power.

• The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.

• The plan was criticized by classical liberal economist B.R. Shenoy who noted that the plan's "dependence
on deficit financing to promote heavy industrialization was a recipe for trouble". Shenoy argued that state
control of the economy would undermine a young democracy.

• Difference between the first five year plan and second five year plan :
1. First five year plan emphasised on agriculture  development  whereas the second five year plan had
stressed on heavy industries 

2. The First five year plan was slower in reforms and second five year plan wanted to bring about quick
structural transformation.
 3TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING
• The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief
Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence
industry and the Indian Army.
• In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965.
• The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams
continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built.
• Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat. Many primary schools were started in rural areas.
• State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible
for secondary and higher education.
• State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
 4TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING

• Fourth Five Year plan was the first plan launched by Indira Gandhi government amid
pressure of drought, devaluation and inflationary recession.
• The Fourth plan when it was introduced after a gap of three years, was an ambitious
plan with an aim of 5.5% growth as the previous plans had a growth target /
achievement of maximum 3.5%
• There were two main objectives of this plan i.e. growth with stability and progressive
achievement of self-reliance.
• This plan failed and could achieve a growth rate of 3.3% only against the target of
5.6%.
 5TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING
• The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao),
and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence.
In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan.
• The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to
accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point
programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.
• The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth
Five-Year Plan (1974–78). The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate
was 4.8%.
 6TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING
• The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were
eliminated and ration shops were closed.
• This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of
Nehruvian socialism.
• The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural
areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also
expanded in order to prevent overpopulation.
• The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2%
and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.
 7TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING
• Its duration was from 1985 to 1990, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi.

• The objectives of this plan include the establishment of a self-sufficient economy,

opportunities for productive employment and up-gradation of technology.

• For the first time, the private sector got the priority over public sector.

• Its growth target was 5.0% but it achieved 6.01%.

 8TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING
• Generation of adequate employment to achieve near full employment level by the turn of the century.
• Universalization of elementary education and complete eradication of illiteracy among the people in
the age group of 15 to 35 years.
• Growth and diversification of agriculture to achieve self-sufficiency in food and generation of
surplus for exports.
• In this plan, the top priority was given to the development of human resources i.e. employment,
education, and public health.
• This plan was successful and got an annual growth rate of 6.8% against the target of 5.6%
 9TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING

• Its duration was from 1997 to 2002, under the leadership of Atal Bihari
Vajpayee.
• The main focus of this plan was “growth with justice and equity”.
• It was launched in the 50th year of independence of India.
• This plan failed to achieve the growth target of 7% and achieved a growth rate of
5.6%.
 10TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING

• Its duration was from 2002 to 2007, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee
and Manmohan Singh.
• This plan aims to double the Per Capita Income of India in the next 10 years.
• It aims to reduce the poverty ratio of 15% by 2012.
• Its growth target was 8.0% but it achieved only 7.2%.
 INDIA’S ELEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2007-
2012)
• The National Development Council (NDC) has approved the Eleventh Plan on 19th December 2007 to raise
the average economic growth rate to 9 percent from 7.6 percent recorded during the Tenth Plan.
• The total outlay of the Eleventh Plan has been placed at Rs.3644718 crore which is more than double of the
total outlay of the previous Tenth Plan
• In this proposed outlay, the contribution of Central Government and State governments will be Rs.2156571
crore and Rs. 1488147 crore respectively. In order to make growth more inclusive, the Eleventh Plan
proposes to increase the agriculture sector growth rate to 4 percent from 2.13 percent in the Tenth Plan.
• The growth targets for industry and services sectors have been pegged at 9 to 11 percent. The industrial
growth rate in the Tenth Plan was 8.74 percent, which the services sector grew by 9.28 percent. The basic
theme of this plan period is “Inclusive Growth”.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF ELEVENTH PLAN:
1.The investment rate has been proposed to be raised to 36.7 percent from 30.8 percent in the previous plan.

2. The draft document has envisaged a savings rate of 34.8 percent, which is substantially much higher than 30.8 percent
recorded in the Tenth Plan.

3. The major thrust of the plan will be on social sector, including agriculture and rural development.

4. Important targets include reducing poverty by 10 percentage points, generating 7 crore new employment opportunities and
ensuring electricity connection to all villages.

5. More investment on infrastructure sector including irrigation, drinking water and sewage from 5 percent of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) in 2005-06 to 9 percent by 2011-12.
MAIN TARGETS OF THE
ELEVENTH PLAN:
 (A) INCOME AND POVERTY:

i. Accelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th plan in order to
double per capita income by 2016-17.

ii. Create 70 Million new work opportunities.

iii. Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%.

iv. Reduce poverty by 10 percentage points.

 (B) EDUCATION:
i. Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by
2011-12.

ii. Increase literacy rate for persons of age 7 years or more to 85%.

iii. Lower gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage points.

 (C) HEALTH:
i. Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality ratio to 1 percent 1000 live births.

ii. Reduce Total Fertility rate to 2.1.

iii. Reduce malnutrition among children of age group 0-3 to half its present level.
 (D) INFRASTRUCTURE:

i. Ensure electricity connection to all villages by 2009 and round-the-clock power.

ii. Increase forest and tree cover by 5 percent points.

iii. Attain World Health Organization standard of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.

iv. A telephone in every village by November 2007.

v. Broadband connectivity to all villages by 2011-12.

 THE PLANNING COMMISION

• The Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950
• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission(1951-56).
• The Planning Commission was charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all
resources of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective
and balanced utilisation of resources and determining priorities. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first
Chairman of the Planning Commission.
   12TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING:

• Its duration is from 2012 to 2017, under the leadership of Manmohan Singh. 

• Its main theme is “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”.

• Its growth rate target was 8%.

• The three-year action plan only provides a broad roadmap to the government and does not outline any
schemes or allocations as it has no financial powers. Since it doesn't require approval by the Union
Cabinet, its recommendations are not binding on the government.
   13TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING

i) The NDA government has dissolved the Planning Commission with the NITI Aayog.
ii) Thus, there will be no thirteen Five Year Plan, however, the five-year defence plan is still
made.
iii) It is important to note that the documents of the NITI Aayog have no financial role.
iv) They are only policy guide maps for the government. 
THE STUDENTS WHO CONTRIBUTED

• ISHA BALHARA • UTKARSH GOEL

• YASH CHATURVEDI • ADITI MANGLA
• KIRTI GULLIYA • AANVI
• AVNI RAVAT • ANURAG UPADHYAY
• FARDEEN KHAN • GARGI BISHT
• ISHITA MALIK • JATIN SEJWAL
• JUHI SINGHAL • MAYAN BAIRWA
• DEEKSHA • DEVANSHU BHARADWAJ
• REHAN • MRINAL BALHARA
• DHRUV KHARETA • BHAVNISH JINDAL