Frequency analysis of signals

•The response of an LTI system to a

sinusoidal input signal only changes
its amplitude and phase.
•Hence, a linear sum of sinusoidal
components at the input produces a
similar linear sum of sinusoidal
components at the output, which
differ only in amplitudes and phases
from the input sinusoids.
•Thus, sinusoidal decomposition of
signals is very important for LTI
systems.
Frequency analysis of signals
•For this, signals are decomposed into a
sum of sinusoidal signal components.
•With such a decomposition, a signal is
said to be represented in the frequency
domain.
• Such a frequency domain representation
of continuous time periodic and aperiodic
signals is accomplished using
mathematical tools called Fourier series or
Fourier transform, respectively.
•The recombination of the sinusoidal
components to reconstruct the original
signal is a Fourier synthesis problem.
Frequency analysis of signals
•Given a periodic signal x(t) with period Tp, x(t)
can be represented by the Fourier series

where .
•The coefficients are determined by

•In general, the coefficients are complex

numbers. If the periodic signal is real, and
are complex conjugates.
Example: Fourier analysis of rectangular pulse
train (continuous time periodic)
Example: Fourier analysis of rectangular pulse
train (continuous time periodic)
 Example: Fourier analysis of rectangular pulse train
(continuous time periodic)

• If is constant, is constant. So, distance

between frequency components do not change.
• If τ decreases, amplitude of decreases.
• τ= → = → becomes 0 for higher ‘ ’
τ
 Example: Fourier analysis of rectangular pulse train
(continuous time periodic)

• If τ is constant and increases, amplitude of

decreases. Also, decreases so distance
between frequency components decreases.
• τ= → = → becomes 0 for higher ‘ ’
τ
Example: Fourier analysis of rectangular pulse train
(continuous time periodic)
 Fourier transform for continuous time aperiodic signals
• The line spacing in the Fourier series spectrum equals the
fundamental frequency of the signal x(t) i.e. the inverse of
the fundamental signal period Tp.
• Thus the fundamental period Tp indicates the line density
of the spectrum.
• If the period Tp increases infinitely, the line spacing
approaches zero i.e. a continuous spectrum.
 Fourier transform for continuous time aperiodic signals
X x
• The spectrum in the Fourier transform is continuous -> so
integration instead of summation for x(t) (from X(F) & ck)
Fourier transform for continuous time aperiodic signals-Example
Comparison of continuous time periodic and aperiodic signals
 Fourier series for discrete time periodic signals
Continuous time periodic signals Discrete time periodic signals

• If x(n) is periodic with period N, x(n+N)=x(n).

• Also, is periodic with period N.
• So, is periodic with period N i.e.
• Conclusion: Spectrum of x(n) is a periodic sequence with period N
• So N consecutive samples of spectrum provides complete description
in frequency domain
Fourier series for discrete time periodic signals-Example
Fourier series for discrete time periodic signals-Example

So
Fourier series for discrete time periodic signals-Example

So
 Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals

X(ω) is periodic with period 2π. Only

one period is shown.
 Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals-Example

X(ω) is periodic with period 2π.

Only one period is shown.
Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals
Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals
Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals-Gibbs phenomenon
Fourier transform for discrete time aperiodic signals-Example
 Relationship of Fourier transform to Z-transform

Existence of z transform does not ensure existence of Fourier transform

Existence of Fourier transform does not ensure existence of Z-transform

The Cepstrum
The Cepstrum
 Relationship of Fourier transform to Z-transform

• The Fourier Transform of a sequence x(n) can be determined by

evaluating its z-transform X(z) on the unit circle, provided that the
unit circle lies within the region of convergence of X(z). Otherwise
the Fourier transform does not exist.

• There are some aperiodic sequences whose Fourier transform

does not exist.
Fourier transform of signals with poles on the unit circle
Fourier transform of signals with poles on the unit circle
Frequency domain classification of signals and bandwidth
 Power density spectrum of continuous time
periodic signals

But ∗
 Power density spectrum of periodic signals

Note: a periodic signal has infinite energy and finite average power
Power density spectrum of periodic signals
Power density spectrum of periodic signals
Energy density spectrum of continuous time
aperiodic signals
Energy density spectrum of aperiodic signals
 Power density spectrum of discrete time
periodic signals

Note: The power density spectrum of discrete

time periodic signals is discrete and periodic
with a fundamental period equal to that of the
signal itself.
Power density spectrum of discrete time
periodic signals- Example
Power density spectrum of discrete time
periodic signals- Example
Power density spectrum of discrete time
periodic signals- Example
Energy density spectrum of discrete time
aperiodic signals
Energy density spectrum of discrete time
aperiodic signals- Example
Energy density spectrum of discrete time
aperiodic signals- Example
Frequency ranges of some natural signals
Frequency ranges of some natural signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Properties of Fourier transform for discrete
time signals
Imp: Symmetry properties of Fourier transform
Properties of Fourier transform- Examples
Properties of Fourier transform- Example contd.
Properties of Fourier transform- Example
Properties of Fourier transform- Example contd.
Properties of Fourier transform