CHAPTER 1

QUADRATIC FUNCTION AND

EXPRESSION IN ONE VARIABLE
MATHEMATICS FORM 4 KSSM
PREPARED BY
TEACHER_AZLINA
The image below shows a motor cycle jumping a ramp. What
‘shape’ is the path that the moto cycle follows?

The shape of this

movement is a
parabola.
parabola Do you know that this
parabola has its own
equation?
Example 1
Identify And Describe
Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic
expression in one variable. If not, justify your answer. The Characteristics Of
Quadratic Expressions
𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟔 𝒚 In One Variable
𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 +𝟓 𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟔
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
𝒙 −𝟐 𝒙 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒙  A quadratic expression
𝟑 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟑
in one variable is an
Quadratic Not a quadratic expression in one expression whereby the
expression in one variable highest power for the
variable
variable is two.

The highest power of the variable is 3.  All quadratic expressions

can be written in the
form of ax2 + bx + c,
There are two variable, x and y.
where a, b and c are
constants and , x is a
There is a variable with a power which is not a variable.
whole number.
Example 2
Identify And Describe
State the values of a, b and c for each of the following quadratic expressions. The Characteristics Of
Quadratic Expressions
ax2 + bx + c In One Variable
(a) (b)
 A quadratic expression
a =3 b = –4 c =5
𝟏
a =− b = –2 c =8 in one variable is an
𝟑
expression whereby the
(c) (d) highest power for the
2
a = –1 b =0 c =7
3𝑘 −15𝑘 variable is two.

a =3 b = –15 c =0  All quadratic expressions

can be written in the
(e) (f)
form of ax2 + bx + c,
where a, b and c are
𝟓 constants and , x is a
a = b =0 c = a = b =0 c =0
𝟕
variable.
Example 3

Determine whether each of the following is a quadratic Determine the different

function or quadratic expression. between quadratic function
and quadratic expression

(a) 3 
 A quadratic expression
Quadratic
is written in the form of
(b) Expression
+ bx + c, a ≠ 0.

 Quadratic function is
(c) Quadratic written in the form of
Function
f(x) = + bx + c.

 Represented by a graph.
(d) 3k ( k-5)

x x
Intersection point
Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2

Points of intersection
=
(-1 , 4) (4 , 4)
 Recognise quadratic
x f(x) function as many-to-one
x x relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
Intersection point
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2 The type of relation of a
quadratic function is a
Points of intersection
many-to-one relation.
=
-1 , 4)
(-1 4 4 , 4)
(4 4
 Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
x x
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2

Points of intersection
=
(0 , 1) (4 , 1)

x f(x)
Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
x x
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2 The type of relation of a
quadratic function is a
Points of intersection
many-to-one relation.
=
(0,
0 1)
1 4 , 1)
(4 1
 a > 0. a < 0.
Describe the
characteristics of
Maximum point quadratic functions.

Minimum point  For a graph of

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0

The graph of f is a parabola with vertex (h, k). (a) there are only two shapes
of the graphs,

(b)the value of a determines

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of the shape of the graph.
the graph shape change based on the value of a
(c)if a > 0, vertex (h, k) is
https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v minimum point

(d)(d) if a < 0 vertex (h, k) is

maximum point
Example 4

Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(a)
quadratic functions.

Value of a 1
𝑎= (a) there are only two shapes
3
Shape of graph Open Up of the graphs and the value
@ smile of a determines the curve
Maximum/
minimum point shape of the graph.
Minimum point
and
coordinates (6, –8) 1.5 10.5

Axis of
symmetry
a > 0. a < 0.
𝑥=6
 if a > 0, vertex (h, k) is

1.5+ 10.5 minimum point

Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
𝑥=
2  if a < 0 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
point. 𝑥=6 maximum point
Example 4

Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(b)
quadratic functions.

Value of a
𝑎=− 1 (a) there are only two shapes
Shape of graph Open down of the graphs and the value
@ sad of a determines the curve
Maximum/
minimum point shape of the graph.
Maximum point –0.15 6.15
and
coordinates (3, 10)
Axis of
symmetry
a > 0. a < 0.
𝑥=3
 if a > 0, vertex (h, k) is

− 0.15+6.15 minimum point

Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
𝑥=
2  if a < 0 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
point.
𝑥=3 maximum point
Example 4

Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(c)
The coordinate and the quadratic functions.
equation of the axis of
Value of a symmetry can be find using:
𝑎=5 (a) there are only two shapes
𝒃 of the graphs and the value
Shape of graph Open up 𝒙 =−
@ smile 𝟐𝒂 of a determines the curve
Maximum/
minimum point shape of the graph.
and
Minimum point (− 30)
𝑥=−
coordinates (3, 4) 2(5)
Axis of 𝑥=3
symmetry
a > 0. a < 0.
𝑥=3 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=5 ( 3 ) − 30 ( 3 ) + 49
 if a > 0, vertex (h, k) is
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=4 minimum point
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡=(3 , 4)  if a < 0 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
maximum point
point.
Example 4

Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
The coordinate and the characteristics of
(d)
equation of the axis of quadratic functions.
symmetry can be find using:
Value of a
𝑎=− 1 𝒃 (a) there are only two shapes
𝒙 =−
Shape of graph Open down 𝟐𝒂 of the graphs and the value
@ sad of a determines the curve
Maximum/
minimum point 1 shape of the graph.
Maximum point 𝑥=−
and 2(− 1)
coordinates
Axis of
( 𝟏 𝟗
,
𝟐 𝟒 ) 𝑥=
1
2
symmetry

( )
2
1 1 a > 0. a < 0.
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=− − +2
2 2  if a > 0, vertex (h, k) is
9 minimum point
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and 4  if a < 0 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum 1 9
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡=( , ) maximum point
point. 2 4
HOW WILL THE VALUES
OF A, B AND C WILL
AFFECT THE GRAPH?

In this lesson you will investigate

and make generalisation about
the effect of changing the
values of 𝑎,𝑏 and 𝑐 on graphs of
quadratic functions, 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐.
Example 5
What are the effects of
Match the curve shape of the following graph with the corresponding quadratic changing the values of a to
function. the graphs of quadratic
functions?

1) Value of a will affect the

curve shape of the graph.

𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 +1

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ¿ 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 −1

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of
the graph shape change based on the value of a

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v
Example 6
What are the effects of
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the width of changing the values of a to
the arc. the graphs of quadratic
functions?
A B C
1) Value of a will affect the
2
A 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 3 𝑥 curve shape of the graph.

𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2
B

2 2 2) The value of a determines

C h ( 𝑥) = 𝑥
5 the width of the graph
curved.
 the smaller the value of a,
Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of the wider the curved shape
the graph shape change based on the value of a of the graph and vice versa.

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v
Example 7
What are the effects of
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the width of changing the values of a to
the arc. the graphs of quadratic
functions?

1) Value of a will affect the

2
P 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=−1 0 𝑥 curve shape of the graph.

1 2
Q 𝑡 ( 𝑥 ) =− 𝑥
2

2) The value of a determines

R 𝑘 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 2
the width of the graph
P Q R curved.
 the smaller the value of a,
Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of the wider the curved shape
the graph shape change based on the value of a of the graph and vice versa.

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v
Example 8
What are the effects of
The diagram shows two graphs of quadratic changing the values of a to
functions, y = f (x) and y = g(x), drawn the graphs of quadratic
on the same axes. State the range of the values functions?
of p. Explain your answer.
1) Value of a will affect the
curve shape of the graph.

p < 3.

For a graph with the open up shape @ smile , p > 0. 2) The value of a determines
the width of the graph
Thus, 0 < p < 3. curved.
 the smaller the value of a,
Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of the wider the curved shape
the graph shape change based on the value of a of the graph and vice versa.

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v
Example 9
What are the effects of
changing the values of b to
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the axis of the graphs of quadratic
symmetry. functions?
B
A C 1) Value of b will affect the
position of the axis of
A 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 + 4 symmetry.
a>0
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 2+ 4 𝑥+ 4
B

h ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥2
C to the right
to the left

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of
the graph position based on the value of b
On the y-axis
https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/gar5ffr9
Example 10
What are the effects of
changing the values of b to
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the axis of the graphs of quadratic
symmetry. functions?

1) Value of b will affect the

position of the axis of
A 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥2 +2 𝑥 −1 symmetry.
a<0
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 2
B

h ( 𝑥 ) =− 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 − 1
C to the left
to the right

A B C

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of
the graph position based on the value of b
On the y-axis
https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/yjafmhjg
Example 11
What are the effects of
changing the values of c to
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the position of the graphs of quadratic
the y-intercept functions?

C B A 1) Value of c will determine

the position of the
A 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2 y-intercept

𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 2 − 2
B

h ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 +2
C

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of
the graph position based on the value of c

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/y7eeba2r
Example 11
What are the effects of
changing the values of c to
Match the following graph with the quadratic function based on the position of the graphs of quadratic
the y-intercept functions?

1) Value of c will determine

the position of the
D 𝑡 ( 𝑥 ) =− 𝑥 2 − 2 y-intercept

𝑘 ( 𝑥 ) =− 𝑥 2
E

𝑝 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 2 +2
F

E F
D
Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of
the graph position based on the value of c

https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/s8r6twha
Example 12

Given a quadratic function is . Calculate the value of c for the quadratic graph
that passes through the following point. State the value

1) Use the concept of

(a) A(0, 4) substitution
Substitute x = 0 and into the quadratic function.

Or from the coordinate itself we know that the point

A(0, 4) lies on the y-axis, thus c = 4

(b) B(–1, 3) Substitute and into the quadratic function.

Example 13

The diagram on the right shows the graph of a quadratic

State the value
function . Point A(3, 14) is the maximum point of the
graph of quadratic function. 1) Use the concept of
substitution

 
(a) Given k is an integer where –2 < k < 2, state the value of k.
Since the axis of symmetry is
𝑏
We can use formula 𝑥=−
2𝑎
 Form a quadratic equation based on a
situation.

In this lesson Solve quadratic equation by using

you will graphical and factoring.

learn: Sketch the graph of a quadratic

function

Solve problems involving quadratic

function
Example 14

A piece of rectangular paper use to form the curved surface of a cylinder. The Form a quadratic equation
based on a situation.
length of the paper is (5x – 4) cm and width is (x – 4) cm. If the surface area of
rectangular is 52 cm2, form a quadratic equation in terms of x.   A quadratic function is
written in the form of
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
surface area =
 a quadratic equation is
written in the general
form, ax2 + bx + c = 0
* Value of a is always a
positive value.
surface area = 52 cm²
 Example 15

Form a quadratic equation

Mr. Dass donated 27 27 kg
kg of vegetables to flood victims. If the based on a situation.
vegetables divided
divided equally
equally to
to xx families
families and each family
(2x –– 3)
receives (2x 3) kg of vegetables. Form a quadratic equation  A quadratic function is
in terms of x. written in the form of
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c

 a quadratic equation is
written in the general
form, ax2 + bx + c = 0
Example 16
Solve quadratic equation
Determine whether each of the following values is a root of the given quadratic by using graphical and
equation. factoring.

(a) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0; x = 1, x = 3  The solution of a

quadratic equation ax2
Compare left & right + bx + c = 0 is to find the
Substitute Left Right value of the variable.
2
2 ( 1 ) −7 ( 1 )+ 3  The variable is known as
𝑥=1 0 the roots.
¿−2
 All roots are satisfy the
left right
equation.
Thus, x = 1 is not a root of the equation 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0.

Substitute Left Right

2
𝑥=3 2 ( 3 ) −7 ( 3 )+ 3
0
¿0
left right
Thus, x = 3 is a root of the equation 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0.
Example 16
Solve quadratic equation
Determine whether each of the following values is a root of the given quadratic by using graphical and
equation. factoring.

(b) 3x2 – 7x + 5 = 3; x = 1, x = 1/3  The solution of a

quadratic equation ax2
Compare left & right + bx + c = 0 is to find the
Substitute Left Right value of the variable.
2
3 ( 1 ) − 7 ( 1 ) +5  The variable is known as
𝑥=1 3 the roots.
¿1
 All roots are satisfy the
left right
equation.
Thus, x = 1 is not a root of the equation 3x2 – 7x + 5 = 3.

Substitute Left Right

2
𝑥=1/3 3 ( 1/ 3 ) −7 ( 1 /3 ) +5
3
¿3
left right
Thus, x = 1/3 is a root of the equation 3x2 – 7x + 5 = 3.
Example 17
Solve quadratic equation
For each graph of quadratic equation below, mark and state the roots of the given by using graphical and
quadratic equation. factoring..

(a) 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0 Roots of quadratic equation by

using graphical
The roots are:  The solutions, or roots, of
x = –4 and x = 1.5 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are the
x-intercepts when y = 0
–4 1.5
Example 17
Solve quadratic equation
For each graph of quadratic equation below, mark and state the roots of the given by using graphical and
quadratic equation. factoring..

(b) –x2 + 3x + 4 = 0 Roots of quadratic equation by

using graphical
The roots are:  The solutions, or roots, of
x = –1 and x = 4 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are the
x-intercepts when y = 0
–1 4
Example 18
Solve quadratic equation
Determine the roots of the following quadratic equations. by using graphical and
factoring..
(a) x 2 – x = 2 Subtract 2 from each side.
Roots of quadratic equation
1 Write the equation in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by using factoring
 Completing square
x2 – x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0 Factoring using cross-method

x–2=0 x+1=0
x=2 Solve. The value of x is a Value of a is always a positive
x = -1 whole number or fraction. value.
Write the quadratic equation
in the simplest form (take
out the common factor)
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Example 18
Solve quadratic equation
Determine the roots of the following quadratic equations. by using graphical and
factoring..
(b) 7x = 3 – 6x 2 Factoring using calculator
Roots of quadratic equation by
using factoring

– 6x 2 – 7x + 3 = 0 Write in a general form  Completing square

a is always positive

Backward process. Value of a is always a positive

value.
Write the quadratic equation
Use calculator to find
the value of x in the simplest form (take
out the common factor)
Calculator
Example 18
Solve quadratic equation
Determine the roots of the following quadratic equations. by using graphical and
factoring..
(c) x2 – 4x = –2
Roots of quadratic equation by
Write in standard form. using factoring
Cannot factorise completely  Completing square
(solution is imaginary numbers)

Value of a is always a positive

value.
Write the quadratic equation
in the simplest form (take
out the common factor)
Calculator
Example 18
Solve quadratic equation
Determine the roots of the following quadratic equations. by using graphical and
factoring..
(c) x2 – 4x = –2
Roots of quadratic equation by
Write in standard form. using quadratic formula
Cannot factorise completely
(solution is imaginary numbers)
−𝒃± √ 𝒃 −𝟒𝒂𝒄𝟐
𝒙=
Here a = 1, b = – 4, c = 2
𝟐𝒂
−(−4)± √(−4) −4(1)(2)
2
𝑥=
2(1)

𝑥=3.41 𝑥=0.59
Calculator
In this lesson you will learn:

Sketch the graph of a quadratic function

Solve problems involving quadratic function

Example 19

Sketch the following graphs of quadratic functions. Sketch the graph of a

quadratic function
(a) f (x) = x2 – 4x + 3 𝑓 (𝑥)
Important thing when sketching
Graph shape: a quadratic function
a=1>0
3− 1) the correct shape of the graph
y-intercept = 3 2) y-intercept
x-intercept (f(x) = 0) 3) x-intercept or one point that
𝑥
𝑥2 − 4 𝑥+3=0 1 3 passes through the graph.

(x – 1)(x – 3) = 0

x=1 x=3

Calculator
Example 19

Sketch the following graphs of quadratic functions. Sketch the graph of a

(b) f (x) = – x2 + 6x – 9
Graph shape:
a=–1<0
y-intercept = −9
x-intercept f(x) = 0
− 𝑥 2+6 𝑥 −9=0
𝑥2 −6 𝑥 +9=0
(x – 3)(x – 3) = 0
quadratic function
𝑓 (𝑥)
Important thing when sketching
a quadratic function
𝑥
3 1) the correct shape of the graph
2) y-intercept
3) x-intercept or one point that
−9 −
passes through the graph.
a always positive value

x=3

Calculator
Example 19

Sketch the following graphs of quadratic functions. Sketch the graph of a

quadratic function
(c) f (x) = x2 + 1 𝑓 (𝑥)
Important thing when sketching
Graph shape:
a=1>0
5 a quadratic function
1) the correct shape of the graph
y-intercept = 1 1− 2) y-intercept
𝑥 3) x-intercept or one point that
Does not intercept at x-axis −2 2 passes through the graph.

Axis of symmetry b=0 axis symmetry is the y-axis

Plot two points to the left and right of the graph,
Exp. (2, ), (-2, ) , ( 2 ) 2 + 1=5
, ( − 2 ) 2 +1 =5

Minimum point = (0, 1)

Calculator
Example 19

Sketch the following graphs of quadratic functions. Sketch the graph of a

quadratic function
(d) f (x) = –x2 – 3 𝑓 (𝑥)
Important thing when sketching
Graph shape: 𝑥
a=–1<0 −2 2 a quadratic function
−3 − 1) the correct shape of the graph
y-intercept = −3 2) y-intercept

Does not intercept at x-axis 3) x-intercept or one point that

−7 passes through the graph.

Axis of symmetry b=0 axis symmetry is the y-axis

Plot two points to the left and right of the graph,
Exp. (2, ), (-2, ) ,
2
− ( 2 ) − 3 =− 7
2
, − ( − 2 ) − 3= − 7

Maximum point = (0, –3)

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 Example 20

Joseph wants to make the framework of a box in the shape of a cuboid using Solve problems involving
wooden rods. The price of the wooden rod is RM5 per metre. The base of the quadratic function
cuboid is a square. The height of the cuboid is 30 cm more than the length of its
base. The total surface area of the box is 4 800 cm 2. Joseph’s budget to build the
frame of a box is RM15. Determine whether Joseph has enough budget.

x cm
Length of the base = x cm
Height of the cuboid = (x + 30) cm The measurements of the box are
Total surface area = 4 800 cm2 20 cm × 20 cm × 50 cm.
Budget = RM15 for a box
x + 30 cm

Total surface area = 2(x)(x) + 4x(x + 30)

4800 = 2x2 + 4x2 + 120x
6x2 + 120x – 4800 = 0
x2 + 20x – 800 = 0
(x + 40)(x – 20) = 0
Write in th simplest form x = –40 or x = 20
thus x = 20 cm
Calculator
 Example 20

Joseph wants to make the framework of a box in the shape of a cuboid using Solve problems involving
wooden rods. The price of the wooden rod is RM5 per metre. The base of the quadratic function
cuboid is a square. The height of the cuboid is 30 cm more than the length of its
base. The total surface area of the box is 4 800 cm 2. Joseph’s budget to build the
frame of a box is RM15. Determine whether Joseph has enough budget.

20
x cm
cm
20 cm Length of the base = x cm
Height of the cuboid = (x + 30) cm The measurements of the box are
Total surface area = 4 800 cm2 20 cm × 20 cm × 50 cm.
Budget = RM15 for a box
cmcm

Total length of the edges of the box

+ 30

Total surface area = 2(x)(x) + 4x(x + 30) = 8 × 20 cm + 4 × 50 cm

x 50

4800 = 2x2 + 4x2 + 120x = 160 cm + 200 cm

6x2 + 120x – 4800 = 0 = 360 cm Joseph does not have
x2 + 20x – 800 = 0 RM 5 per metre
= 3.6 m enough budget to build
(x + 40)(x – 20) = 0 the framework of the
Write in the simplest form x = –40 or x = 20 Actual cost = 3.6 × RM5 box.
= RM18
thus x = 20 cm
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