Course Title:

Urban Sewage Treatment &

Vehicular Pollution Control
For Climate Change and Control
Dr.Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer, M.Tech., Ph.D. (ISM, Dhanbad),
Faculty, BIPARD, Gaya-823 001 , Bihar.
M: 9444812401
E.mail: vijayaniyergurumurthy@rediffmail.com
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
370411651_30042023_Urban_Sewage_Treatment_Vehicular_Pollution_Control
 Climate Change and Control -MODULE-50
Urban Sewage Treatment and Vehicular Pollution Control
Dr. Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer, M.Tech., Ph.D. (ISM-Dhanbad),
Faculty (Climate change),Bihar Institute of Public Administration & Rural Development(BIPARD),
Walmi Campus, Phulwari Sharif, Patna 801 505/ Gaya -823001,Bihar, M: +919444812401
Telephone: 91-612-2452585
Telefax: 91-612-2452586
e.mail: vijayaniyergurumurthy@gmail.com
Course Objectives
 Impart knowledge on aspects of sustainable environmental global atmospheric, hydrological,
lithosphere, biosphere including anthropogenic Change and Control, Concept of climate change and macro organisms,
microorganisms and nano organisms , RCRA, Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) Process and EIA.
Source- at- control Environmental friendly technology-Case study and Check.
Impart knowledge on aspects of air pollution & control / noise pollution and control, EIA
Impart concepts of treatment of waste water from industrial source and EIA.
Differentiate the solid and hazardous waste based on characterization and assessment, EIA, Carbon capture technologies .
Impart knowledge of toxic substance and controls & resource conservation and recovery ,EIA
Introduce sanitation methods essential for protection of community health, EIA
Provide basic knowledge on sustainable development, EIA, Sustainable economical growth .
Climate Change and Control -Part-I -One
Introduction:
Mass and energy transfer
Environmental chemistry
Environmental Mathematics for growth
Risk assessment
Global atmospheric changes, Ice melting , Green house gas emissions, Ozone layer depletion , Energy,
Environment and Equilibrium ,
Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms , Corona Pandemics
Air Pollution and Control-Part-II -Two :
Air pollution Control Methods–Particulate control devices –Methods of Controlling Gaseous Emissions –Air
quality standards. Noise Pollution: Noise quality standards, Measurement and control methods –Reducing
residential and industrial noise –ISO: 9000 ISO:14000, ISO 45000.
Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms ,
Field visits and Laboratory practice .
The Factories Act,1948, The Bihar Factories Rules ,1950, CPCB Standards, SPCB standards , MoEFCC
standards
Climate Change and Control Unit-Part-III- Three
Water Treatment
Waste Water Treatment
Industrial waste water Management:
Strategies for pollution control –Volume and Strength reduction –Neutralization –Equalization –Proportioning –
Common Effluent Treatment Plants –Recirculation of industrial wastes –Industrial Effluent standards.
 Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms
Field visits, Laboratory practices

Climate Change and Control -Part-IV-Four

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management:
Solid Waste Management: RCRA, solid waste characteristics –basics of on-site handling and collection –
separation and processing –Incineration-Composting-Solid waste disposal methods –fundamentals of Land
filling. Hazardous Waste: Characterization –Nuclear waste –Biomedical wastes –Electronic wastes –Chemical
wastes –Treatment and management of hazardous waste-Toxic substances and control, resource conservation
and recovery, Disposal and Control methods, relevant standards.
Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms
Field visits and Laboratory practices

 
Climate Change and Control, Part- V, Five: Urban Sewage Treatment and Vehicle Pollution :
Sustainable Environmental Sanitation , climate change and sustainable drainage :
Sustainable urban designs, eco-friendly cities and towns that cuts wastes and emissions, use of sustainable construction materials, electrified
mobility, Sustainable drainage design for rapid urban development , resilient drainage system, Software, addition of sustainable elements
to traditional drainage , for Green drainage designs, Integration of CAD, BIM (Building information models) , and GIS platforms,
Environmental Sanitation: Public toilets, Open Defecation , (Discharge waste materials from latrines, urinals ) , 6 Fs New host Sanitation
concept, Environmental Sanitation Methods for Hostels and Hotels, Hospitals, Swimming pools and public bathing places, social gatherings
(melas and fares), Schools and Institutions, Rural Sanitation-low-cost waste disposal methods, relevant standards, InfoDrainage software
Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms , Importance of Green Urbanism .
Laboratory practice, Field visits
Environmental pollution and control Part- VI, Six,
Sustainable Development:
Sustainable Development: Definition-elements of sustainable development-Indicators of sustainable development-Sustainability Strategies-
Barriers to Sustainability–Industrialization and sustainable development –Cleaner production in achieving sustainability-sustainable
development. Sustainable development laboratory, field visits
Reference Books; Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer (2018), “ Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Process for Green Materials
and Environmental Engineering Systems towards Sustainable Development – Business Excellence Achievements”, DEStech Transactions
on Environment, Energy and Earth Science and In Proceedings of 2018, 4 th International Conference on Green Materials and
Environmental Engineering (GMEE2018)(ISBN:978-1-60595-592-6,ISSN:2475-8833) held during October 28-29,2018 at Beijing, China,
The website is http://www.gmee2018.org, http://www.dpi-proceedings/ DOI 10.12 783 /dteees/gmee2018/27455.
The paper has been published in proceedings book of GMEE2018 and DEStech Transactions on Green Materials and Environmental
Engineering Engineering (ISSN:2475-8833) titled “Session 2 , Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development ” Published by
DEStech publications, Inc., www.destechpub.com , Pennsylvania, U.S.A.. IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering
Conference (APPEEC) ; 2018 Conference Paper ;DOI: 10.12783/DTEEES/GMEE2018/27455 WOSUID: WOS:000468579900025
https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/F-7375-2018 https://dpi-journals.com/index.php/dteees/article/view/27455
Reference Books;
Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy (2022). eBook Title entitled “   Environmental Health Impacts on the Agriculture
and Horticulture ” Sub topic titled ‘ Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) Process for
Prediction and Assessment of Environmental Health Impacts ’, Project number #229647, ISBN : 978-620-5-
49430-1 , Editor Alina cosciuc ,   Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Trademark of Dodo
Books Indian Ocean Limited Member of the OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group, Chisinau, Republic of
Moldova Europe ;2.Gilbert M.Masters and Wendell P.Ela (2015), Third Edition of Introduction to
Environmental Engineering and Science , Publisher Pearson India Education Services Private Limited .3.
Larry W. Canter ,Second edition Environment Impact Assessment , McGraw -Hill , Inc., 4. The Factories
Act, 1948, 5. The CPCB Standards . 
At the end of the course, the RDOs, ROs, BDOs, SIs, officer Trainees will be able to:
Apply knowledge , skill and attitude on Climate impact assessment (CIA) process, environmental impact
assessment (EIA) process , social impact assessment and sustainable urban and rural development
●Understand the fundamentals of climate changes and control measures (Climate change and macro organisms,
microorganisms and nano organisms ), solid waste, urban sewage treatment plants, vehicular pollution and
control, hazardous waste management , toxic substance management, sustainable environmental sanitation
practices, rural sanitation adopted in his town/village and its importance in keeping the environmental health of
the panchayat, village, town and, city including EHIA concepts.
● Identify the air pollutants and controlling devices and have knowledge on the National ambient
air quality standards and water pollution control standards.
●Differentiate the treatment techniques used for water treatment, sewage and industrial wastewater treatment.
● Inventing the methods of environmental sanitation and the management of community facilities
without spread of epidemics , Corona pandemics , Environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, Social
impact assessment (SIA) process, coronavirus impact assessment (CIA) process.

●Appreciate the importance of environment and sustainable development while planning a project, plan,
program, policy, , legislative action, or executing a event or an activity.
CONTROL PRESSURE BOUNDARY
CONTROL VOLUME
BOUNDARY

CONTROL PRESSURE-VOLUME BOUNDARY

MATERIALS AND Accumulation MATERIALS AND

ENERGY
ENERGY

INPUTS OUTPUTS

Reactions : decay and generation

Accumulation Rate equal to Input Rate minus Output Rate plus Reaction Rate

MATERIALS AND ENERGY BALANCE DIAGRAM

 Training
and
Development
Bloom Taxonomy
Example:
Electronic Bulb:

• Training
and
development
• Training
and learning
Process Approach for Green Urbanism; Sustainable urban design that
creates eco-friendly cities that cut waste and emissions, use sustainable
construction materials and promotes electrified mobility.
Preamble; Present Status of Patna Sewage treatment Plants (E.Coli Status/Fecal Coliform) ;
Escherichia Coli indicator ( Bacteria found in the environment, food, human & animal intestines
Causes Diarrhoea, Urinary Tract Infection, Food Poisoning due to Facultative anaerobic bacteria
Ganges Water Contamination with Sewage /Animal waste and other pathogenic organisms.
Children and elder people health impacts and immune effects .
2022;Desirable Limit : 500 MPN /100 ml;
Permissible limit = 2500 MPN/100 ml.
Discharge (Downstream BOD) point Bacterial Load: Faecal (Faeces) Coliform 2500 MPN
(most probable number) – 12 times and 60 times ;
NGT: Penalty: 3000 crores for environmental degradation;
2020-2021 22000 MPN/ml
2021-2022 Highest FC: TC ; 50000 MPN/ 100 ml to 1,60,000 MPN/100 ml.
Sewage infrastructures are poor.
STP efficiency = 44%
output 99 MLD / 1100 MLD
Untreated sewage and biomedical wastes chockage in drains,
3100 MPN/100 ml
1100 MLD, Farakka Barrage
Reverse phagocytosis is there.
Reverse phagocytosis is available in biomedical
wastes (Industrial specific wastes) .
Phagocytosis consists in recognition and
ingestion of particles larger than 0.5 μm into a
plasma membrane derived vesicle, known as
phagosome. Phagocytes can ingest microbial
pathogens, but importantly also apoptotic cells.
Dirty water of city like Banaras , Patna etc containing detergents, different types of poisonous
PESTICIDES , INSECTICIDES, Source specific (Municipal) , INDUSTRIAL SPECIFIC (industry ),
HAZARDOUS BACTERIA ELEMENTS (Generic/Agricultural /Used solvents for electronic Trichloro
Trifluoroethane Compounds / Dichloro-tetrafluoroethane compounds / ) (say 100 ppm).
Fungicides are pesticides that kill or prevent the growth of fungi and their spores. They can be used to
control fungi that damage plants, including rusts, mildews and blights. They might also be used to control
mold and mildew in other settings.
Herbicides are chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation. Herbicide application
occurs most frequently in row-crop farming, where they are applied before or during planting to maximize
crop productivity by minimizing other vegetation.
Hazardous types of bacteria causes diseases , such as cholera, diptheria, dysentery, bubonic plague,
pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), typhoid, of the human body is exposed to hazardous bacteria.
In Bihar specially Gaya Pluto having 3000 sq k m area there is clear evidences of climate change.
Xerophyte species of plants have adaptations to survive in an environment with little water .
Montreal Protocol global agreement (1987) have to be followed :
Phasing out of Stratospheric ozone layer depletion substances like refrigerants , air conditioners, fire
extinguishers, aerosols.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
When electro magnetic radiation is incident on the surface, the basic interactions
with the features take place Macroscopically and microscopically .
Ei (λ) = ER(λ) + EA (λ) + ET (λ)
Incident energy = reflected energy +absorbed energy + transmitted energy
-----------------------------------------------
α= alpha= reflectance
ξ =Xi = absorptivity
ζ =zeta= transmissivity
----------------------------------------
α + ξ + ζ =1
Micro/nano-scopically: E = Ee+Ev+Et+Er+Eia+Eir in Macro scale, micro ,
nano and close to atomic and molecular scales,Manufacting –I , II and III
E= hc/ λ, m= h/ λ.c , E=mc2
To conduct Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Process and sanitation impact assessment
(SIA) Process that is to encourage the
consideration of the environmental climate factor
in industrial, source specific and generic project
planning and decision making process and to
ultimately arrive at actions which are more
environmental climate healthily compatible .
Process Approach for Green Urbanism; Sustainable urban design that
creates eco-friendly cities that cut waste and emissions, use sustainable
construction materials and promotes electrified mobility.
LEGEND:
P1 SPM , RSPM , PM 10 , PM 2.5
P2 CARBON MONOXIDE FIGURE
P3 NITROGEN OXIDE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
P4 SULPHUR DIOIDE , P4 HYDROCARBONS,P5 PHOTOCHE. OPTIMIZATION AND
P4 : Methane, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonia , Carbon dioxide :Wastewater Gas MODELLING DIAGRAM FOR
I SYNERGISTIC (AUGMENTATIVE) EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
P1 IMPACT (EFFECTS) OF
F5
F2 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
F POISONING , SAY 100 ppm.
P2 F I P5
E 8 IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
6

F3
F4
P3/4

‘E’ FORCING FUNCTION SUNLIGHT (PHOTO ENERGY) TEMPERATURE,

HUMIDITY AND AIR MOVEMENT.
P1, P2, P3, P4 ARE PROPERTIES STATE VARIABLES.
F1, F2, F3,F3, F4,F5,F6,F7,F8, ARE FORCING FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE
OUTSIDE MASS & ENERGY FORCES/ SOURCES OR CASUAL FORCES THAT
DRIVE THE SYSTEMS.
INTERACTIONS ‘I’ WHERE FORCES AND PROPERTIES INTERACT TO MODIFY,
AMPLIFY OR CONTROL FLOWS.
CH4 + O2 CO2 + Water
VOCs + NOx + Sunlight Photochemical smog
(O3 + etc.)
Fuel (H,C,S,N,Pb, Hg, Ash) + Air (N2+O2)
Emissions (CO2, H2O, CO, NOx, SO, Pb,Hg,
Particulates ) + Ash
Ganga water pollution and decrease in water level from its Banks in Patna Due to man-made
anthropogenic change in nature (The study of human origins, societies and cultures) ;
 Crown Corrosion Public Sewer Lines
All the accumulated sulfates turn into sulfide in low-oxygen environments, and
finally form corrosive sulfuric acid through bacterial action, which causes
corrosion in the crown of the pipe.
The State of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, humidity,
wind direction, wind magnitude, natural movement of the air,
manmade movement of the air Photochemical smog, urban
sewage pollution, pollution load in atmosphere , pollution load in
water (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen
Demand, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids,
Nitrogen and Phosphorus) , Radioactive Pollution Load in the
air , water and land. Environmental Quality (EQ) is part of our
heritage , one of our core values.
Graph showing effect of NaCl solubility on
Temperature
Graph depicts Dissolved Oxygen Versus Temperature
Graph shows DO, DN, DM , DH, DCO2
on Temperature
Sanitation : Arrangements to protect public
health , especially provision of clean drinking
water, and disposal of sewage(Human excreta) ,
Public health protection , treatment and
disposal of industrial waste, and generic waste
Sustainable Sanitation :
Hygienic and arrangements to protect public health
especially provision of clean drinking water and the
disposal of sewage .
Sustainable sanitation is a sanitation system designed to
meet certain criteria and to work well over the long-
term. Sustainable sanitation systems consider the entire
"sanitation value chain", from the experience of the
user, excreta and wastewater collection methods,
transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and
reuse or disposal.
Urban open defecation (Discharge waste ) free .
 Root causes Analyses- “The Six Fs” (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH)
Feces of infected persons,
Fingers ,
Flies,
Fields ,
Fluids,
Food
New Host
The “F” Diagram depicts pathways of diseases, mortality through fecal, -oral, dermal-inhalation –ingestion mechanisms
transmission . The vertical blue lines show barriers: Toilets, Treated Ground water and surface water to community,
Safe potable water, hygiene and hand washing
Sustainable drainage design and development
for sustainable urban development .
Application Software for green drainage design.
Sanitation Impact Assessment (SIA) Process :
Environmental Sanitation Methods for Hostels and Hotels, Hospitals,
Swimming pools and public bathing places, social gatherings (melas
and fares), Schools and Institutions, Rural Sanitation-low-cost waste
disposal methods,
Public toilets, Open Defecation , (Discharge waste materials from
latrines, urinals ). Urban open defecation, Rural open defecation,
Open Defecation can pollute the environment and cause health
problems, diseases,
Child mortality, poor nutrition child, poverty , disparities of poor
and rich. Good toilet infrastructures.
Relevant pollution control standards.
A Toxic hazardous substance or Waste can be
defined as “ anything which, because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute
to , an increase in mortality ; or cause an increase in
serious irreversible , or incapacitating reversible,
illness ; or pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment when
improperly treated , stored ,transported , or disposed
of, or otherwise managed the hazardous waste and
hazardous substance.
Four characteristic Attributes ;
Ignitability: Volatile Low boiling liquids /vapours, Solvent
Corrosivity: Corrode metal containers : pH less than 2 and
more than 12.5
Reactivity: Strong acids and bases , wastes,fumes,
explosions, Vapors mixed with water.
Toxicity: Fatal ingestion , absorption, inhalation.Leach
TCLP : Toxic extraction Leaching Procedures TELP
Waste Extraction Test
Extraction Procedures toxicity tests EPTox;
Sustainable Development: Definition-elements
of sustainable development-Indicators of
sustainable development-Sustainability
Strategies-Barriers to Sustainability–
Industrialization and sustainable development –
Cleaner production in achieving sustainability
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the
presence of substances in the atmosphere that are
harmful to the heath of humans and other , living
beings or cause damage to the climate or to the
materials . There are many different types of air
pollutants , such as gases ( including Ammonia,
carbon monoxides, sulphur dioxides, nitrous oxides,
methane, carbon dioxide, and chlorofluorocarbons) ,
particulates both organic and inorganics , biological
molecules and radioactive molecules.
Air pollution can cause diseases , allergies
and even death to human beings. It can also
cause harm to other living organisms such as
animals and food crops, and may damage
natural environment (Climate change , ozone
depletion, or habitat degradation ) or built
environment (Acid rain).
Synergy and Dis-synergy Effects; Co-operation of two or more things to
produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects:
Sewer gas (Swamp gas) (Marsh gas) is a complex obnoxious and
objectionable smelling mixture of toxic and nontoxic gases produced and
collected in sewage systems from decomposition of organic , industrial ,
generic (Agricultural) and municipal wastes . Sewer gases are Hydrogen
Sulfide, Ammonia, Nitrogen(N2), Methane(CH4) , Esters, Carbon
dioxide, Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. Disposal of
petroleum products produce gasoline, and mineral spirits.
It produces odor (Permissible limits , health effect, creating fires and
explosions
Higher levels of GHG emissions from vehicles like SPM, RSPM, CO,
HC, SO2, NOx, O3, UV radiation, Humidity, Temperature, Photo energy,
Sewage gas, power plants, and other human-made sources are
contributing to warming, which will increase ozone. 
LEGEND:
P1 SPM , RSPM , PM 10 , PM 2.5
P2 CARBON MONOXIDE FIGURE
P3 NITROGEN OXIDE CLIMATE CHANGE
P4 SULPHUR DIOIDE , P4 HYDROCARBONS,P5 PHOTOCHE. SYSTEMS
I SYNERGISTIC (AUGMENTATIVE) EFFECT OPTIMIZATION AND
MODELLING
DIAGRAM FOR
P1 ASSESSMENT OF
F5
F2 ENVIRONMENTAL
F CLIMATE EFFECTS
P2 F I P5
E 8 OF
6
PHOTOCHEMICAL
F3 SMOG POISONING ,
F4 SAY 100 ppm.
P3/4

‘E’ FORCING FUNCTION SUNLIGHT (PHOTO ENERGY) TEMPERATURE,

HUMIDITY AND AIR MOVEMENT.
P1, P2, P3, P4 ARE PROPERTIES STATE VARIABLES.
F1, F2, F3,F3, F4,F5,F6,F7,F8, ARE FORCING FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE
OUTSIDE MASS & ENERGY FORCES/ SOURCES OR CASUAL FORCES THAT
DRIVE THE SYSTEMS.
INTERACTIONS ‘I’ WHERE FORCES AND PROPERTIES INTERACT TO MODIFY,
AMPLIFY OR CONTROL FLOWS.
Importance of Urban Sewage
Treatment
Lagoon; An area of salt water separated from the sea by a sand bank or coral reef.
Importance of Urban Sewage Treatment
Urban Sewage Treatment
Sewage treatment plants-
Jenbacher Gas Engines
Need for Good STPs: Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) of Urban Sewage
Pollution and Requirement for Good Treatment Plants
Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) is proposed for projects in order to measure,
monitor, and control psychological impacts(effects) on nearby residents and plant workers.
There are about 400 STPs that are under operation and maintenance . Groundwater
eutrophication contamination and pollution change the mental health of the nearby residents
of sensible, commercial, domestic, and industrial areas.
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from
the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life. Oxides of Nitrogen ;
Nitrogen dioxide (96%) , Nitric Acids Environmental Impact Assessment of Terrestrial plants.
A copiotroph organism found in environments rich in
Carbonaceous nutrient environment . They are the opposite to
oligotrophs, which survive in much lower carbon concentrations. 
Copiotroph organisms grow in Sewage Lagoons.
Eutrophication is a problem in the estuaries. Harmful algal blooms, dead zones,
and fish kills are the results of a process called eutrophication — which occurs
when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increasing the amount of
plant and algae growth to estuaries and coastal waters.
Mesotrophic Lakes
Nutrients and productivity is
moderate
Some aquatic plants
Water clarity is cloudy
Arsenic removal by saw dust
To conduct environmental impact assessment
that can be defined as the systematic
identification and evaluation of the potential
environmental health impacts or effects of
proposed projects, plans , programs, policies or
legislative actions relative to the physical,
chemical , biological , physical-chemical,
cultural and socioeconomic components of the
total environment.
Synergy and Dis-synergy Effects; Co-operation of two or more things to
produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects:
Sewer gas (Swamp gas) (Marsh gas) is a complex obnoxious and
objectionable smelling mixture of toxic and nontoxic gases produced and
collected in sewage systems from decomposition of organic , industrial ,
generic (Agricultural) and municipal wastes . Sewer gases are Hydrogen
Sulfide, Ammonia, Nitrogen(N2), Methane(CH4) , Esters, Carbon
dioxide, Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. Disposal of
petroleum products produce gasoline, and mineral spirits.
It produces odor (Permissible limits , health effect, creating fires and
explosions
Higher levels of GHG emissions from vehicles like SPM, RSPM, CO,
HC, SO2, NOx, O3, UV radiation, Humidity, Temperature, Photo energy,
Sewage gas, power plants, and other human-made sources are
contributing to warming, which will increase ozone. 
 Environmental Pollution (Urban Sewage) Prevention Safe Methods

The pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source in an environmentally safe manner
whenever feasible ;

The Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced should be recycled in an environmentally safe
manner whenever feasible;

Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced or recycled or composted should be treated in an

environmentally safe manner whenever feasible (Urban Sewage Treatment ) ; and

Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced or recycled or treated should be disposed or

released into the environment in an environmentally safe manner and should be employed as a
last resort.
Wastewater Gas:
Oil and gas refining
Biochemical agents
Mining
Tanning
Textiles
Pulp and paper processing
Rayon manufacturing
Chromite ore
Thermal power plants
Sewer & Sewer Access Points Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Underground Vaults Swamps/ Wetlands Activated Sludge Reactors
Sewage Digesters Manure Pits Leather Tanning Trenches/ Excavations
Near Sewer Lines Landfills Wet & Dry Wells Septic Tanks & Systems
Anaerobic Conditions Methane Fermentation Reaction Lift Stations
Certain Soils Petroleum & Natural Gas
The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to
keep the rise in mean global temperature to well below
2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels, and preferably
limit the increase to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), recognizing that this
would substantially reduce the effects of climate change.
Emissions should be reduced as soon as possible and reach
net-zero by the middle of the 21st century. To stay below
1.5 °C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by
roughly 50% by 2030. It is important contribution for all of
us.
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Microbiology of Sewage
Treatment Plants
Septic tank an underground Tank in which sewage decomposes before
draining into leaching soil field .
Imhoff Tank for sustainable
sanitation
 Liquid Manure –Slurry Stock
Compost –Decayed Organic Material used as a fertilizer
Sludge Drying Beds
 The Environmental (Protection) Act,1986
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act ,1974
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act ,1981.

Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling ) Rules , 1989

Endemic health problems ;
Primary Sewage Treatment
Process
As the objectives of the present study is to understand
conceptualize how to stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations (Sewage gas) “ at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced)
interference with the climate system.“
To study various “Emissions resulting from human
activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases.”
To study sewage gas /biogas how to prevent
dangerous man-made interference with the global
climate system.
Methane and CO2 in Atmosphere
Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Nitrogen Removal Process
Combined Nitrification –Denitrification System
Moving bed biofilm reactor:
The biomass loss is the complex bacterial community of suspended sludge systems. Moving bed biofilm
reactor (MBBR) is a wastewater treatment technology that enhances the biological treatment of
microorganisms by adding a suspension carrier to the reactor.
pH=
 A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a air, water or land /soil or solution
or fire that is a number on a scale on which a value of 7 represents
neutrality and lower numbers indicate increasing acidity and higher
numbers increasing alkalinity and on which each unit of change represents
a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity and that is the negative logarithm
of the effective hydrogen-ion concentration or hydrogen-ion activity in
gram equivalents per litre of the solution.
The Effect pH on Millivolt Output and Temp.
The effect of pH on Temperature
and Micro-organisms on Salinity
Sewage Treatment Plant- Biological Nutrient Removal of
Phosphorus
Tertiary Clarification
Sewage treatment plants-
Jenbacher Gas Engines
• Trickling Filter - Biological Process for wastewater treatment
Rotating Biological Contactor –Biological Process for wastewater treatment
• Rotating Biological Contactor –Biological Process for wastewater treatment
Sequential Batch Reactor operating for each tank
for one cycle
Down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor
Activated carbon adsorption (ACA)/Granulated activated
carbon(GAC)/powdered activated carbon (PAC) for the
removal of industrial toxic organics include: benzenes,
chlorinated ethane, ethers, phenols, Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, soluble organics
Volatile organic compounds like (TCE) , trichloro
ethylene , tetrachloro ethylene , trichloro ethane,
benzene, toluene, duly mitigated gas phase air
stripping granulated activated carbon (GAC) by
adsorption (attract and hold on a surface of gas or
liquid.
GAC surface area is enormous on the order of 1000
m2/ gram porous matrix. A single handful of GAC
has an internal surface area of about 1 acre.
Acute oral LD50 2500 mg/kg
Milligram of chemical per Kg of body weight .
Acute dermal LD50 4300 mg/kg
Acute inhalation LD50 10000 mg/kg
Hazard to human and animal health or environment because of it
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruptivity, acute toxicity,
chronic toxicity, bio-accumulation or persistence properties .
The measurement of LD50 is used to determine toxicity that is the dose
required to kill half of the test animals .
 Cyanide poisoning results from exposure to industrial fumes,
smoke, drugs, nitrogen compounds and cyto toxic substances
(Sodium Cyanide NaCN, HCN, KCN: Poison number 5.2; MAC:
0.2 mg/l , Treatment Sources: Oxidation monitoring for cyanide
wastewater treatment plant by using oxidation-reduction method;
 Cr(VI) Pollution in Odissa in Sukinda Chromite Mines
Wastewater treatment plant by using oxidation-reduction method
and phytoremediation technology
Water Treatment Plant
(Surface Water)
Water Treatment Plant
Disinfection : Using disinfectants/chemical liquid that destroys bacteria
Disinfectants: Chlorine, Ozone, Chlorine dioxide, Ultraviolet radiation
Industrial Wastewater
Treatment
Need for Good STPs: Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) of Urban Sewage
Pollution and Requirement for Good Treatment Plants
Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) is proposed for projects in order to measure,
monitor, and control psychological impacts(effects) on nearby residents and plant workers.
There are about 400 STPs that are under operation and maintenance . Groundwater
eutrophication contamination and pollution change the mental health of the nearby residents
of sensible, commercial, domestic, and industrial areas.
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from
the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life. Oxides of Nitrogen ;
Nitrogen dioxide (96%) , Nitric Acids Environmental Impact Assessment of Terrestrial plants.
Hazardous Waste Treatment
Schematic drawing:- Causes and effects of air pollution: (1) Greenhouse
effect, 2) Particulate Contamination, 3) Increased UV Radiation, (4) Acid
rain, 5) Increased ground level ozone concentration , (6) Increased levels
of nitrogen oxides
Landfill: The Disposal of Waste By Burying It.
Hazardous Waste Landfill (High Tech.)
Secure Landfill:
A Toxic hazardous substance or Waste can be
defined as “ anything which, because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute
to , an increase in mortality ; or cause an increase in
serious irreversible , or incapacitating reversible,
illness ; or pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment when
improperly treated , stored ,transported , or disposed
of, or otherwise managed the hazardous waste and
hazardous substance.
Four characteristic Attributes ;
Ignitability: Volatile Low boiling liquids /vapours, Solvent
Corrosivity: Corrode metal containers : pH less than 2 and
more than 12.5
Reactivity: Strong acids and bases , wastes,fumes,
explosions, Vapors mixed with water.
Toxicity: Fatal ingestion , absorption, inhalation.Leach
TCLP : Toxic extraction Leaching Procedures TELP
Waste Extraction Test
Extraction Procedures toxicity tests EPTox;
The Current COVID-19 SITUATION As on Date :
Comparison of Environmental Climate Quality (ECQ)

India : Confirmed Death: 5,28,429

Japan: Confirmed Death: 25,792

Hazardous Waste Landfill
Industrial specific landfills Mono Landfill; Non-Hazardous
Highlights : Urban Sewage Treatment Management:
Source reduction,
Reducing toxicity,
less packaging
Biogas / Water / Mulch product reuse,
more durable products,
onsite mulching and composting
RECYCLING:
Collecting,
Processing
Using recycled materials in products
Composting
DISPOSAL
Combustion with energy recovery
Landfill and Incineration without energy recovery
Exponentially growing population and thereby the growing
pollution.
A conceptual model of the quantitative factors that influence
environmental impact :
The Description of Impact of Human /Anthropogenic (Man-
Made) Activity on the Environment:
I= Population, Affluence and Technology (IPAT)
GHG Emissions = I= P X A X T
P= Population,
A=Affluence= Consumption Per Person ,
T=Technology = Impact per unit of consumption
It is emphasized that increasing demand of population and
pollution, the sustainable economic growth is necessary, essential
and becoming important globally to minimize climate impacts.
 Importance of Safety :
52 nd National Safety Week(March First week);
2003 theme is entitled “Our Aim is Zero Harm”.
March 2023 :
Title; ‘Learn from Disaster and Prepare for a Safe Future’
The purpose of generating awareness
and commitment to working safely for Total Safety Control (TSC).
To create awareness of all the guidelines of safety measures, including road safety ,
workplace safety , the safety of health, occupational safety and health , automobile
safety, agricultural safety, municipal safety, industrial safety as well as of the
environment . The commitment of employees and general public to work safely
through out the year. The week shine the light on safety protocols and measures that
need to be adhered in order to avoid any type of workplace accidents and hazards .
 Air Pollution & Control Definition:
The presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or
poisonous effects:
“Petrol (Gasoline) , Diesel exhaust, Natural Gas and other forms of air pollution“.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to health of humans, and other living beings , or cause
damage to the climate or to materials.
Vehicle exhausts make a major contribution to air pollution and have important
health effects. 
Day-to-day fluctuations in pollutant levels appear to produce short-term variations in
deaths, respiratory symptoms, COVID-19, and episodes of cardiovascular disease.
Globally, air pollution contributed to 11.65 % of deaths in the latest year.
Passenger cars are a major polluter, accounting for 61% of total CO2 emissions.
APC: Catalytic Convertors for Control of Diesel exhaust emissions manufacturers of
Original equipment manufactures (OEE)
FAME: Faster adoption and manufacturing of electric vehicles.
Air pollution Control Methods–Particulate control devices –Catalytic Convertor, Methods of Controlling
Gaseous Emissions –Air quality standards. Noise Pollution: Noise quality standards, Measurement and
control methods –Reducing residential and industrial noise –ISO: 9000 ISO:14000, ISO 45000.
Climate change and macro organisms, microorganisms and nano organisms ,
Dust, aerosols, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide are the main
pollutants released from foundry stacks. Efficient APC Catalytic
Convertors are the solution for vehicular pollution.
 List of industries involving Hazardous Process-Case studies and checks
1. Chromium Leather tanning industries ,
2. Cotton ginning factories
3. Chemical industries, chromates , dichromate, industrial gases. Nitrogenous
cyanides, lead, acids, alkali, halogen, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-manmade
4. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and pesticide industries, pesticides :
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane , POPs,
5. Cotton Textile process
6. Ferrous metallurgical industries
7. Integrated iron and steel
8. Ferro alloys
9. Special steels
10. Non-ferrous metallurgical industries, zinc, lead, copper, manganese, aluminum.
11. Foundries (forgings, castings, sand and shot blasting)
12. Coal industries
 List of industries involving Hazardous Process
16. Electroplating industries , coating with thin layer of silver, gold, by electrolysis
17.Rubber industries
18.Paints , pigments industries-colouring matter.
19.Manmade fibre industries , cellulosic and non-cellulosics.
20. Benzene manufacturing plants
21. Cleaning Solvent manufacturing industries, Trichloro triflora ethylene
22. Dyes, dye stuff , commercial dyes, azo dyes,
23. Manufacturing industries of asbestos, silicon products, cotton products,
24. Power generating industries,
25.Pulp and paper industries
26.Fertilizer industries, Nitrogenous, Phosphate , Mixed
27. Cement industries, Portland cement, slag cement, puzzolana
28. Petroleum industries, oil refining, lubricating oil, including crude oil or any fractions
29.Petrochemical industries,
30.Drugs and pharmaceutical industries , narcotics,
31. Fermentation industries , distilleries, breweries,
 List of industries involving Hazardous Process
16. Electroplating industries , coating with thin layer of silver, gold, by electrolysis
17.Rubber industries
18.Paints , pigments industries-colouring matter.
19.Manmade fibre industries , cellulosic and non-cellulosics.
20. Benzene manufacturing plants
21. Cleaning Solvent manufacturing industries, Trichloro triflora ethylene
22. Dyes, dye stuff , commercial dyes, azo dyes,
23. Manufacturing industries of asbestos, silicon products, cotton products,
24. Power generating industries\
25.Pulp and paper industries
26.Fertilizer industries, Nitrogenous, Phosphate , Mixed
27. Cement industries, Portland cement, slag cement, puzzolana
28. Petroleum industries, oil refining, lubricating oil, including crude oil or any fractions
29.Petrochemical industries,
30.Drugs and pharmaceutical industries , narcotics,
31. Fermentation industries , distilleries, breweries,
Air Pollution and Control (APC):
APC is the process of limiting and ideally eradicating atmospheric emissions that can
prove harmful to human and the environment .
Air in the atmosphere is deemed to be polluted if it contains substances in sufficient
quantities to cause harm to the human body , property on the environment.
These pollutants may come from fossil fuels or from natural sources like forest fires.
The key goal of air pollution control is to protect the quality of outdoor air.
In order to achieve this , there is a concentrated focus on controlling the following
pollutants:
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Ozone
Lead
In order to control these pollutants , specific emission control regulations have been
enacted for each of them.
Regulations have been enacted to control the following recognized greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide
Chlorofluorocarbons
Methane
Nitrous oxides
In the heat engine model with two thermal reservoirs (hot and cold reservoirs), the limit of
the efficiency of any heat engine       , where        and        are work done by the heat
engine and heat transferred from the hot thermal reservoir to the engine, respectively, can
be derived by the first law of thermodynamics , (i.e., the law of conservation of energy)
and the Clausius theorem or inequality. W=Q
Net heat transferred = Work Performed
Global average temperatures have increased by
more than 1.1 ℃ since pre-industrial times.
Annual global greenhouse gas emissions exceeded 50
gigatons 
 Different Air Pollutants
All Diesel Engines
Formation of Photochemical Smog and
Causes, effects and solutions to Motor Vehicular Pollution ;
The introduction of harmful materials into the environmental by motor vehicles ;
Variety of negative effects on public health and the natural environment, traffic
congestions, technical problems, IC engine –combustion process,
Global warming , poor air quality ,reduced visibility, health issues and
complications, acid rains,
Solutions are discarding old vehicles, zero emission vehicles, pollution control
technologies, awareness on pollution,
 The Great London Smog ,3-9,December 1952
Los Angeles Smog, 1943, Donara smog 1948, Delhi Smog , 8, November 2017
Emission control system in automobiles
to limit the discharge of noxious gases from
the internal-combustion engine and other
components. There are three main sources
of gases: the engine exhaust, the crankcase,
and the fuel tank and carburetor.
 The Motor Vehicles Act ,1988 (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways) Regulates all cases all
cases to Motor Accidents all over India . Motor Appellate Claim Tribunals to handle motor
claim cases. The Act covers all aspects of road transport vehicles , such as registration , claims ,
compensation in case of accidents.
Central Motor Vehicles Rules , 1989 for efficient quality , road transports and safety
Road Transports should be sustainable , quality, safe, reliable efficient, cost effective , innovate ,
environmental friendly , modern and appropriate technologies . (CRR).
Registration of motor vehicles, licensing of drivers motor vehicles ,insurances, control of motor
vehicles, road accident compensation, construction, operation, repairs, quality,
safety ,maintenance management and testing, No objection certificate, traffic control , offences,
penalties, for environmental pollution controls as total number of vehicles increasing 75
millions .Sustainable road infrastructure facilities .
Due to road accidents , About 4,50,000 accidents take place in India annually of which
1,50,000 people die and highest in number of causalities in road accidents. There are 53
road accidents in the country every hour and one death every four minutes. So proper
sustainable transportation policy and economics , transportation planning, traffic
management, maintenance management, materials management, human resource
management, and management information systems are important to avert road accidents
in India .
Need for Control of Automobile Air
Pollution:
Catalytic convertor converts by the redox
process the nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxides, and hydrocarbons, the
environmental air quality (especially in large
cities) becomes less harmful to the human
being.
 Vehicular Air Pollution Prevention Safe
Methods
The pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source in an
environmentally safe manner whenever feasible ;

The Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced should be recycled in an

environmentally safe manner whenever feasible;

Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced or recycled or composted should

be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible ; and

Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced or recycled or treated should be

disposed or released into the environment in an environmentally safe manner
and should be employed as a last resort.
Environmental Pollution Control Device
Catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an
internal combustion engine (used in most modern day automobiles and
vehicles). Not enough oxygen is available to oxidize the carbon fuel in these
engines completely into carbon dioxide and water; thus toxic by-products
are produced. Catalytic converters are used in exhaust systems to provide a
site for the oxidation and reduction of toxic by-products (like nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons) of fuel into less hazardous
substances such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen gas.
CO + O2-------CO2
NOx into Nx and Ox
CxH4x + 2x O2------- x CO2 + 2 x H2O
 The Environmental (Protection) Act,1986
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act ,1974
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act ,1981.

Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling ) Rules , 1989

Endemic health problems ;
A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device in IC engines , which is a
small muffler connected to the exhaust system and catalyzing redox reaction (oxidation
and reduction reactions ) reducing toxic gases and pollutants . Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR), Diesel oxidation catalyst, Platinum /Palladium/ rhodium (Rh)
Catalysts are  missions control technology system that reduces tail pipe emissions of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) down to near-zero levels in newer generation diesel-powered
vehicles and equipment. Three way catalytic convertors, (TWCC), Four way FWCC,
Diesel oxidation catalyst, Lean NOx Trap (LNT) , (NOx reduction to about 75% ) ,
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) are catalytic converters designed specifically for
diesel engines and equipment to reduce Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC)
and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. DOC's are simple, inexpensive, maintenance-
free and suitable for all types and applications of diesel engines.
• A two-way (or “oxidation”) catalytic converter
has two simultaneous tasks in Diesel engines :
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2.
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO +
O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially burnt
fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]
O2 → xCO2 + (x+1) H2O (a combustion reaction)
A three-way catalytic converter has three
simultaneous tasks in Gasoline Engines:
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and
oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to
carbon dioxide and water: CxH2x+2 +
[(3x+1)/2]O2 → xCO2 + (x+1)H2O.
Bharat Stage 6

Passenger vehicles,
Cars do have two way catalytic converters in diesel and three way catalytic converter in
gasoline engines.
Two way=Only there will be an oxidation(adding oxygen) chemical reaction inside
the CAT
Three way = Both oxidation(adding oxygen) and reduction (oxygen removal) reaction
happens inside the CAT
Light commercial vehicles
Bharat Stage 4 Diesel engine selective catalytic conversion and reduction , gasoline
particulate filers and NOx storage catalysts.
Heavy commercial vehicles
Off Highway vehicles
Bharat Stage 6 is EURO 6 or EU 7 emission norms
A two way catalytic converter focuses on converting carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to water. The function of
a 3 way catalytic converter goes one step further by also converting nitrogen
oxide to nitrogen.
What is the purpose of environmental protection
Act 1986?
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
authorizes the central government to protect and
improve environmental quality, control and reduce
pollution from all sources, and prohibit or restrict
the setting and /or operation of any source
specific , industrial and generic facility on
environmental and sustainability grounds.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act,
1981
The Air Act was passed by the Parliament of India
to prevent and control the harmful effects of air
pollution in India .
To conduct Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Process that is to
encourage the consideration of the
environmental climate factor in industrial,
source specific and generic project planning
and decision making process and to
ultimately arrive at actions which are more
environmental climate healthily compatible .
Various components of sustainable environmental climate impact assessment

1.Prediction and assessment of impacts on the air

environment
2. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the surface
water environment
3. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the soil and
ground water environments
4. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the noise
environment
5. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the biological
environment
6. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the cultural
environment
7. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the
architectural environment
8. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the historical
environment
9. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the
archaeological environment
10.Prediction and assessment of visual impacts
11. Prediction and assessment of impacts on the socio
economic environment
The Current COVID-19 SITUATION As on Date :
Comparison of Environmental Climate Quality (ECQ)

India : Confirmed Death: 5,28,429

Japan: Confirmed Death: 25,792

A Toxic hazardous substance or Waste can be
defined as “ anything which, because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute
to , an increase in mortality ; or cause an increase in
serious irreversible , or incapacitating reversible,
illness ; or pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment when
improperly treated , stored ,transported , or disposed
of, or otherwise managed the hazardous waste and
hazardous substance.
Working of Internal Combustion Engines
Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as:

Boyle's Law expresses when

the temperature is held
constant, the volume of the gas
is inversely proportional to the
pressure it contains. Pressure is inversely
proportional to the
volume
Charles' Law explains when the pressure remains
constant, the volume of a particular gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature. 
The Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac’s Law) gives the
relationship between the pressure and temperature
of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of
all gases, at the same temperature and
pressure , have the same number of molecules.
Automobile Engine Component
 Vehicular Exhaust-CPCB Standards
g/km ( pollutants generated in grams per kilometre )
Euro Norms are followed under the name of Bharath Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles ,Bharat
Stage-1 , BS2,BS 3, BS4 Emission standards /Euro 1 , Euro 2

Norms CO( g/km) HC+ NOx(g/km)

1991 Norms 14.3-27.1 2.0(Only HC)

1996 Norms 8.68-12.40 3.00-4.36

1998 Norms 4.34-6.20 1.50-2.18

India stage 2000 norms 2.72 0.97

Bharat stage-II 2.2 0.5

Bharat Stage-III 2.3 0.35(combined)

Bharat Stage-IV 1.0 0.18(combined)

Euro ; Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles

Standard Date CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) HC (g/km) PM (g/km) NMHC (g/km)

Euro I 1999 13.0 0.3 3.0
Euro II 2003 5.5 0.3 1.0
Euro III 2006 2.0 0.15 0.3
Euro IV 2016 1.14 0.09 0.17
Euro V 2020 1.00 0.06 0.10 0.0045 0.068
Automobile Fuel Quality , CPCB
Norms

DIESEL SPECIFICATION YEAR

1996 2000 2005 2010
Cetane No, Min 45 48 48 51
sulphur % W/w, Max 0.50 0.250.25( 0.05 0.035
metro)
Distillation T95 - 370 370 360
Polyaromatic - - - 11
 Road traffic safety refers to the
methods and measures used to
prevent road users from being killed
or seriously injuries .
 Sustainable Road Safety Management
Due to road accidents , About 4,50,000 accidents take
place in India annually of which 1,50,000 people die
and highest in number of causalities in road
accidents. There are 53 road accidents in the country
every hour and one death every four minutes. So
proper sustainable transportation policy and
economics , transportation planning, traffic
management, maintenance management, materials
management, human resource management, and
management information systems are important to
avert road accidents in India
The Factories Act is a social legislation
that has been enacted for occupational
safety, health, and welfare of workers at
work place. The State of Bihar has
formulated its rules as envisaged under
the Act and they are known as The
Bihar Factories Rules, 1950.
 BOCW Act
The Building and Other Construction Workers
(BOCW) Act, 1996 was enacted by the Parliament
of India to regulate the employment and working
conditions of building and other construction
worker directly or indirectly in factory building
or construction sheds.
Examination, Checking and
Certification of Safety belts As per the
Factories Act , 1948,
The Tamil Nadu Factories Rules, 1950,
Rule 61 - A,
Safety Belts
Role of "Motor Vehicle Inspector".
1) Inspects truck accessories, air lines and electric circuits,
and reports needed repairs.
2) Examines vehicles for damage, and drives
 vehicle to detect malfunctions.
3. Testing of vehicle components for wear and tear and
damages, improper adjustments , mechanical and
electrical devises ,
4. Preparing and keeping records of vehicles ’ delivery
5. Applies inspection stickers to vehicles that pass for
inspection and rejection stickers to vehicles that fails,  
6.Prepares reports on each vehicle for follow up action by
owner and police.
7.Positions trailer and drive car on to truck trailers
8. Notifies authorities of owners having illegal equipment
installed on vehicles
Section 28. Hoists and lifts.
Section 29.
Lifting machines, chains,
ropes and lifting tackles.
 CSIR , Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) –Research and
Development on Design and construction and maintenance of roads,
runways, traffic and transportation planning , utilization of industrial
waste in road construction, road traffic safety, land slide control,
rehabilitation of highways, railway bridges, environmental impact
assessments, improvement for environmental pollution and controls.
The Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT) , Ministry of Shipping
&Transport and Association of State Road Transport Undertakings,
Research and Development Work on improving the efficiency and
productivity of the transport sector , providing technical training,
automobile component testing services .
Health Measures and Safety Provisions in Factories Act, 1948
Health is an important part of everyone’s life. Being healthy does not
only mean being ‘disease free’. It includes physical, social, and
mental health too. Maintaining sound health is undoubtedly a
concern for everyone but it is more necessary for those who are
constantly under threat of health hazards. These are the factory
workers. They are constantly under the danger of health risks. Hence,
it becomes necessary to concentrate on the health of the workers in
the factories as well as people in society. In order to standardize the
health measures and safety provisions, the Factories Act, 1948 lays
down certain ‘health measures’.
Vehicle emission standards for pollution from the use in
European Union :
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) , Total Hydrocarbons
(THCs), Non Methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) , Carbon
oxides, and Particulate matter (PM) are regulated fro
most vehicular types including cars, trucks, (lorries) ,
locomotives, tailors, and lifts, cranes , lifting machines,
tackles hoists, and similar machineries .
European Emission Standards for heavy duty diesel
engines , g/kWh
Tower cranes Safety and Health : 6 T
Capacity Load Testing
The Motor Vehicles Act 1988 : An Act of the Parliament of
India which regulates all aspects of road transport vehicles.
The Act provides in detail the legislative provisions regarding
licensing of drivers/conductors, registration of motor vehicles,
control of motor vehicles through permits, special provisions
relating to state transport undertakings, traffic regulation,
insurance, liability, offences and penalties.

Framing of standards around vehicle components and road

safety, as well as measures for pollution control
Insurance ;
An arrangement by which payments are made to a company , who in turn
pay compensation in the event of loss, damages, death , etc. or money paid
by or to an insurance company as a safeguard

The Motor Vehicles Act mandates that every vehicle owner in India must have a valid
insurance policy for their vehicle. This insurance provides protection against damages to
the vehicle as well as third-party liability. In case of any damage, a claim can be made with
insurance provider to get timely and adequate compensation.
Checklists:
1. Power Point Presentation - PPTs
2. Training Course e. Learning Material
(Hindi and English )-19 Pages; Relevant Standards ;
3. One Publication –Including Case Studies and Check on An
Environmental Tragedy.
4. CPCB , Bihar Govt. , EPA, Environmental Standards , Rules and Laws and Motor Vehicle Acts .

5. Question Bank for Testing the Level of

Knowledge and Skills of Participants:
6. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
7. Importance for automobile engineers in Environmental Climate Change and Control: Do’s and Don’ts
8. Important Waste Disposal; Do’s and Don’ts
9. Audio and Video on Climate Change and Control
study.com › learn › environmental-ethics-videosEnvironmental Ethics Videos | Study.com
Environmental Ethics and Human Values
10.Suggested Further Reading Books and Journal Literatures, e. publications
Reference Book:
1.Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering
Treatment and Reuse (4th edition) (2004)
2.CPCB Pollution Control Standards
References:
Reference Books and Text Books
Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy,et al. “Design and Development of an Eco-friendly Automatic gear Box for Automobile
Applications”,
Reference Book and Text Book on Mathematics and Computers in Science and Engineering (ISBN:978-960-474-
073-4,ISSN: 1790-2769). In Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference on Management, Marketing and
Finances, Advances in Marketing, Management & Finances, Houston, USA, April 30-May 2, 2009, pp. 62-70.
Automobile Engineering Vol-1;Kripal Singh
Automobile Engineering by Kirpal Singh-Volume 2
Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy (2021). eBook Title entitled “   Iyer, Vijayan Gurumurthy (2021)
“Tower Cranes and Hoists For Sustainable Mechanical Development” , Subtitled ‘Strategic
Environmental Assessment Process For Sustainable Tower Cranes Cum Hoists Towards Safety Management ‘
(ISBN-13: 978-620-4-20320-1, ISBN-10: 6204203207,EAN: 9786204203201),
Editor Parascovia Petrachi,   Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Trademark of Dodo Books
Indian Ocean Limited Member of the OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
Europe.   Price: 35.81 €. Published on 30.09.2021 , PP. 76.
References : IEEE Publications
IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC) , 2018
Conference Paper ;
Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer (2018),
“ Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Process for Green Materials and
Environmental Engineering Systems towards Sustainable Development – Business
Excellence Achievements”, DEStech Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth
Science and In Proceedings of 2018, 4 th International Conference on Green
Materials and Environmental Engineering (GMEE2018)(ISBN:978-1-60595-592-
6,ISSN:2475-8833) held during October 28-29,2018 at Beijing, China, The website is
http://www.gmee2018.org, http://www.dpi-proceedings/ DOI 10.12 783
/dteees/gmee2018/27455. The paper has been published in proceedings book of
GMEE2018 and DEStech Transactions on Green Materials and Environmental
Engineering (ISSN:2475-8833) titled “Session 2 , Environmental Protection and
Sustainable Development ” Published by DEStech publications, Inc.,
www.destechpub.com , Pennsylvania, U.S.A..
DOI: 10.12783/DTEEES/GMEE2018/27455
WOSUID: WOS:000468579900025
https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/F-7375-2018
Reference :
Iyer, Vijayan Gurumurthy.
“Improved Technologies for Optimum Utilization of Energy Resources and
Proper Mixing of Various Power Plants”, Volume-I of the Proceedings of the
International Conference on Electric Supply Industry in Transition: Issues
and Prospects for Asia, CD-ROM, January 14-16, 2004, Pathumthani in
Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology, and Sidney University of
Technology and IEEE, pp. 4.7 -4.27.
Thankyou