) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
21st CENTURY LITERATURE

R e gi on al Lit
Re Li t eera
ratt ur
uree :
Li fe aann d Wo rks of
Caann on
C oniicc al Au tth ors
hors
LESSON 6

Prepared by: Divine Grace C. Lanaban, LPT

 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1
2
Identify the 3
canonical Determine Name exemplars
representative texts of 21st century
writers from
and authors from literature from
different regions
different regions of one’s own region/
of the
the Philippines. province.
Philippines.
 • The 21st-century literature has its own advantage:
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Intro
the use of technology.
• With the presence of the internet, readers of today
have the means to access numerous notable
literary works.
• Learning about canonical authors in every corner
of the Philippines is one way to honor those
people who have contributed greatly to the
country.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
WHAT IS CANONICAL?

) ) ) ) ) ) )
traditionally means its connectedness
anything that is
with works of
included in a list of
literature that are
holy books that are
highly respected
accepted as genuine.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT IS CANONICAL AUTHOR?
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Canonical authors are those who are

highly esteemed and well-respected
writers whose published works have
contributed greatly in the field of
literature.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
LUZON
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• most literary works from Luzon are written in the Contents

Tagalog language which coined the term "Tagalog

Literature"
• flourished greatly during the Japanese occupation when
the English language was strictly banned
• bulk of Tagalog Literature comes from Southern Luzon,
Central Luzon, and National Capital Region or Metro
Manila
 LUZON
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• majority of the recognized National Artists

came from this major group of islands in the
Philippines
• Authors from Metro Manila seem to be
widely accepted among readers as their
popularity is more observed and evident.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) LUZON
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• divided into 8 regions namely: Region I (Ilocos

Region), Region II (Cagayan Valley), Region
III (Central Luzon), Region IV‑A
(CALABARZON), Region 1V-B (MIMAROPA
Region), Region V (Bicol Region), Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR), and the National
Capital Region (NCR).
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

CANONICAL AUTHORS
FROM THE REGIONS OF
LUZON
 REGION 1 (Ilocos Region)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Francisco Sionil Jose (Pangasinan)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino writer who was one of the most

widely read in the English language. A National
Artist of the Philippines for Literature, which was
bestowed upon him in 2001. José’s novel
and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class
struggles and colonialism in Filipino society. His works—
written in English—have been translated into 28 languages.
He was often considered the leading Filipino candidate for
the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Francisco Sionil Jose
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels: Gagamba (The Spider Man, 1991), Viajero (1993), Sin

(1973), Ben Singkol (2001), Ermita (1988)
Short story collections: The God Stealer and Other Stories
(2001), Puppy Love and Thirteen Short Stories (March 15,
1998), Olvidon and Other Stories (1988)
Essays and non-fiction: In Search of the Word (De La Salle
University Press, March 15, 1998), We Filipinos: Our Moral
Malaise, Our Heroic Heritage (1999), Soba, Senbei and
Shibuya: A Memoir of Post-War Japan (2000)
 REGION 2 (Cagayan Valley)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Viscaya)

A Filipino poet, fiction writer,

teacher, and literary critic in
English. She has conferred the
National Artist Award for
Literature in 1999.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Edith L. Tiempo
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels: A Blade of Fern (1978), His Native Coast (1979),

The Alien Corn (1992), The Builder (2004)
Poetry collections: The Tracks of Babylon and Other
Poems (1966), The Charmer's Box and Other Poet (1993),
Commend Contend. Beyond Extensions (2010)
Short story collections: Abide, Joshua, and Other
Stories (1964)
 REGION 3 (Central Luzon)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Lazaro Francisco (Bataan)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino novelist, essayist, and

playwright. Francisco was
posthumously named a National
Artist of the Philippines for
Literature in 2009.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Lazaro Francisco
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels: Binhi at Bunga (1925), Cesar (1926), Ama (1929),

Bayang Nagpatiwakal (1931-1932), Sa Paanan ng Krus
(1934), Ang Pamana ng Pulubi (1935), Bago Lumubog
ang Araw (1936)
Short stories: Deo (1927), Ang Beterano (1931), Ang Idolo
(1932), Ang Pagtitika (1932)
Plays: Utos-Hari (1935), Ang Ikaapat na Mago (1942)
 Region IV‑A (CALABARZON)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino poet, critic, and dramatist. Lumbera is

known for his nationalist writing and for his
leading role in the Filipinization movement in
Philippine literature in the 1960s, which resulted in his being
one of the many writers and academics jailed during Ferdinand
Marcos' Martial Law regime. He received the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative
Communications in 1993, and was proclaimed a National Artist
of the Philippines for literature in 2006.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Poetry: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poetry collection,

1994), Ka Bel, The Yaya’s Lullaby, Servant (2006), Sadness
Textbooks: Pedagogy and Philippine Literature: A History
and Anthology
Literary criticism: Revaluation: Essays on Literature,
Cinema, and Popular Culture (1984), Tagalog Poetry, 1570-
1898: Tradition and Influences on Its Development (1986),
Abot-Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at
Lipunan (1987)
 Region IV‑B (MIMAROPA)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Néstor Vicente Madali Gonzales

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

(Romblon)
A Filipino novelist, short story
writer, essayist, and poet.
Conferred as the National Artist
of the Philippines for Literature
in 1997.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of N.V.M. Gonzales
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels: The Winds of April (1941), A Season of Grace (1956),

The Bamboo Dancers (1988)
Essays: A Novel of Justice: Selected Essays (1968–1994), Work
on the Mountain (Includes The Father and the Maid, Essays on
Filipino Life and Letters and Kalutang: A Filipino in the
World) 1996
Short fiction: "The Tomato Game" (1992), A Grammar of
Dreams and Other Stories (1997), The Bread of Salt and Other
Stories (1993), Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty-one Stories (1989)
 National Capital Region (NCR)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Amado V. Hernandez
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino novelist, short story

writer, essayist, and poet.
Conferred as the National Artist
of the Philippines for Literature
in 1997.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Amado V. Hernandez
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Poems: Isang Dipang Langit (An Arm-Stretch of Sky), Panata

sa Kalayaan (Pledge to Freedom), Ang Mga Kayamanan ng
Tao, Ang Dalaw Kay Silaw, Bartolina, Kung Tuyo Na ang Luha
Mo Aking Bayan (When Your Tears Have Dried, My Country),
Bayang Malaya
Essays: Si Atang at ang Dulaan (Atang and the Theater) and
Si Jose Corazon de Jesus at ang Ating Panulaan (Jose Corazon
de Jesus and Our Poetry)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Amado V. Hernandez
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels:
• Mga Ibong Mandaragit (Birds of Prey), 1969.
• Luha ng Buwaya (Crocodile's Tears), 1972.
• Pili sa Pinili (Chosen from the Selected), 1964.

His socio-political novels were based on his experiences as a

guerrilla, as a labour leader, and as a political detainee.
 National Capital Region (NCR)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Jose Garcia Villa

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
A Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and
painter. He was awarded the National Artist of the
Philippines title for literature in 1973, as well as the
Guggenheim Fellowship in creative writing by
Conrad Aiken. He is known to have
introduced the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in
writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation
marks—especially commas, which made him known as the
Comma Poet. He used the pen name Doveglion (derived from
"Dove, Eagle, Lion"), based on the characters he derived from
his own works.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Jose Garcia Villa
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

First Collection of Short Stories: Footnote to Youth: Tales

of the Philippines and Others in 1933

First Collection of Poems: Many Voices (1939), Poems by

Doveglion (1941), Have Come, Am Here (1942)

Notable Works: The Anchored Angel, The Emperor's New

Sonnet, Footnote to Youth
 National Capital Region (NCR)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Nick Joaquin
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino writer and journalist best known for his

short stories and novels in the English language. He
also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila.

Joaquin has conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the
Philippines for Literature. He has been considered one of the most
important Filipino writers, along with José Rizal and Claro M. Recto.
Unlike Rizal and Recto, whose works were written in Spanish,
Joaquin's major works were written in English despite being a native
Spanish speaker.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Nick Joaquin
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Collection of Short Stories: Tropical Gothic (1972) and

Stories for Groovy Kids (1979), the play Tropical Baroque
(1979)
Collection of Poems: The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981)
and Collected Verse (1987)

Books: The Woman Who Had Two Navels, A Question of

Heroes, Culture and History, Manila, My Manila
 National Capital Region (NCR)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Carlos P. Romulo
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist,

and author. He was a reporter at the age of 16, a
newspaper editor by 20, and a publisher at 32.
He was a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a
general in the US Army and the Philippine Army, university
president, and a president of the United Nations General
Assembly. He has been named as one of the Philippines's
national artists in literature, and was the recipient of many other
honors and honorary degrees.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Carlos P. Romulo
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Books:
• I Saw the Fall of the Philippines
• My Brother Americans
• I See The Philippines Rise
• I am a Filipino
• The United (novel)
• Crusade in Asia (election campaign of Ramon Magsaysay)
• The Meaning of Bandung
• The Magsaysay Story (biography of Ramon Magsaysay)
• I Walk with Heroes (autobiography)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
From NCR: Amado V. Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa,
Nick Joaquin, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Arcellana,
Rolando S. Tinio, Levi Celerio, Carlos Quirino, Alejandro
R. Roces, and Cirilo F. Bautista.
From Region III: Lazaro Francisco (Bataan) and Virgilio S.
Almario (Bulacan)
From Region IV-B MIMAROPA: Néstor Vicente Madali
Gonzales (Romblon),
From Region 1: Francisco Sionil Jose (Pangasinan)
From Region 2: Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Viscaya)
From Region IV-A: Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas).
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

REPRESENTATIVE OF 21st
CENTURY LITERATURE
TEXTS AND AUTHORS
FROM LUZON
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) LUALHATI TORRES
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

BAUTISTA
• Known as a contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction
• Famous for her screenwriting career as most of her
works such as Dekada 70 and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka
Ginawa already have film versions
• This realist writer often tackles issues among women who
courageously face difficult situations
• A recipient of numerous literary awards such as the Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Lualhati Torres Bautistao
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Books: In Sisterhood, Sonata, Hinugot sa Tadyang (non-

fiction), Buwan, Buwan, Hulugan Mo Ako ng Sundang:
Dalawang Dekada ng Maiikling Kuwento, Desaparesidos

Novelettes: Ang Kabilang Panig ng Bakod, Hugot sa

Sinapupunan, Desisyon, Sumakay tayo sa buwan

Teleplays: Dear Teacher (co-writer), Daga sa Timba ng

Tubig, Mama, Pira-pirasong Pangarap
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
ROBERTO "BOB" ONG
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• He is widely known for his conversational and

humorous writing style, often depicting
Filipino cultures.
• His technique of violating standard writing principles
shows one unique characteristic of a 21st century
literary writer who applies latest trends in writing.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Roberto "Bob" Ong
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Non-fiction: ABNKKBSNPLAko?! (2001), Bakit Baliktad

Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino? (2002), Ang
Paboritong Libro ni Hudas (2003), Stainless Longganisa
(2005), 56 (2018)
Fiction: Alamat ng Gubat (2003), Macarthur (2007),
Kapitan Sino(2009), Ang Mga Kaibigan ni Mama Susan
(2010), Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin (2011), Si (2014)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
VISAYAS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• divided into 3 regions, namely Region VI (Western

Visayas), Region VII (Central Visayas), and Region VIII
(Eastern Visayas). Contents
• widely spoken languages are Waray, Ilonggo and Cebuano
• Common literary themes focus on the examination of
human experiences that show the struggles and defeats in
life and how people faced and triumphed over those
adversities.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
VISAYAS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• contemporary Cebuano poetry is experimental,

becoming short, repetition of words, use of free Contents

verse, and use of contemporary images

• in contemporary Cebuano fiction, there are stories
for children, women writing, queer writing, and
anthology of Cebuano short stories
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
VISAYAS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Two of our National Artists are natives

of this island such as essayist and Contents

literary historian Resil B. Mojares of

Cebu and novelist Ramon L. Muzones
of Iloilo Province.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

CANONICAL AUTHORS
FROM THE REGIONS OF
VISAYAS
 Region VI (Western Visayas)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Ramon L. Muzones (Iloilo Province)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A writer and lawyer, and the posthumous

recipient of the National Artist of the
Philippines for Literature award in the
Philippines in 2018. He wrote in
Hiligaynon and popularized Hiligaynon
literature. He was a founder of an
organization for Hiligaynon writers called
Sumakwelan.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Ramon L. Muzones
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Novels:
• Tibud nga Bulawan (Jug of Gold, 1938)
• Shri-Bishaya (1969)
• Malala nga Gutom (Malignant Hunger, 1965)
• Babae Batuk sa Kalibutan (Woman Against the World,
1959)
• Ang Gugma sang Gugma Bayaran (Love with Love Be
Paid, 1955)
• Si Tamblot (1948)
• Margosatubig: The Story of Salagunting (1946)
 Region VII (Central Visayas)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Resil B. Mojares (Cebu)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino historian and critic of Philippine

literatur best known as for his books on Philippine
history. He is acclaimed by various writers and
critics as the Visayan Titan of
Letters, due to his immense contribution to Visayan literature. He
was recognized in 2018 as a National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature - a conferment which represents the Philippine state's
highest recognition for artists.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Resil B. Mojares
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Origins and Rise of the Filipino Novel: A Generic Study of the

Novel Until 1940
• The Man Who Would Be President: Serging Osmeña and
Philippine Politics
• Waiting for Mariang Makiling: Essays on Philippine Cultural
History
• Theater in Society, Society in Theater: Social History of a
Cebuano Village
• The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in
Cebu
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

REPRESENTATIVE OF 21st
CENTURY LITERATURE
TEXTS AND AUTHORS
FROM VISAYAS
 Region VI (Western Visayas)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
PETER SOLIS NERY
• Hiligaynon pride from Iloilo is an award-winning
Filipino poet, fictionist, and author of various
books.
• He is a recipient of multiple awards from Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature, the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, and the All-Western
Visayas Literary Contest of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Peter Solis Nery
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Rain as Gentle as Tears (2001)

• The Prince of Ngoyngoy (2001)
• The Passion of Jovita Fuentes (2009)
• 100 Erotic Sonnets from the Hiligaynon (2010)
• Love in the Time of the Bakunawa (2012)
• If the Shoe Fits: Or, The Five Men Imelda Marcos Meets
in Heaven (2012)
• Cory, Full of Grace (2012)
• Peter’s Prize The Saddest Love Stories Ever Told in
Hiligaynon (2014)
 Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
MERLIE ALUNAN
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• An award-winning writer of poetry in English and

Cebuano languages.
• She is a recipient of international awards such as ASEAN
Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of Thailand and the Lillian
Jerome Thornton Award.
• She earned the title National Book Award for 2016 and 2017
and Carlos Palanca Awards because of her poetry collection
Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte and Sa Atong Dila,
Introduction to Visayan Literature.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Merlie Alunan
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Tales of the Spiderwoman (2012)

• Pagdakop sa Bulalakaw ug uban pang mga Balak (2013)
• Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to Visayan Literature (2017)
• "Pamato" (2007)
• Running with Ghosts (2018)
• The Dumaguete We Know (2011)
• Susumaton, Oral Narratives of Leyte (2017)
• Tinalunay, Anthology of Waray Literature (2018)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
MINDANAO
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• divided into 6 regions, namely, Region IX

(Zamboanga Peninsula), Region X (Northern
Mindanao), Region XI (Davao Region),
Contents
Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN), Region
XIII (Caraga), and the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(BARMM).
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

CANONICAL AUTHORS
FROM THE REGIONS OF
VISAYAS
 Region XI (Davao Region)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Dr. Macario D. Tiu (Davao City)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A homegrown Mindanao scholar, historian, a

community poet, famous writer, editor, and
researcher for English and Visayan stories
primarily fiction in verse.
He was also acknowledged to have three Palanca golds for
short stories in Cebuano and is a recipient of the National
Book Award in 2005 for Davao: Reconstructing History from
Text and Memory.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Dr. Macario D. Tiu
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Nanking Store (1999)

• Balyan (2005)
• I Am One of the Mountain People
• Bago Aplaya
• Ang Bata Na Dili Matulog
 Region XI (Davao Region)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Karl Gaspar (Davao City)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A prolific writer, respected socio-anthropologist,

theologian, interfaith scholar, missionary, artist, and
peace advocate. He has been a recipient of
prestigious awards for his remarkable works on spirituality and on
indigenous cultures, including the Jaime Cardinal Sin Catholic Book
Awards for Best Book in Ministry and Best Book in Spirituality in 2015.
In 2012, he received the 31st National Book Award in Social Sciences
for his book “Manobo Dreams in Arakan: A People’s Struggle to Keep
Their Homeland” (University of Hawaii Press, 2011)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Karl Gaspar
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Manobo Dreams in Arakan: A People's Struggle to Keep

Their Homeland
• Mapagpakamalinawon: A reader for the Mindanawon
peace advocate
• Readings on Contemporary Mindanao Church Realities
• A people's option: To struggle for creation
• How Long?: Prison Reflections from the Philippines
• To Be Poor And Obscure: The Spiritual Sojourn of a
Mindanawon
 Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Anthony L. Tan (Siasi, Sulu)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A poet, essayist, and fictionist. His writings have

appeared in various magazines, journals, and
anthologies. His poems have been collected in book
form The Badjao Cemetery and Other Poems and
Poems for Muddas.
He has won three Don Carlos Palanca awards: two for poetry and
one for the essay. He has sat as a critic-panelist in various writers’
workshops such as the Iligan National Writers Workshop, the
Silliman Writers Workshop, and the IYAS Writers workshop.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Anthony L. Tan
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• The Badjao Cemetery and Other Poems

• Poems for Muddas
• Crossing the River: Poems Old and New
 Region X (Northern Mindanao)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Rufus Rodriguez (Cagayan de Oro)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the

president of the Centrist Democratic Party
and has been a member of the House of
Representatives representing the Cagayan
de Oro's 2nd district from 2007 to 2016
and from 2019 to today.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Some Works of Rufus Rodriguez
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Legal Research (2002)

• The Crime of Plunder in the Philippines (2002)
• The Fundamental of Legal and Judicial Ethics (2004)
• The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (2002)
• The Omnibus Election Code, and Other Election Laws,
Rules and Regulations of the Philippines (2002)
• Administrative Law (2003)
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

THE END!

QUESTIONS OR
CLARIFICATIONS?
 Thank You
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )