5

Developing the Schedule

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Chapter Concepts
Estimating the resources required for each activity
Estimating the duration for each activity
Establishing the estimated start time and required completion time for the overall project
Calculating the earliest times at which each activity can start and finish, based on the
project estimated start time
Calculating the latest times by which each activity must start and finish in order to
complete the project by its required completion time
Determining the amount of positive or negative slack between the time each activity can
start or finish and the time it must start or finish
Identifying the critical (longest) path of activities
Performing the steps in the project control process
Determining the effects of actual schedule performance on the project schedule
Incorporating changes into the schedule
Developing an updated project schedule
Determining approaches to controlling the project schedule
Learning Outcomes
Estimate the resources Prepare a project
required for activities schedule
Estimate the duration for Identify and explain the
an activity critical path
Determine the earliest Discuss the project
start and finish times for control process
activities Develop updated
Determine the latest start schedules based on actual
and finish times for progress and changes
activities Discuss and apply
Explain and determine approaches to control the
total slack project schedule

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide

Project Integration Management

Project Time Management

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Estimate Activity Resources

Resources include
 People, materials, equipment, facilities
Influence on the duration
 Availability of the resources
 Types of resources
 Sufficient quantities of resources for the activity durations
 Potential conflicts with other projects may cause
Involve person with expertise in resource estimate
Estimates influence costs
Estimate Activity Durations

Duration must be the total elapsed time

 Time for the work to be done plus any associated waiting
time
Estimate Activity Durations

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Establish Project Start and Finish Times

Define the overall window for project completion

May not want to commit to a specific date
 Project not start until customer has approved the contract
 Delay in contract signing may impact project start
Set finish time as number of days from project start
Develop Project Schedule

Prior activities for schedule development

 Estimate duration of each activity
 Establish overall window of time for the project
Develop the schedule timetable
 Earliest start and finish times based on estimated start date
 Latest start and finish times based on required completion
date
Earliest Start and Finish Times

Earliest start time (ES)

 Earliest time at which a specific activity can begin
Earliest finish time (EF)
 Earliest time by which a specific activity can be completed
EF = ES + Estimated Duration
Calculate forward through the network diagram
Earliest Start and Finish Times Calculation

Why is the ES for “Dress Rehearsal” 10?

“Identify Target Consumers”

Start date = 0
ES = Start date = 0
Duration = 3
EF = 0 + 3 = 3

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Develop Draft Questionnaire”

ES = EF Task 1 = 3
Duration = 10
EF = 3 + 10 = 13

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Pilot-Test Questionnaire”

ES = EF Task 2 = 13
Duration = 20
EF = 13 + 20 = 33

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Review Comments & Finalize Questionnaire”

ES = EF Task 3 = 33
Duration = 5
EF = 33 + 5 = 38

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Prepare Mailing Labels,” "Print Questionnaire," "Develop Data
Analysis Software," and "Develop Software Test Data"
ES = EF Task 4 = 38
Task 5
 Duration = 2
 EF = 38 + 2 = 40
Task 6
 Duration = 10
 EF = 38 + 10 = 48
Task 7
 Duration = 12
 EF = 38 + 12 = 50
Task 8
 Duration = 2
 EF = 38 + 2 = 40

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Mail Questionnaire & Get Responses”

Latest of Tasks 5 and 6 = 48

ES = EF Task 6 = 48
Duration = 65
EF = 48 + 65 = 113

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“Test Software”

Latest of Tasks 7 and 8 = 50

ES = EF Task 7 = 50
Duration = 5
EF = 50 + 5 = 55

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Input Response Data”

Latest of Tasks 9 and 10 = 113

ES = EF Task 9 = 113
Duration = 7
EF = 113 + 7 = 120

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Analyze Results”

ES = EF Task 11 = 120
Duration = 8
EF = 120 + 8 = 128

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Prepare Report”

ES = EF Task 12 = 128
Duration = 10
EF = 128 + 10 = 138

Project not complete in

required time
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Schedule Table ES and EF
Latest Start and Finish Times

Latest start time (LS)

 Latest time by which a specific activity must be started
Latest finish time (LF)
 Latest time by which a specific activity must be completed
LS = LF – Estimated Duration
Calculate backward through the network diagram
Latest Start and Finish Times Calculation

Why is the LF for “Print Posters & Brochures” 20?

“Prepare Report”

Required completion = 130

LF = Complete date = 130
Duration = 10
LS = 130 - 10 = 120

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Analyze Results”

LF = LS Task 13 = 120
Duration = 8
LS = 120 - 8 = 112

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Input Response Data”

LF = LS Task 12 = 112
Duration = 7
LS = 112 - 7 = 105

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Test Software” and “Mail Questionnaire & Get Responses”

LF = LS Task 11 = 105
Task 9
 Duration = 65
 LS = 105 - 65 = 40
Task 10
 Duration = 5
 LS = 105 - 5 = 100

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
"Develop Data Analysis Software" and "Develop Software Test Data"

LF = LS Task 10 = 100
Task 7
 Duration = 12
 LS = 100 - 12 = 88
Task 8
 Duration = 2
 LS = 100 - 2 = 98

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Prepare Mailing Labels” and "Print Questionnaire”

LF = LS Task 9 = 40
Task 5
 Duration = 2
 LS = 40 - 2 = 38
Task 6
 Duration = 10
 LS = 40 - 10 = 30

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Review Comments & Finalize Questionnaire”

LF = Earliest LS of Tasks
5, 6, 7, and 8 = 30
LF = LS Task 6 = 30
Duration = 5
LS = 30 - 5 = 25

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Pilot-Test Questionnaire”

LF = LS Task 4 = 25
Duration = 20
LS = 25 - 20 = 5

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Develop Draft Questionnaire”

LF = LS Task 3 = 5
Duration = 10
LS = 5 - 10 = -5

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
“Identify Target Consumers”

LF = LS Task 2 = -5
Duration = 3
LS = -5 - 3 = -8
Start date = 0

Project is 8 days late at

start
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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Schedule Table LS and LF
Total Slack

Sometimes called float

The difference between EF time of last activity and the
project required completion time
Negative slack
 Lack of slack over the entire project
 Amount of time an activity must be accelerated
Positive slack
 Maximum amount of time that the activities on a particular
path can be delayed without jeopardizing on-time completion
Critical Path

Longest path in the overall network diagram

Find which activities have the least amount of slack

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Critical Path Through a Project

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Change in Slack for Critical Path

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the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Free Slack

Time a specific activity can be postponed without

delaying the ES of its immediate successor activities
Calculation
 Find lowest of the values of total slack for all the activities
entering into a specific activity
 Subtract value from the values of total slack for the other
activities also entering into that same activity
Total Slack Compared to Free Slack

Total slack for Activity 7 = 50

Total slack for Activity 8 = 60
Free slack for Activity 8 = 60 – 50 = 10 days
Bar Chart Format

Gantt chart tool for

planning and scheduling
Activities on side
Time scale on top or bottom
Estimated duration in bars
Automatically generated in
software systems
Can show relationships
between activities

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Project Control
Process
Meetings occur
regularly
Gather data on
actual performance
Record changes
Monitor progress

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Effects of Actual Schedule Performance
Part (a) Total slack = +5

Part (b) Total slack = +2

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Incorporate Changes into Schedule

Changes may impact the schedule

 Initiated by customer or project team
 Result from unanticipated occurrence
Early change may have less impact than later change
Manage requested changes
 Estimate impact
 Obtain customer approval
 Revise project plan, schedule, and costs
Update Project Schedule

Generate forecasts for project finish

 Use actual finish dates of completed activities
 Enter project changes
 Update project schedule
Determine if any changes occur in critical path
Control Schedule
Schedule Control Steps Actions
1. Analyze the schedule for Repeat steps if not acceptable
needed corrective action results
2. Decide specific corrective Apply efforts to paths with
actions to be taken negative slack
3. Revise the plan to  Near-term activities
incorporate corrective  Long estimated durations
actions Change may shift critical path
4. Recalculate the schedule to Trade-off of costs and scope
evaluate the effects of the
planned corrective actions

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from
the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Scheduling
for Information Systems Development
Common problems
 Failure to identify all user requirements
 Failure to identify user requirements properly
 Continuing growth of project scope
 Underestimating learning curves for new software packages
 Incompatible hardware
 Logical design flaws
 Poor selection of software
 Failure to select the best design strategy
 Data incompatibility issues
 Failure to perform all phases of the SDLC
IS Example: Activities, Predecessors,
Durations
IS Example: ES and EF Times
IS Example: LS and LF Times
IS Example:
Schedule Table
IS Example: Critical Path
IS Example: Updated Network Diagram
IS Example:
Updated
Schedule Table
Project Management Information Systems

Most systems perform scheduling functions

Calculates at click of the mouse
 ES, EF, LS, and LF
 Total slack
 Critical path
Perform control functions
Critical Success Factors
The person who will be responsible for performing the activity should estimate the duration
for that activity. This generates commitment from the person.
The estimated duration for an activity must be based on the types and quantities of
resources required to perform the activity.
Activity estimated durations should be aggressive yet realistic.
Activities should not be longer in estimated duration than the time intervals at which the
actual progress will be reviewed and compared to planned progress.
Project management involves a proactive approach to controlling a project to ensure that the
project objective is accomplished even when things do not go according to plan.
Once the project starts, it is important to monitor progress to ensure that everything is going
according to plan.
The key to effective project control is measuring actual progress and comparing it to planned
progress on a timely and regular basis and taking any needed corrective action immediately.
The key to effective schedule control is to address any paths with negative or deteriorating
slack values aggressively as soon as they are identified. A concentrated effort to accelerate
project progress must be applied to these paths.
Critical Success Factors (continued)
The amount of negative slack should determine the priority for applying these concentrated
efforts.
When attempting to reduce the duration of a path of activities that has negative slack, focus
on activities that are near term and on activities that have long estimated durations.
Addressing schedule problems early will minimize the negative impact on scope and budget.
If a project falls too far behind, getting it back on schedule becomes more difficult, and
usually requires spending more money or reducing the scope or quality.
If corrective actions are necessary, decisions must be made regarding a trade-off of scope,
time, and cost.
A regular reporting period should be established for comparing actual progress to planned
progress.
The shorter the reporting period, the better the chances of identifying problems early and
taking corrective actions.
During each reporting period, data on actual performance and information on changes to the
project scope, schedule, and budget need to be collected in a timely manner and used to
calculate an updated schedule and budget.
Summary
The scheduling function depends on the planning function.
The estimated types and quantities of resources required for an activity, together with
the availability of those resources, will influence the estimated duration for how long
it will take to perform the activity.
The estimated duration for each activity must be the total elapsed time—the time for
the work to be done plus any associated waiting time.
The estimate should be aggressive yet realistic.
It may be easier to estimate the durations for near-term activities, but as the project
progresses, the project team can progressively elaborate the estimated the durations
as more information becomes known to allow for more accurate estimated durations.
A project schedule provides a timetable for each activity and shows the earliest start
(ES) and earliest finish (EF) times and the latest start (LS) and latest finish (LF) times
for each activity.
The total slack for a particular path of activities through the network is common to
and shared among all activities on that path.
Summary (continued)
The critical path is the longest (most time-consuming) path of activities in the network
diagram.
The key to effective project control is measuring actual progress and comparing it to
planned progress on a timely and regular basis and taking any needed corrective action
immediately.
Actual progress—whether faster or slower than planned—will have an effect on the
schedule of the remaining, incomplete activities of the project.
Any type of change—whether initiated by the customer, the contractor, the project
manager, a team member, or an unanticipated event—will require a modification to the
plan in terms of scope, schedule, and/or budget.
Schedule control involves four steps: analyzing the schedule to determine which areas
may need corrective action, deciding what specific corrective actions should be taken,
revising the plan to incorporate the chosen corrective actions, and recalculating the
schedule to evaluate the effects of the planned corrective actions.
One of the most important factors in effective scheduling is estimating activity durations
that are as realistic as possible.