REVISION MATERIAL

UNIT 1- SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

TOPICS

● Continuous & Discrete

● Analog & Digital
● Periodic & Aperiodic
● Even & Odd
● Energy & power
● Time Variant & Time Invariant
● Exponential & Sinusoidal
● Linear Time Invariant system
● Convolution
➢ CONTINUOUS & DISCRETE

Example of continuous time signals:

Example of Discrete time signals:

➢ ANALOG AND DIGITAL:

PROCESS OF CONVERISON FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL:

Condition for Sampling:

For an input analog frequency is Fm. Nyquist condition for Sampling is,
Fs (sampling frequency) > 2*fm (input analog frequency)

➢ PERIODIC AND APERIODIC

EXAMPLES OF PERIODIC SIGNALS:

➔ Fundamental
Period=2L

➔ Fundamental
Period=T
 All Four signals
have same Period
(Power Signals)

EXAMPLES OF APERIODIC SIGNALS:

Example 1:

Signals does not

repeat so it is
aperiodic (Energy
signals)

Example 2:

Signals does not

repeat so aperiodic
signals (Energy
Signals)
MANIPULATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS:

If the two periodic signals are added together. Then the resultant signal can be periodic if
the ratio of the two periodic signals is a rational number.

For example:

The given period of these two signals is T and 2L respectively.

The signal can be period if the ratio 2L/T is a rational number.
1. The following ratio of the two signals can result in a periodic signal.
2L/T= T/T, 3T/T, 4T/T,.etc. [ For 2L=T,3T,4T…etc.]

The sum of signals cannot be periodic if the ratio is the irrational number.
1 5
2𝐿 2( )𝑇 2( )𝑇 1 5
2. The ratio of the signals = 3
, 3
, … [For L=(3) 𝑇, (3) 𝑇, … gives irrational
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
number]

3. If the signals are of same period, then addition of all the signals is also periodic.

4. Shifting the periodic signals either advance F(t+2T) or F(t+T/2) or delay F(t-T) or
F(t-T/2) does not affect the period of the signal.

PERIODICITY OF DISCRETE SIGNALS:

If the signal is a Sine signal, then sampling every T second gives the waveform with ZERO at
all the time instant.
If the Signal is sampled every T/2 then still the waveform will be ZERO at all the time
instant.
The discrete signals can be obtained if the signals are samples with T< T/2
➢ EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS

Examples of EVEN and ODD signals:

MANIPIULATION OF EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS:

For the square wave,

 1. Delay the Signal by T/4 will give an ODD signal
2. Delay the Signal by T/2 will give an EVEN signal
3. Advance the signal by T/4 will give an ODD signal
4. Advance the signal by T/2 will give an EVEN signal

SCALING THE SIGNALS:

There are two types of Scaling:
1. AMPLITUDE SCALING

2. TIME SCALING

ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS:

Changes in Energy and Power due to Scaling of Signals:

1. Time Scaling of signals as A(2t) decreases the Energy of the Signal.
2. Time Scaling of Signals as A(t/2) increases the Energy of the Signal.
3. Time Scaling of Signals has no effect in the power of the signal.
Changes in Energy and Power due to Amplitude Scaling:
1. Increase in Amplitude 2*A(t) increases the Energy of the Signal
2. Decrease in Amplitude A(t)/2 decreases the Energy of the Signal
 3. Increase in Amplitude increases the Power of the Signal
4. Decrease in Amplitude decreases the Power of the Signal

• Periodic Signals are power signals

• Aperiodic Finite duration signals are Energy Signals

➢ EXPONENTIAL AND SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS

Examples of Exponential Sinusoid→ A= 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 cos (𝜔𝑡)
The exponential signals produce damping oscillations for various λ.
1. For λ<0, causes under damping sinusoid

Decreasing the value λ further, decreases the

energy of the Signal

2. For λ>0 gives over damping sinusoid

Increasing the value of λ further increases

the energy of the signal

For λ=0 critically damped sinusoidal oscillations the are periodic.

This Critically damped sinusoid is a periodic,

Even and the power signal.
 ➢ CONVOLUTION

Example 1:
The following shows the convolution between two signals with its output.

LINEAR CONVOLUTION USING MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Example 2: Linear convolution using matrix multiplication method.

CONVOLUTION OF THE DISCRETE SEQUENCES.

The convolution of discrete signal with a discrete response is given below.
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM
PROPERTIES OF LTI