Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXTERNAL AND
MIDDLE EARDr. Rahul Kawatra
Prof. & Head
Dept. of ENT
– Hillocks of the 1st and 2nd branchial arches during the development of pinna
DERMOID CYST
Usually presents as a rounded mass over the upper part of mastoid behind the pinna.
KELOID
Piercing of the ear lobule for ornaments surgical incision
Genetic susceptibility
Black races are more often affected
Pedunculated tumour
HAEMANGIOMAS
They are congenital tumours often seen in childhood
Capillary haemangioma.
Mass of capillary-sized blood vessels
Present as a "port-wine stain"
Does not regress spontaneously
HAEMANGIOMAS
Cavernous haemangioma (strawberry tumour)
Endothelial-lined spaces filled with blood
Increases rapidly during the first year
Regresses thereafter
May completely disappear by the fifth year.
PAPILLOMA (WART)
Tufted growth of flat grey plaque
Rough to feel
Viral in origin.
Treatment is surgical excision
Curettage with cauterization
CUTANEOUS HORN
Heaping up of keratin
Presents as horn -shaped tumour
It is often seen at the rim of helix in elderly
Treatment is surgical excision
KERATOACANTHOMA
Benign tumour
Resembles a malignant one.
Raised nodule with a central crater
Initially, it grows rapidly but
Slowly regresses leaving a scar
Treatment is excision biopsy
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant Carcinoma
Melanoma
SQUAMOUS CELL
CARCINOMA
Painless nodule
Treatment. Small lesions with no nodal metas tases are excised locally with 1 cm of healthy area around
it.
Larger lesions of the pinna or those coming within 1 cm of external auditory canal and lesions with nodal
metastases,
May require total amputation of the pinna, often with en bloc removal of parotid gland and cervical
lymph nodes.
TREATMENT-SCC
Small lesions with no nodal metastases are excised
Locally with 1 cm of healthy area around it.
Larger lesions of the pinna or those coming within 1 cm of external auditory canal and lesions
with nodal metastases, may require total amputation of the pinna often
Bigger tumours removal of parotid gland and cervical lymph nodes.
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Common sites - helix and the tragus
>50 years
Nodule with central crust,
Removal of crest causes bleeding.
Ulcer has a raised beaded edge
Extends circumferentially
May confined to the skin but may penetrate deeper, involving cartilage or bone lymph node
metastases usually do not occur
TREATMENT - BCC
Radiotherapy
Superficial lesions, not involving cartilage
Cosmetic deformity avoided
Surgical excision
Lesions involving cartilage
EXTERNAL EAR CANAL
Benign Malignant
Osteoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Exostosis Basal Cell Carcinoma
Ceruminoma Adenocarcinoma
Sebaceous adenoma Malignant Carcinoma
Papilloma Melanoma
OSTEOMA
Arises from cancellous bone
Single, smooth, bony, hard, pedunculated
Tumour
Often arising from the posterior wall of the osseous meatus
Treatment is surgical removal by
Fracturing through its pedicle
Removal with a drill.
EXOSTOSIS
Smooth, sessile, bony swellings in the deeper part of the
Meatus
Multiple and bilateral
Arise from compact bone
Exostosis - exposed to entry of cold water
Divers
Swimmers
Males are affected three times more
EXOSTOSIS - TREATMENT
No treatment
Small and asymptomatic
Larger ones
Impair hearing
Retention of debris
Surgical treatment
High speed drill to restore normal sized meatus
Use of gouge and hammer should be avoided
SEBACEOUS ADENOMA
Arises from sebaceous glands
Smooth, skin covered, swelling in the outer meatus.
Treatment
Surgical excision.
CERUMINOMA
Tumour of modified sweat glands (cerumenous)
Smooth, firm, skin-covered polypoid swelling
Usually attached to the posterior or inferiornwall
Obstructs the meatus leading to retention of wax and debris.
Malignant : Benign =2: 1
Treatment.
Wide surgical excision
Tendency to recur
Regular follow up
MALIGNANT TUMOURS - SCC
Long-standing Ear Discharge
arise Primarily From the Meatus
May Be a Secondary Extension From the Middle Ear Carcinoma.
Presenting Symptoms
Discharge
Blood Stained
Mucopurulent
Purulent Discharge
Severe Earache
Examination
Ulcerated area In the Meatus
Bleeding Polypoid Mass
Granulations
Facial Nerve Paralysis
May Spread Into the Middle Ear
Regional Lymph Nodes (Preauricular, Postauricular, Infra-auricular and Upper Deep
Cervical)
Treatment – SCC
En bloc wide surgical excision
Postoperative radiation.
BASAL CELL AND
ADENOCARCINOMAS
Rarely arise from the meatus
Clinical picture is similar - SCC Diagnosis biopsy
Treatment
Wide surgical excision Postoperative radiation
CERUMINOMA
Malignant type is twice as common as benign.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Rare tumour
TUMOURS OF MIDDLE EAR
Primary Tumours Secondary tumours
Bronchus
Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Prostate
Gastrointesinal tract.
SECONDARY TUMOURS
From adjacent areas
Nasopharynx,
External auditory meatus
Parotid.
Metastatic
From carcinoma of bronchus
Breast,
Kidney,
Thyroid,
Prostate
Gastrointestinal system.
GLOMUS TUMOUR
Most common benign neoplasm of middle ear and is so-named because of its origin from the
glomus bodies.
Resemble carotid body in structure
Location
Dome of jugular bulb
Promontory
Along the course of tympanic branch of IXth cranial nerve (Jacobson's nerve)
Paraganglionic cells derived from the neural crest
Aetiology and pathology
Age 40-50 Microscopically
Females : Male = 5:1 Masses or sheets of epithelial cells
Characteristics Large nuclei
Benign Granular cytoplasm.
Non-encapsulated Thin-walled blood sinusoids with
Extremely vascular No contractile muscle coat profuse
bleeding
Rate of growth is very slow
Tumour is locally invasive.
-
TYPES OF GLOMUS TUMOURS
Glomus jugulare
Arise from the dome of jugular bulb
Invade the hypotympanum and jugular foramen, IXth to XIth cranial nerve involvement
Compress jugular vein invade its lumen .
Glomus tympanicum
Arise from the promontory of the middle ear cause aural symptoms
Aural symptoms facial paralysis.
SPREAD OF GLOMUS
TUMOUR
Initially Fill the Middle Ear
Later Perforate Through the Tympanic Membrane - Vascular Polyp.
May invade
Labyrinth
Petrous Pyramid
Mastoid
Jugular Foramen
Base of Skull
Metastatic Spread
Lungs and Bones is Rare
Metastatic Lymph Node Enlargement
CLINICAL FEATURES
19% of Cases,
Tumour is intra Tympanic
-
Conductive Deafness
Pulsatile Tinnitus - stops with Carotid Pressure
Otoscopy
Red reflex through intact tympanic membrane "Rising Sun
Bluish and may be bulging.
"Pulsation Sign" (Brown's Sign) Ear canal pressure is raised with siegle's speculum,
Tumour pulsates vigorously and then blanches; reverse happens with release of pressure.
–
Polyp
Dizziness or vertigo
Facial paralysis
Earache
Otorrhoea -
May simulate chronic suppurative otitis media with polyp.
DIAGNOSIS
CT Scan
MRI
Angiography
TREATMENT
Surgical removal.
Radiation.
Embolisation.
Combination of the above techniques
CARCINOMA OF MIDDLE EAR
AND MASTOID
Rare condition
Age group of 40-60
Slightly more common in females
Ear discharge
Radical mastoid cavities
Primary carcinoma of mastoid air cells
Radium dial painters.
SPREAD OF TUMOUR
Destroys Other structures
Ossicles Parotid gland
Facial canal Temporomandibular joint
Internal ear Infratemporal fossa
Jugular bulb, carotid canal Eustachian tube
Deep bony meatus Nasopharynx
Mastoid
Pctrous apex.
Dura is usually resistant
Facial palsy
Deafness
Vertigo
DIAGNOSIS
Definitive Diagnosis is Made only on Biopsy.
Extent of Disease
Cranial Nerve Palsies
Radiological Examination.