Angle Modulation

Hệ thống viễn thông

(Communication Systems)
Do Duy Tan, Ph.D.
tandd@hcmute.edu.vn
 Outline
• Điều chế pha và tần số (4.1 [1])
(Phase and Frequency Modulation)
• Giải điều chế (4.2 [1])
(Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals)
• Vòng khóa pha PLL (4.3 [1])
(The Phase-Locked Loop)

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 2

 Phase and Frequency Modulation Definition
• Angle modulation is the process by which the angle (frequency or
Phase) of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of modulating or message signal.

• also known as “Exponential modulation“

• Classified into two types:

• Frequency modulation (FM)
• Phase modulation (PM)

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 3

 Applications of Angle Modulation (FM/PM)
• Commercial radio broadcasting
• Television sound transmission
• Two way mobile radio
• Cellular radio
• Microwave and satellite communication system

Advantages over AM:

• Freedom from interference: all natural and external noise consist of amplitude variations,
thus receiver usually cannot distinguish between amplitude of noise or desired signal. AM is
noisy than FM.
• Operate in very high frequency band (VHF): 88M-108MHz
• Can transmit musical programs with higher degree of fidelity.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 4

 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
• A process where the frequency of the carrier wave varies
with the magnitude variations of the modulating or audio
signal.

• The amplitude of the carrier wave is kept constant.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 5

 PHASE MODULATION (PM) PRINCIPLES
• The process by which changing the phase of carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous of message signal. The
amplitude and frequency remains constant after the
modulation process.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 6

 Mathematical analysis: FM
• Let message signal:

• And carrier signal:

where the instantaneous phase is

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 7

 Mathematical analysis: PM
• The phase (PM) modulator output

• : deviation constant (radians per unit of m(t))

• : peak phase deviation

• The frequency (FM) modulator output

• : frequency-deviation constant (Hz per unit of m(t))

• : peak frequency deviation
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 8
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 9
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 10
 Narrowband Angle Modulation
• An angle-modulated carrier in exponential form

• Applying power series yields

• If the peak phase deviation is small, we approximate

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 11

 FM/PM Modulator

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 12

 Spectrum of an Angle-Modulated Signal
• For a sinusoidal message signal, we assume

• : modulation index (: max freq of the message m(t))

∆ 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 |𝑚(𝑡)|)

• The modulated carrier is

•= :Ac.J0(beta)*cos(2pi*fct)
the Bessel function + Ac.J1(.)*cos(2pi*(fc+fm)t) + Ac*J_-1 (.)*cos(2pi*(fc-fm)t) + …
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 13
 : the Bessel function

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 14

 n=0
-4<n<= +4

n=0
carrier
freq

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 15

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 16
 Power in an Angle-Modulated Signal
• The time-average Power value

• If the carrier freq is large,

• The power contained in the modulator output is independent of the

message signal m(t)
• constant tx power, independent of the m(t) is one important difference btw
angle mod (FM/PM) and linear modulation (AM)
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 17
 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals
• The power ratio Pw in the carrier (n=0) and 2k components

Total Pw in x_c(t)

• BW is often determined by defining an acceptable pw ratio

• The deviation ratio

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 18

 Example 1
(a) An FM modulator with
Deviation sensitivity, =5kHz/V
Modulating signal m(t)=2cos(2π2000t)

Determine
(i) The peak frequency deviation(Δf) : Ans:10kHz.
(ii) The modulation index () : 5 (unitless)

Hint: ∆ 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 |𝑚 ( 𝑡 )|) =5000 𝑥 2=10 𝑘𝐻𝑧

f
𝛽f  f
m
m

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 19

 Example 2
(a) A PM modulator with
Deviation sensitivity, =2.5rad/V
Modulating signal m(t)=2cos(2π2000t)

Determine
(i) The peak phase deviation(m) : Ans: 5 rad

Hint: Peak phase shift for modulated wave is the modulation index itself.

=5 rad

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 20

Phase and frequency modulation of a sine-wave carrier by a sine-wave signal: (a)
unmodulated carrier; (b) modulating signal; (c) frequency-modulated wave; (d) phase-
modulated wave

21
 Example 3
(a) An FM modulator with
m=1
Modulating signal m(t)=Vmsin(2π1000t)
Unmodulated carrier xc(t)=10sin(2π500kt)
Determine
(i) Number of sets of significant side frequencies
(Ans: 1 carrier + 3 sets sides freq.)
(ii) Their amplitudes
(iii) Draw the frequency spectrum

Hint: (i), (ii), (iii) use table of Bessel functions of the First Kind, Jnm
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 22
• Solution

(ii) Their amplitude

J0=0.77(10) ; Carrier
J1=0.44(10), ; 1st sideband pairs
J2=0.11(10) ; 2nd sideband pairs
J3=0.02(10) ; 3rd side band pairs

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 23

(iii) Draw the frequency spectrum.

6kHz
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 24
 Example 4
An FM modulator has the following information;
∆ 𝑓 =10𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑓 𝑚=10 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Vc = 10V 𝑓 𝑐 =500 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Determine
(a)Actual minimum bandwidth from the B.F table : Ans=60kHz.
(b)Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
(c)Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation
Hint:
f
𝛽
mf 
fm
B fm  2nf m B fm  2(f  f m )

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 25

• Solution
Given; ∆ 𝑓 =10𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑓 𝑚=10 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Vc = 10V 𝑓 𝑐 =500 𝑘𝐻𝑧
(a)Actual minimum bandwidth from the B.F table.

=10kHz/10kHz=1, from B.F table, B=2(3x10kHz)=60kHz.

(b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.

B fm  2(f  f m )  2(10kHz  10kHz)  40kHz.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 26

(c) Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 27

 Example 5
• An FM broadcast-band transmitter has a maximum frequency deviation of 75kHz
and a maximum modulating signal frequency of 15kHz. Determine the deviation
ratio bandwidth.

• Solution
• The deviation ratio (i.e the worst case modulation index).
∆𝑓 75 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝐷= = =5
𝑓 𝑚 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧

• From the B.F table, a modulation index of 5 gives 8 significant sidebands.

• Then B=2(8x15kHz)=240kHz.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 28

 Example 4.2

The peak modulation index: (A: amplitude of m(t)

Modulation index: (: frequency of m(t))
Find the Bessel Function from Table 4.1, then draw the spectrum of xc(t)
Fig. 4.9c shows the passband of the bandpass filter. Thus, the power ratio is

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 29

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 30
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 31
 Power Distribution
• As seen in Bessel function table, it shows that as the sideband relative
amplitude increases, the carrier amplitude, J0 decreases.

• This is because, in FM, the total transmitted power is always constant

and the total average power is equal to the unmodulated carrier
power, that is the amplitude of the FM remains constant whether it is
modulated or not.

• The total power in angle-modulated wave is equal to the power of the

un-modulated wave.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 32

• In effect, in FM, the total power that is originally in the carrier is
redistributed between all components of the spectrum, in an amount
determined by the modulation index, mf, and the corresponding
Bessel functions.
• At certain value of modulation index, the carrier component goes to
zero, where in this condition, the power is carried by the sidebands
only.

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 33

 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals
• Frequency demodulator = frequency discriminator
• Assume the received angle-modulated signal

• The output of a FM demodulator

• The output of a PM demodulator

• : discriminator constant
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 34
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 35
Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 36
 The Phase-Locked Loop (feedback
demodulator)

Voltage-controlled oscillator

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 37

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 38
 Self-study Contents
• Vòng khóa pha số
• Bộ nhân tần
• Can nhiễu trong điều chế góc

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 39

 Textbooks/References
[1] R.E. Ziemer and W.H. Tranter, Principles of communications: systems, modulation,
and noise, 6th ed. Wiley, 2009.
[2] Taub Schilling, Principles of communication systems, 2nd ed., Mc Graw Hill, 1999.
[3] Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Wiley, March
2000.
[4] Proakis and Salehi, Fundamentals of communication systems, 2nd ed., Pearson,
2013.
[5] A. B. Carlson, Communication Systems, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[6] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] R. L. Freeman, Fundamentals of Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2005
[8] Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles And Practice, 2nd ed.,
Prentice Hall, 2002

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 40

 Exercises
• Textbook [1] (version 7, Chapter 4)
PROBLEMS (not DRILL PROBLEMS)

• 4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10

• 4.11, 4.14, 4.15, 4.18

Do Duy Tan 05/12/2023 41