Signals and Systems

Hệ thống viễn thông

(Communication Systems)
Do Duy Tan, Ph.D.
tandd@hcmute.edu.vn
 Outline
• Các mô hình và phân loại tín hiệu (2.1, 2.2 [1])
(Signal models and classifications)
• Chuỗi và biến đổi Fourier (2.3, 2.4 [1])
(Fourier Series vs the Fourier Transforms)
• Tương quan và mật độ phổ công suất (2.5 [1])
(Power spectral density and correlation)
• Hệ thống LTI (2.6 [1])
(Signal and Linear Systems)
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 Signal models and classifications
• Deterministic and Random signals
• Periodic and Aperiodic signals
• Phasor Signals and Spectra
• Singularity Functions
• Energy signal and Power signal

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 Deterministic and Random Signals
• Deterministic signals (tín hiệu xác định  có quy luật)
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤0 𝑡 , −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
• 𝐴: amplitude (biên độ)
• 𝑤0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 : angular/radian frequency (in radian) [tần số góc]
• 𝑓0 : cyclical frequency (in Hezt, Hz) [tần số tuần hoàn]
• Random signals (tín hiệu ngẫu nhiên  không xác định)
• Take on random values at any given time
• Must be modeled probabilistically

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 1
𝑓0 =
𝑇0

Sinusoidal
signal
Unit
rectangular
pulse signal

Random
signal

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 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
• Periodic signals (tín hiệu tuần hoàn)
• A signal 𝑥 𝑡 is periodic if and only if

• E.g., sinusoidal signal

• Aperiodic signals (tín hiệu không tuần hoàn)
• Any signal not satisfying the above equation
• E.g., Unit rectangular pulse signal

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 Phasor Signals and Spectra
• A sinusoidal signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤0 𝑡 + 𝜃
• Euler’s theorem:
• Hence,
• 𝐴𝑒 ±𝑗 𝑤0 𝑡+𝜃
= 𝐴cos 𝑤0 𝑡 + 𝜃 + 𝑗 Asin 𝑤0 𝑡 + 𝜃

• (1)

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 • (2) 𝑒 𝑗 𝑤0𝑡+𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑤0𝑡+𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤0 𝑡 + 𝜃
1 𝑗 𝑤0 𝑡+𝜃 1
• Hence, A𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤0 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑗 𝑤0 𝑡+𝜃
2 2

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 Example 1

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 Single-sided amplitude
Amplitude spectrum A line of amplitude 2 at f=5
Hz and
A line of amplitude 1 at
f=10 Hz
Phase spectrum A line of amplitude -2pi/3
radians at f=5 Hz (and A
line of amplitude 0 at f=10
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Double-sided amplitude
A line of amplitude 1 at
f=+/-5 Hz and
A line of amplitude 1/2 at
f=+/-10 Hz
A line of amplitude -2pi/3
radians at f=+/-5 Hz
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 Singularity Functions (hàm đặc biệt)
• Unit impulse function 𝛿(𝑡) (delta function)

• Unit step function 𝑢(𝑡)

• Unit rectangular pulse function π 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)

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Homework:
Generate the unit impulse function, the unit step function,
and the unit rectangular pulse function in Matlab.
Note: for each function, choose different parameters.

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 Energy signal and Power signal
• For an arbitrary signal 𝑥(𝑡)
• Energy:

• Power:

• 𝑥 𝑡 is energy signal if and only if 0 < 𝐸 < ∞, so that 𝑃 =

0 (tín hiệu năng lượng nếu NL hữu hạn và CS=0)
• 𝑥 𝑡 is power signal if and only if 0 < 𝑃 < ∞, so that E =
∞ (tín hiệu công suất nếu CS hữu hạn và NL= ∞)
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 Fourier Series (for Periodic/power signal)
• Given a signal 𝑥(𝑡) defined over the interval (𝑡0 ,
2𝜋
𝑡0 +𝑇0 ) with 𝑤0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 =
𝑇0
• The complex exponential Fourier series

A periodic signal has 𝑇0 to calculate

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 Example

Hence
1 Note: the Fourier series of a
• 𝑋0 = 2 signal is unique!
1
• 𝑋1 = 𝑋−1 = 2
1
• 𝑋4 = 𝑋−4 = −
4
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 Trigonometric Form of the Fourier series
• Symmetry properties of the Fourier Coefficients
• Assuming 𝑥 𝑡 is real
• and
Average of DC
component

• Trigonometric Form:

1. 𝑋0 represents the average of

DC component of 𝑥 𝑡
2. The term for n=1, -1 is call
the fundamental component
3. The term for n=2, -2 is call
the second harmonic
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 Parseval’s Theorem
• The average power of a periodic signal 𝑥 𝑡 is the sum
of the powers in the phasor components of its Fourier
series

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20
Line Spectra

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The Fourier Transforms (for Aperiodic/energy signals)

• For an aperiodic signal 𝑥 𝑡 and is an energy signal

• Fourier transform of 𝑥 𝑡

• Inverse Fourier transform

• Amplitude and Phase spectra

• A plot of versus f: the amplitude spectrum of 𝑥 𝑡

• A plot of versus f: the amplitude spectrum of 𝑥 𝑡
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 Example 2.8

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 Energy Spectral Density
• Rayleigh’s energy theorem or Parseval’s theorem for
Fourier transforms
• The energy of a signal can be expressed as

• The energy spectral density of a signal is defined as

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 Example 2.9

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 Transform Theorems
• Superposition theorem

• Time-delay theorem

• Scale-Change theorem

• Frequency-Translation theorem

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• Modulation theorem

• Convolution theorem =

• Multiplication theorem

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Example 2.16

28
 REVIEW 1: Fourier Series vs Fourier Transform

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-exact-difference-between-continuous-
fourier-transform-discrete-Time-Fourier-Transform-DTFT-Discrete-Fourier-
Transform-DFT-Fourier-series-and-Discrete-Fourier-Series-DFS-In-which-cases-is-
which-one-used

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 REVIEW 2: Fourier Series vs Fourier Transform
• Fourier transform and Fourier series are two manifestations of a similar idea,
namely, to write general functions as "superpositions" (whether integrals or
sums) of some special class of functions.
• A periodic function (e.g. a power signal) provably can be expressed as a "discrete"
superposition of exponentials, that is, a sum.
A non-periodic, but decaying, function (e.g. an energy signal) does not admit an
expression as discrete superposition of exponentials, but only a continuous
superposition, namely, the integral that shows up in Fourier inversion for Fourier
transforms.
• Fourier transform is used to transform periodic and non-periodic signals from
time domain to frequency domain. It can also transform Fourier series into the
frequency domain, as Fourier series is nothing but a simplified form of time
domain periodic function.

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 Power spectral density and correlation
• For energy signals, energy spectral density, 𝐺 𝑓
• For power signals, power spectral density, 𝑆(𝑓)

• Hence, the total average power:

(time average)

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• Time-average autocorrelation function for energy
signals: 𝜙 𝜏
• a measure of the similarity between a signal and a
delayed version of the signal

• 𝜙 0 = 𝐸: the signal energy

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• Time-average autocorrelation function of a power signal: R 𝜏
• A measure of the similarity between a power signal at time t and at time t+ 𝜏

• If x 𝑡 is periodic with period 𝑇0 :

• The power of the signal:

• R 𝜏 and S 𝑓 are Fourier-transform pairs

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Example 2.19
power spectral density, 𝑆(𝑓)

Note that integration of this over

all 𝑓 gives 𝑃 (power) = 4+ 2*25/4 =
16.5 watts/ohm, which is the DC
power plus the AC power (the
latter is split between 5 and −5
hertz).

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 Signal and Linear Systems
• For a single-input, single-output system
• 𝑥 𝑡 : input
• 𝐻[. ] is the operator that produces the output
• 𝑦 𝑡 : output
• If a system is linear

• If the system is time-invariant

 If so, Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems
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 Impulse Response and the Superposition Integral
• The impulse response ℎ 𝑡 of an LTI system is the
response of the system to an impulse applied at 𝑡 = 0

• For a linear combination of impulses at the input, then

• 

• 

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 Stability and Transfer Function of LTI systems
• An LTI system is stable if
• 𝐻 𝑓 is the transfer (frequency response) function of
the system
• Then, the output
• where
(frequency domain)
(inverse Fourier Transform)

• The system is causal if

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 Example 2.21

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 Self-study contents
• Sampling theory
• The Hilbert transform
• The Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier
Transform

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 Textbooks/References
[1] R.E. Ziemer and W.H. Tranter, Principles of communications: systems,
modulation, and noise, 7th ed. Wiley, 2009.
[2] Taub Schilling, Principles of communication systems, 2nd ed., Mc Graw Hill,
1999.
[3] Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Wiley,
March 2000.
[4] Proakis and Salehi, Fundamentals of communication systems, 2nd ed., Pearson,
2013.
[5] A. B. Carlson, Communication Systems, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[6] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] R. L. Freeman, Fundamentals of Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2005
[8] Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles And Practice, 2nd
ed., Prentice Hall, 2002

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 Exercises
• Textbook [1] (version 7)
PROBLEMS (not DRILL PROBLEMS)
• 2.1, 2.4, 2.7
• 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15
• 2.30, 2.33, 2.36
• 2.38 (MATLAB) (+)
• 2.40, 2.41, 2.42, 2.44

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