GLOBALIZATION

AND
DEVELOPMENT
LESSON OBJECTIVES

MODULE 2:

PART 3 SECTIONS (A) AND (B)

 Define the concept Globalization.

Examine the historical path of globalisation by identifying the policies and international commitments
and the effects of the implementation of local, national, and global issues.

LESSON Describe the formation or history of the following organization:

OBJECTIVES World Trade Organization

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following facilitator to globalization:

Technology

World Trade Organization

 • Globalization is the process by which governments, businesses,
legal and Justice systems coordinate to integrate their laws,
regulations and guidelines governing trade, travel, migration,
and social life in such a way to allow the free movement of
WHAT IS goods, services and technologies throughout countries in all
hemispheres. The process of globalizations also facilitates the
GLOBALIZATION? free sharing of information between countries through their
media and official government documents and communique. All
of this is done to remove the border restrictions on people that
once prevented them from experiencing cultures and lifestyles
outside of their own.
 The process of globalization is promoted and made possible by
FACILITATORS which are technologies and institutions that
create platforms that boost the cooperation, movement and
communication between countries. Some of these facilitators of
globalization are the internet, the mail and shipping services and
technologies and world organizations such as the United Nations,
WHAT IS International Monetary Fund, The World Bank and the World
Trade Organization.
GLOBALIZATION
CONT.
Without these facilitators, people from around the world would
operate in isolation, completely cut off from each other.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNejKHKSbl0&t=62s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evjG5voVSFk&t=61s

VIDEOS ON https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xc0bR9tiDyU

WHAT IS
GLOBALIZATION
Overview

Globalizations unites the world and encourages free communication, trade and travel.

Facilitators of globalization such as the internet, shipping services and non government and
government organizations encourages and creates the platform for the unhindered movement
of goods and services, people and ideas.
 Technology

World Trade Organization

Economic Partnership Agreement

FACILITATORS International Monetary Fund

OF
GLOBALIZATION
World Bank

Transnational Organizations

Ideologies: Social, Gender, Economic and Political

In the first part of this lesson we learnt that the facilitators of globalization are technologies, entities (government
and non-government organizations) and people that lay the platform that makes globalization possible. The First
facilitator of globalization to be examined will be Technology.
 • Technological achievements are the main hubs that harbor all
forms of global transactions. Without technology, globalization
would be impossible. (why?)
• The technologies of the renaissance period propelled the first leg
TECHNOLOGY of globalization as maritime technologies enabled the linking of
AS A western and eastern hemispheres.

FACILITATOR OF • This lead to the organization of complex trade routes, agreements

and laws that created a world dependent on science and
DEVELOPMENT technology to make economies function. Better building
materials, better forms of fuel and better modes of transportation
and manufacturing were always on the agenda of societies
coming out of the dark ages into a period of discovery and
growth.
Information and Communication Technology-
telegraph and the internet

TECHNOLOGY
AS A
Transportation technology- land, air and sea
(various types of fuel needed to facilitate this) FACILITATOR
OF
DEVELOPMENT
AI- Artificial Intelligence- creations of programs CONT.
and robotics that can replace/mimic the
productive capacity human resources to enable
the continued uninterrupted production of goods
and accommodation of services so that time zones
and biological limits do not hinder global
business.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJNjut4yRLA&t=27s

Overview
TECHNOLOGY AS
A FACILITATOR
OF
GLOBALIZATION
Without technology, Globalization is impossible CONT.

Global technologies drives the pace and the extent of

globalization. The extent of globalization is dependent on
the technologies available.
 The WTO is the only global international
organization created in 1995 to deal with the
rules of trade between nations.

WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
AS A
FACILITATOR OF
Though the name WTO was officially being used
DEVELOPMENT. starting in 1995, the organization’s predecessor
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
was established in the wake of World War Two.
 WTO CONT.

The main function of the WTO

Current WTO rules are
is to prevent trade monopolies
codified in three agreements: Uruguay Round of Agreements
that can lead to one country or
The General Agreement on focused on establishing rules
a group of countries creating
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), governing not only the trade of
trade blocs that restricts the
covering international trade in goods, but also services. The
free movement of goods from
goods; the General Agreement Doha round took over in 2001
one country to another, thus
on Trade in Services (GATS); and thus far, it managed to
hindering a countries economic
and the Agreement on Trade- reduce the administrative rules
potential and growth. The
Related Aspects of Intellectual and regulations that hinder
formation of these trade
Property Rights (TRIPS). The trade between countries. It’s
monopolies can lead to
GATT was established after other ambitions are to have
international disputes that can
World War II, while the GATS more guidelines to protect
in turn, lead to military and
and TRIPS both came into international property rights.
other conflicts. (Give the
force in 1995.
example of WW1 and WW2)
 WTO CONT.

The goal of these agreements is to foster an

environment conducive to free trade. The
rein in anti-import tariffs; ease customs procedures;
most important rules mainly serve to do the
following:

The rules are based on a set of common

principles. These include non-discrimination,
freer trade, predictability, and promotion of
economic development and growth. For
discourage domestic laws and taxes that may
reduce quotas and subsidies example, the “most favored nation” (MFN)
be classified as protection; and
principle states that if a country grants any
tariff or non-tariff treatment to one WTO
member state, it must grant the same to all
members.
 • Current Membership
• The WTO has 164 members. Sixty-five countries were
members of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade.
Those 65 countries automatically became WTO members
on January 1, 1995. All the remaining 97 countries went
WTO CONT. through the six-step process to become WTO members
• Only 16 countries are not WTO members. These nations
do not wish to become members. They are Aruba,
Curacao, Eritrea, Kiribati, Kosovo, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, North Korea, Palau, the
Palestinian Territories, San Marino, Sint Maarten,
Turkmenistan, and Tuvalu.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF THE WTO
 WTO
VIDEOS • https://youtu.be/8-voHl16vFE

• https://youtu.be/3Gqq2sBWai4
 • Lesson Objectives
• Describe the formation or history of the following
organizations:
• i. IMF ii. World Bank iii. EPA iv. MNC
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following
facilitators to globalization.
GLOBALIZATI
• i. IMF ii. World Bank iii. EPA iv. MNC
ON LESSON 2
• Distinguish between the work of the three major facilitators:
IMF, WTO and World Bank.
• Highlight specific examples of the work of IMF, WTO and
World Bank in the Caribbean.
• Understand the nature of the global economy and trade,
especially for developing countries.
 • Discuss the impact of globalization on the following
sectors of the Caribbean:
• (i) industry and commerce;
• (ii) distributional sector (stores);
GLOBALIZATI • (iii) labour;
ON LESSON 2 • (iv) technology;
OBJECTIVES • (iv) ideology;
CONT. • (v) popular movements
• Explain the Caribbean's response to the impact of
globalization.
• Understand the nature and impact of globalization on
their daily lives.
 • The Impact and response to globalization in the Caribbean
• industry and commerce;
• distributional sector (supermarkets, department stores);
GLOBALIZATI
ON LESSON 2 • labour;

OBJECTIVES • technology;
CONT. • popular movements: Caribbean Association for Feminist
Research and Action (CAFRA), Women’s Action for New
Directions (WAND), Environmental and Social Justice
Non-Governmental Organisations.
 • Origin of IMF:The origin of the IMF goes back to the
days of international chaos of the 1930s. During the
Second World War, plans for the construction of an
international institution for the establishment of monetary
order were taken up.At the Bretton Woods Conference
GLOBALIZATI here eld in July 1944, delegates from 44 non-communist
ON LESSON 2: countries negotiated an agreement on the structure and
THE IMF operation of the international monetary system.

• The IMF was basically established to prevent economic

instability in any region or country that may lead to
negative consequences for global economies.
 • IMF Main Objective
• To promote international coope­ration; to facilitate the
expansion and balanced growth of international trade; to
promote exchange stability; to assist in the establishment of a
IMF CONT. multi­lateral system of payments; to make its general resources
available to its members experiencing balance of payments
difficulties under adequate safeguards; and to shorten the
duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the
international balance of payments of members.
 • Functions of the IMF
• Functions:The principal function of the IMF is to super­vise
the international monetary system. Several functions are
derived from this. These are:
IMF CONT. • granting of credit to member countries in the midst of
temporary balance of payments deficits
• survei­llance over the monetary and exchange rate policy of
member countries
• issuing policy recommen­dations.
 • These are: regulatory, financial, and consultative fun­ctions:
• Regulatory Function:The Fund functions as the guardian of a
code of rules set by its (AOA— Articles of Agreement).
• Financial Function:It functions as an agency of providing
resources to meet short term and medium term BOP
IMF CONT. disequilibrium faced by the member countries.
• Consultative Function:It functions as a centre for
international cooperation and a source of counsel and technical
assistance to its members.The main function of the IMF is to
provide temporary financial support to its members so that
‘fundamental’ BOP disequilibrium can be corrected. However,
such granting of credit is subject to strict conditionality.
 • The Conditionality Clause
• The main conditionality clause is the intro­duction of structural
reforms. Low income countries drew attraction of the IMF in the
early years of 1980s when many of them faced terrible BOP
difficulties and severe debt repayment prob­lems. Against this
backdrop, the Fund took up ‘stabilisation programme’ as well as
‘structural adjustment programme’. Stabilisation programme is a
IMF CONT. demand management issue, while structural programme concentrates
on supply management. The IMF insists member countries to
implement these programmes to tackle macroeconomic instability.Its
main elements are:
• (i) Application of the principles of market economy;
• (ii) Opening up of the economy by removing all barriers of trade;
and
• (iii) Prevention of deflation.
 • IMF Summary

• The Fund provides financial assistance. It includes credits and loans to member
countries with balance of payments problems to support policies of adjustment
and reform. It makes its financial resources available to member countries
through a variety of financial facilities.

• It also provides concessional assistance under its poverty reduction and growth

IMF CONT. •
facility and debt relief initiatives.

It provides fund to combat money- laundering and terrorism in view of the

attack on the World Trade Centre of the USA on 11 September 2001.In
addition, technical assistance is also given by the Fund. Technical assistance
consists of expertise and support provided by the IMF to its members in several
broad areas : the design and implementation of fiscal and monetary policy;
institution-building, the handling and accounting of transactions with the IMF;
the collection and retirement of statistical data and training of officials.
 • Maintenance of stable exchange rate is another important
function of the IMF. It prohibits multiple exchange rates.
• It is to be remembered that unlike the World Bank, the
IMF is not a development agency. Instead of providing
development aid, it provides financial support to tide over
IMF CONT. BOP difficulties to its members.

• Videos
• https://youtu.be/WG72yk60tbA
• https://youtu.be/MhrC2_Hak08
 • What is the World Bank?
• The World Bank functions as an international organization
that fights poverty by offering developmental assistance to
middle-income and low-income countries. By giving loans
and offering advice and training in both the private and
THE WORLD public sectors, the World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by
BANK helping people help themselves. Under the World Bank
Group (WBG), there are complementary institutions that
aid in its goals to provide assistance.
• The World Bank Group (WBG) was established in 1944 to
rebuild post-World War II Europe under the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
 • Membership of the World Bank
• To become a member, a country MUST first join the IMF. The size of
the World Bank's shareholders, like that of the IMF's shareholders,
depends on the size of a country's economy. Thus, the cost of a
subscription to the World Bank is a factor of the quota paid to the IMF.
• There is an obligatory subscription fee, which is equivalent to 88.29%
WORLD BANK of the quota that a country has to pay to the IMF. In addition, a country
is obligated to buy 195 World Bank shares (US$120,635 per share). Of
CONT. these 195 shares, 60% must be paid in cash in U.S. dollars, while
5.40% can be paid in a country's local currency, in U.S. dollars, or in
non-negotiable non-interest bearing notes.
• The president of the World Bank comes from the largest shareholder,
which is the United States, and members are represented by a board of
governors. The U.K, France, Germany and Japan make up the other
top shareholders that dictate the operations at the WB.
 • World Bank Summary
• In summary, the main mandate of the World
Bank is to end extreme poverty, by reducing the
share of the global population that lives in
WORLD BANK
extreme poverty to 3% by 2030 and to promote
CONT. shared prosperity, by increasing the incomes of
the poorest 40% of people in every country.
• Video
• https://youtu.be/F59fF-xu-bY
 • What is an EPA?

ECONOMIC • Generally speaking, Economic Partnership

Agreements are intensive alliances, signed by
PARTNERS two or more countries, that provide for

HIP
reciprocal economic integration and
participation. The agreements have proven to be

AGREEME
quite popular around the world in the beginning
of the 21st century, with nations in Europe,

NT EPA
Asia, Africa and the Pacific region all joining
forces to survive and compete in today's
turbulent international economic environment.
 • The CARIFORUM EPA
• In October 2008 Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad
and Tobago, and the Dominican Republic signed the CARIFORUM-
EU-EPA.
• The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the Caribbean
EPA CONT. Forum (CARIFORUM - CARICOM member states and the Dominican
Republic) and the European Union (EU) is the new trade agreement
which replaces the chapters on trade in the Cotonou Agreement.  This
initiative is a response to the challenges of globalization and
development, and establishes a new trading relationship with the 27
members of the EU in conformity with World Trade Organisation
(WTO) rules and regulations.  This will bring closure to the
preferential, non-reciprocal trade regimes which previously governed
trade between CARIFORUM and the EU.
 • Functions of the EPA
• The main functions of the EPA are:
• To help the two regions invest in and trade with each other
• To provide predictable EU market access for these
countries
EPA CONT. • To gradually open the EU market in services, including
creative and entertainment industries
• To ensure a duty-free-quota-free market access into the
EU for all products
• makes it possible for CARIFORUM companies to set up a
commercial presence in the EU
• EPA Summary
• The central objective of EU-ACP cooperation is the
reduction of poverty based on the guidelines of
sustainable development and through the integration of
ACP (African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States)
countries into the Global economy. EPA CONT.
• The EPA is a comprehensive cooperative framework
which encompasses a holistic approach to development
by focusing on the objectives and principles set out in the
Cotonou Agreement.
• Video
• https://youtu.be/KyfdCuJTfJ0

EPA CONT.
 Lesson Objectives

Definition of Integration

REGIONAL Differences between Integration and regional Cooperation

INTEGRATION Factors that promote and hinders regional integration

Impact of World War Two on the Integration Movement

Explanation for why countries generally approve/disapprove of

integration

General Overview of what popular movements led to the notion of

regional integration
Objectives Cont.

The evolution of:

West Indies Federation (WIF) REGIONAL

INTEGRATION
Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)

The Caribbean Community and Common Market

(CARICOM)

Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

Association of Caribbean States (ACS).

 • Regional Integration Definition
• Regional integration is about the unification of
Caribbean States politically, economically and socially,
enabling Member States to compete more creditably in
REGIONAL the globalized economic and political environments
INTEGRATION and to collectively stem the tide of international and
other adversities. According to Sir Arthur Lewis [1968]
“economic and political integration” has been a
perennial and neuralgic issue in the Caribbean agenda:
• Close proximity to each other through air and sea travel FACTORS THAT
• Shared common history
PROMOTE
REGIONAL
• Shared common culture in terms of dress, language, INTEGRATION
cuisine, music and general lifestyle
• Similar economic, political and social problems
(unemployment, few physical resources, lack of
adequate capital, poor housing, inadequate health
facilities etc.
 FACTORS THAT HINDERS REGIONAL
INTEGRATION

Different strategies for economic growth

Territorial interests supersede regional interest

Some concessions to foreign investors run contrary to CARICOM objectives

Stifled regional trade due to similarity in products

Geography

World Trade Rules

 West Indies Federation
(W.I.F.) came into being
January 1958 following
The Development of The
Montego Bay Conference in
West Indian Federation
1947 and subsequent
meetings in 1953, 1956,
1957.
THE WEST
INDIES
FEDERATION
A Standing Closer
association Committee was
Legislatures of all British
also set up to devise a federal
colonies in region, except
constitution. Final agreement
Bahamas, met and a regional
was reached in 1957.
economic committee were
Imperial government
set up to investigate means
retained responsibility for
of achieving economic unity.
defence, external affairs and
financial stability.
 WEST INDIES FEDERATION

Development continued

There would be a senate of 19 nominated members and a House of Representative of 45 elected members.
There would be a Governor General, Prime Minister and 10 ministers. The federal seat of government would
be in Trinidad.

Elections were held in March 1958 with the West Indies Federal Labour Party (WIFLP) supported by N.W.
Manley, Eric Williams and Grantley Adams defeating the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) supported by
Bustamante and Gomes WIFLP 26 to 19 seats.

This integration step was mainly a political one but lasted only four years.
THE WEST INDIES FEDERATION

MEMBER STATES THE WEST INDIES FEDERATION COMPRISED THE 10

TERRITORIES OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA,
BARBADOS, DOMINICA, GRENADA, JAMAICA,
MONTSERRAT, THE THEN ST KITTS-NEVIS-
ANGUILLA, SAINT LUCIA, ST VINCENT AND
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO.
 The Aims of
the West
Indies
Federation

WEST INDIAN
A conglomerate of
cooperation used to
FEDERATION
Promote regional economic
alleviate the financial
and political cooperation
burdens of maintaining a
colony.

Create a more
formidable
force in
lobbying for
international
recognition
 THE WEST INDIES FEDERATION

lack of knowledge on the

Main Reasons the part of the masses inefficient communication
Federation Broke up regarding the importance of system among islands
a federation

Larger more prosperous Distrust by smaller states of

states feeling that the the larger states proposal to
smaller states would be a change constitution of
drain on their resources federation.
 WEST INDIES FEDERATION

Successes of the West Indies It led to the strengthening of the Video

Federation Independence Movement in the
Caribbean
 CARIFTA
• The Development of CARIFTA

• Caribbean Free Trade Association

• CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

came into being 1968 following the Dickenson Bay
(Antigua) Agreement signed in 1965. Membership
included former federation member as well as
Belize. Aim was to promote economic and social
development in the region by encouraging free trade
among members. This meant removal of custom
duties, taxes and licensing arrangements which had
prevented greater volume of trade among the
territories.
 CARIFTA

CARIFTA Member States Jamaica Barbados Dominica Montserrat St. Vincent

Trinidad and Tobago GuyanaGrenada, St. Lucia,
Antigua, St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla
 CARIFTA

• Aims of CARIFTA
• region open up to free trade
• a larger market and enhanced economic
growth
• Success of CARIFTA
• Cooperation under CARIFTA was
deepened and evolved into CARICOM.
(Caribbean Community/Common Market)
• CARIFTA Games
CARICOM

• Development of CARICOM (Caribbean

Community And Common Market)
• CARICOM came into being with the signing of
the Treaty of Chaguaramas signed July 4, 1973
by Jamaica. Trinidad, Barbados and Guyana It
began operation on 1st August. Presently
membership includes CARIFTA members as
well as Haiti and Suriname.
 CARICOM

Member States Members include Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.
 CARICOM

• Aims of CARICOM
• improvement in economic development
through trade liberalization (removal of trade
barriers)
• functional cooperation in areas such as health,
law, education, culture, broadcasting,
transport, meteorologicalservices, technical
assistance, disaster management
• Common policies in dealing with non-
member states and transnational companies.
 CARICOM
• Achievements of CARICOM

• Economic empowerment as resources are pooled

• Larger market for individual states

• Stronger persuasive voice in global matters

• The establishment of CCJ, CSME and a

CARICOM Passport
• Videos

• https://youtu.be/zxfaWV5mYKM

• https://youtu.be/D10QQ3R8Mmo

• https://youtu.be/bHQ-WL_rm9M
 • Difficulties being faced by CARICOM
• Overall, there are wide differences among these
countries in resource endowments; human
capital; economic infrastructure; and
CARICOM institutional capabilities. Their associated export
specializations suggest that divergence and
differentiation rather than convergence and
homogeneity will continue to be the norm in the
near future.
• Nationalists ambitions of regional states
 THE OECS

The Organisation of
The OECS is now a nine
Eastern Caribbean States
member grouping
(OECS) came into being As the islands gained
comprising Antigua and
on June 18th 1981, when their independence from
Barbuda, Commonwealth
seven Eastern Caribbean Britain it became evident
of Dominica, Grenada.
Organization of Eastern countries signed a treaty that there was need for a
Montserrat, St Kitts and
Caribbean States agreeing to cooperate more formal arrangement
Nevis, St Lucia and St
Development with each other and to assist with their
Vincent and the
promote unity and development efforts. So it
Grenadines. Anguilla and
solidarity among the was that the OECS was
the British Virgin Islands
Members, known as the established.
are associate members of
Treaty of Basseterre. (St.
the OECS.
Kitts and Nevis)
 THE OECS

• Aims of the OECS

• The mission is to be a major regional institution contributing to the sustainable
development of the OECS Member States by assisting them to maximise the benefits
from their collective space, by facilitating their intelligent integration with the global
economy; by contributing to policy and program formulation and execution in respect of
regional and international issues, and by facilitation of bilateral and multilateral co-
operation.
• Video
• https://youtu.be/-Xfk7uX-TVk
ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES

ACS Development

The ACS came into being 1995 by the Treaty of Cartegena. This grouping is
made of English, Spanish, French and Dutch speaking territories of the region
with the secretariat located in Trinidad.

It constitutes a much larger market of over 210 million people.

ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES

It aims to strengthen cooperation and

integration through increased
ACS Aims
economic activity through trade (raw
materials and finished products)

preserve environment thus ensuring

Develop external economic relations.
sustainable development,
 • In the previous lesson we would have differentiated between
REGIONAL INTEGRATION (Which the last class was focused on),
and regional cooperation.
• We identified that Regional Integration is a legally binding
ACHIEVEMENTS contractual arrangement for the combining of resources and agreeing
AND on policies that will unify Caribbean countries and see them
operating as ONE in some instances. This means that once agreed on,
CHALLENGES OF policies of INTEGRATION ARE BINDING. While cooperation is
REGIONAL usually merely optional.
BODIES OF • This is why by definition, INTEGRATION is so difficult and
INTEGRATION polarising, as many Caribbean countries feel any move to integrate
will undermine their autonomy and independence. Many Caribbean
leaders also worry that integration, while not popular among their
countrymen, will derail their attempts at maintaining political
strength and unity among their countrymen.
 • That being said, there are many examples of integration
in the Caribbean that comes in the form and shape of
Caribbean institutions (financed jointly by Caribbean
ACHIEVEMENTS countries), that have achieved their mandate relative
OF REGIONAL success, while being standing attempts at Caribbean
BODIES OF unification.
INTEGRATION
• This lesson gives a brief overview of these institutions,
while highlighting their achievements, and assessing
how they can improve on their mandate.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
Background Originally started as an
independent offshoot of the
University of London, The
University of the West Indies
currently serves 17 English-
speaking regional territories,
offering undergraduate and
postgraduate degrees in
numerous fields of study: the
arts, sciences, business, law,
the humanities. 
The UWI came into being on
recommendation of the
Moyne Commission that was
established in early 1940’s to
examine the main causes of
the riots and uprisings of the
1930’s throughout the
Caribbean.
It initially started as a school
of agriculture, and over time
expanded to what is is today.
The UWI have produces
numerous Caribbean heads of
state (executive and titular),
and have been the center of
various political and race
based uprisings staged to
demand the better treatment
of Caribbean blacks.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

ACHIEVEMENTS OFFERING A PRODUCING PRODUCING BY PRODUCING BY PRODUCING

CURRICULUM SKILLED PEOPLE WHO ARE RESEARCH WHICH RESEARCH WHICH
WHICH IS PERSONNEL IN COMMITTED TO CONTRIBUTES TO HELPS IN SOLVING
RELEVANT TO THE BUSINESS, THE REGION BY DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY'S
NEEDS OF THE GOVERNMENT DEVELOPING PRIVATE SECTOR PROBLEMS
REGION AND INDUSTRY SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

BY RAISING LEVEL BREAKING DOWN

OF INNOVATION BARRIERS AND
AND DISPELLING
ENTREPRENEURSH IGNORANCE AND
IP IN THE REGION PREJUDICE OF AND
TOWARDS OTHER
NATIONALS
 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

Foreign universities which Individual governments

Challenges and Suggested
offer degrees by distance which see need for a local
Improvements
teaching university

Allowing children of poor

Expansion to increase to acquire tertiary education
percentage of graduates while governments insist
from 10 - 20% that students pay a portion
of costs
 • Background

• The Caribbean Examinations Council was established in 1972 under

Agreement by the Participating Governments in the Caribbean to conduct such
examinations as it may think appropriate and award certificates and diplomas

THE on the results of any such examinations so conducted.

• The Council is empowered to regulate the conduct of any such examinations
CARIBBEAN and prescribe the qualification requirements of candidates and the fees payable

EXAMINATION by them.

COUNCIL • It comprises 16 Participating Countries, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda,

Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada,
Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and
the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and Turks and Caicos Islands.
• CXC offered its first examinations for the Caribbean Secondary Education
Certificate (CSEC) in 1979 in five subjects.
 THE CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL

It ensures that the education of

CXC offers secondary level
certification, advanced
Achievements
proficiency and associate
degrees.
the Caribbean people is geared
Examination by the region, of
towards the needs of the region
the region and for the region.
thus fostering economic
development.

CXC creates employment

Syllabus reflect learning from a
Caribbean perspective.
Through CXC foreign exchange CXC creates interaction among
opportunities: administrators,
is kept in the region rather than peoples of the region. Regional
curriculum officers,
going to England or other integration, awareness of
measurement expert, content
countries offering comparable commonality, sense of
specialist's markers,
certificates of qualification. brotherhood
supervisors, examiners.
 THE CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL

CXC CHALLENGES AND CERTIFICATION IN SOME CXC HAVE OFTENTIMES BEEN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
SUGGESTED AREAS COME LONG AFTER VIEWED AS AN INSTITUTION THE COUNCIL AND TEACHERS
IMPROVEMENTS INDUSTRIES HAVE BEEN CENTRED ON SERVING THE IN THE REGION IS
ESTABLISHED IN CERTAIN LARGER TERRITORIES AS OFTENTIMES LACKING.
FIELDS. THIS HAS LED TO OPPOSED TO, THE SMALLER
CARIBBEAN CITIZENS CARIBBEAN TERRITORIES.
CLAMOURING TO SEEK
QUALIFICATIONS -
ESPECIALLY TECHNOLOGICAL
FIELDS- OUTSIDE THE
REGION, IF THEY SEEK TO BE
PIONEERS IN CERTAIN
TECHNOLOGICAL FIELDS.
 • Background

• It was established in October 1974 within the University of the West Indies (UWI),
based at Mona, Jamaica but its reach extends throughout the region. A large number
of Caribbean media executives, journalists and PR practitioners were trained at
CARIMAC and continue to interact with the institution in various ways.

THE CARIBBEAN • UNESCO and the German foundation called Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) partnered
with the government of Jamaica and the UWI in establishing CARIMAC. The
INSTITUTE OF Institute was created to give regional communicators a Caribbean orientation and
MEDIA AND professional grounding towards regional development.
COMMUNICATION • When the new Institute opened its doors 40 years ago, it welcomed 31 students drawn
from territories across the region. This first cohort pursued a one-year diploma in
Mass Communication. Three years later, in 1977, 'Mass Comm' as it was then called,
extended its offering to include a combined degree of Mass Communication with
Social Sciences. This degree was replaced in the year 2000 by the Bachelor of Arts in
Media and Communication, under which students specialized respectively in
Journalism for Print, Radio and TV, as well as in Multimedia and Social Marketing.
THE CARIBBEAN INSTITUTE OF MEDIA AND
COMMUNICATION

Producing graduates who are

adaptable to a rapidly changing
Producing graduates who are
media and communication
Achievements immediately relevant to media
environment and who have the
and communication services
skills to be immediately
competent in this environment.

Programmes: the Diploma in

Media and Communication,
Works with a growing list of
Provides research, consulting, Bachelor of Arts in Media and
government development
product development and Communication, Bachelor of
agencies and community based
training in media and Arts in Journalism, and Bachelor
organisations to develop media
communication for private and of Arts in Digital Media
and communication application
public sector entities across the Production. Post-graduate: M.A.
for critical development
region. Communication Studies and
challenges.
Communication for Social and
Behaviour Change
CARIBBEAN INSTITUTE OF MEDIA AND
COMMUNICATION

CHALLENGES AND A MAJOR CHALLENGE THE BASIC FACILITIES

SUGGESTED FACED BY THE INSTITUTE FOR STUDENTS ARE
IMPROVEMENTS IS THE SIZE AND OVERSTRETCHED. THE
CONDITION OF ITS LABORATORIES AND
BUILDING. THE STUDIOS DO NOT
INSTITUTE IS PROVIDE A PHYSICAL
PROCEEDING WITH ENVIRONMENT THAT IS
EFFORTS FOR AN CONDUCIVE TO
EXPANSION OF THE EFFICIENT TEACHING
BUILDING. THE NEED FOR AND LEARNING. THE
MORE SPACE IS CRITICAL. PHYSICAL PROBLEMS
THE CURRENT BUILDING ALSO AFFECT THE STAFF.
WAS INITIALLY WITH AN
ANNUAL INTAKE OF 31
STUDENTS. THE CURRENT
INTAKE IS FOUR TIMES
THIS.
 • Background
• The CSME Unit of CARICOM is the implementation office which
assists the Member States in fulfilling the requirements of the
THE Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas.The Caribbean Free Trade Area
CARICOM (CARIFTA) served as the governing body to remove tariffs and other
barriers to intra-regional trade in Goods. In 1973, the
SINGLE CARIFTA agreement was deepened through the signing of The
Treaty of Chaguaramas in Guyana. The Treaty included provisions to
MARKET AND create a Common Market within the Caribbean region.
ECONOMY • The CSME seeks to implement provisions for the removal of trade
and professional restrictions. These provisions facilitate the right to
establishment businesses, to provide regional services, the free
movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies.
 CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY
Goods being traded in free market
Achievements
conditions.
Greater opportunities for travel, study
and work in CARICOM countries;
Larger market opportunities. thus increased employment
opportunities and improved standard
of living.
Capital is moving, increase inflow of
People of approved categories are
new capital, entrepreneurship and
moving freely.
technology.
Pan Caribbean Brands, strengthened
competitiveness, lower consumer
prices, creation of regional
Greater economies of scale.
companies, increased opportunities to
invest through direct stock ownership
or mutual fund investments
 CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY

CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTED GLOBALISATION PRESENTS HARSH THE SURVIVAL OF CARIBBEAN HINGES
IMPROVEMENTS REALITY FOR SMALL STATES. ON OUR PREPAREDNESS TO FACE OPEN
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AND TO
ADAPT TO TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS.
 THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
The Caribbean Development Bank
(CDB), established in 1969, is a
regional, multilateral development
bank headquartered in
Background Bridgetown, Barbados. The Bank's
membership consists of 28
member countries, including 19
regional borrowing member
countries.
The regional members are the nine
island states in the Organisation of
Eastern Caribbean States and the
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Colombia, Cayman Islands,
Guyana, Haiti (a member since
2007), Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad
and Tobago, Turks and Caicos
Islands, and Venezuela. The non-
regional members are Canada,
China, Germany, Italy and the
United Kingdom. However, the
Bank is interested in expanding its
non-borrowing membership and is
currently in discussion about
possible membership with at least
four additional countries.
Canada is one of the CDB's
founding members and is
classified as a non-regional, non-
borrowing member of the Bank.
Canada has always been a major
contributor to the CDB's resources
and makes its contributions
primarily through the Canadian
International Development Agency
(CIDA). Canada holds 9.56
percent of the Bank's total shares.
 Achievements

Aids in economic development and also social development by encouraging

THE CARIBBEAN investment in programs like education and poverty reduction done through loans to
undertake these projects
DEVELOPMENT
BANK Also plays major role of promoting the region to potential investors both from within
and outside, since there are many nations competing for investment dollars. They
also play the role of the middleman by helping connect potential investors with
businesses and projects that are in need of investment money.

The CDB provides expert and technical advice to the banks and member countries in
the region in helping with complex projects where nations lack expertise and also
determine feasibility of or carry out projects.
THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

The current levels of poverty are

Challenges and Suggested
Improvements
BMCs will need substantial
technical and financial assistance
in some cases for extended
periods, given the negative
economic consequences of high
debt accumulation, together with
the challenges and risks of the
fiscal consolidation process.
Beyond this remains the
challenging and very costly and
unfinished task of repositioning
BMCs in the context of trade
liberalisation and globalization
which will require high levels of
budgetary resources.
too high and the pace of poverty The current level of debt
reduction is slow in many accumulation in BMCs with the
BMCs. Hence, there is general exception of the
continuing need for strong social Overseas Territories is too high
protection systems and strategies and there is a continuing need for
for accelerating the pace of growth sensitive fiscal and debt
economic growth and poverty adjustments in most BMCs.
reduction;
The underdeveloped banking and
credit facilities has hampered
development in the region. The
bank plays a role in development
through support and advice.
CDB has access to bankers in
developed nations who can help.
THE REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

The Regional Security System (RSS) was created

out of a need for a collective response to security
threats, which were impacting on the stability of the
region in the early 1970,s and 1980’s.  In October
1982, four members of the Organisation of the
Eastern Caribbean  States, namely, Antigua &
Background
Barbuda, Dominica, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and
the Grenadines, signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) with Barbados to provide for
“mutual assistance on request”. St. Kitts and Nevis
joined after gaining independence in September
1983 and Grenada in January 1985.

The MOU was updated in 1992 and the RSS

This intervention would have been impossible
acquired juridical status in March 1996 by way of
without the mutual cooperation and understanding
the Treaty which was signed in St. Georges,
which is characteristic of the Regional Security
Grenada.The memorandum made provisions for a
System response mechanism found in the
fast-moving non-bureaucratic organization which
Memorandum of Understanding and later on in the
could react to the security needs of Member States
Treaty Establishing the RSS. The Regional Security
if requested. This was first demonstrated in October
System is a “hybrid” Organization, in that its
1983 when, together with the military forces of the
security forces comprise both military and police
United States of America and Jamaica, the RSS
personnel who remain under the command of their
deployed troops to Grenada to restore democracy
respective Heads.
after a period of political upheaval.
 REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Achievements

The security arrangement provided for cooperation in areas such as natural disasters, pollution
control, maritime policing duties, smuggling prevention, search-and-rescue operations,
immigration, customs and excise control, and fisheries protection.

Restored democratic government in Grenada

Challenges and
Increase
Suggested
Funding
Improvements REGIONAL
SECURITY
SYSTEMS
Improve the
Better tackling protection of
of the narcotics Caribbean
trade in the fisheries and
Caribbean marine
resources