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Task:
Read: Chapter 1, The Fundamentals Of Managerial Economics. Page 1 - 33
Many students taking managerial economics ask: Why I should I study economics? Will it tell me what the stock market will do tomorrow? Will it tell me where to invest my money or how to get rich.
The Manager
Economics
The study of how to direct scarce resources in the way that most efficiently achieves a managerial goal.
The overall goal of most firm is to maximize profits or the firms value. Economic profits (p): The difference between total revenue (TR) and total opportunity cost (TC).
p = TR TC TR = P . Q TC = TFC + TVC p = profit TR = total revenue P = price of output Q = quantity sold of output TC = total cost TFC = total fixed cost TVC = total variable cost
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Opportunity cost: The cost of the explicit and implicit resources that are forgone when a decision is made.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: 1. Entry. 2. Power of input suppliers. 3. Power of buyer. 4. Industry rivalry. 5. Substitutes and complements.
Ir. Muhril A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: Entry (1st):: - Entry costs. - Speed of adjustment. - Sunk costs. - Economies of scale. - Network effects. - Reputation. - Switching costs. - Government restraints.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: Power of input suppliers(2nd):: - Supplier concentration. - Price/productivity of alternative inputs. - Relationship specific investments. - Supplier switching costs. - Government restraints.
Ir. Muhril A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: Power of Buyers(3rd):: - Buyer concentration. - Price/value of substitute products or services. - Relationship specific investment. - Customer switching costs. - Government restraints.
Ir. Muhril A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: Substitutes and complements(4th):: - Price/value of surrogate products or services. - Price/value of complementary products or services. - Network effects. - Government restraints.
Ir. Muhril A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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The five forces framework and industry profitability: Industry rivalry(5th):: - Concentration. - Price, quantity, quality, or service competition. - Degree of differentiation. - Switching costs. - Timing of decisions. - Information. - Government restraints.
Ir. Muhril A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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Understand Incentives
Incentives affect how resources are used and how hard workers work. No reward for working hard? and incurs no penalty if he fails to make sound managerial decisions?
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Understand Markets:
1. Consumer-Producer Rivalry. - Consumers attempt to negotiate or locate low prices. - Producers attempt to negotiate high prices.
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Marginal analysis: States that optimal managerial decisions involve comparing the marginal benefits of a decision with the marginal costs.
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The change in Total Revenue (TR) arising from a change in the managerial control variable Output (Q). MR = D TR / D Q MR = marginal revenue TR = total revenue = P. Q P = price Q = output D = change
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The change in Total Cost (TC) arising from a change in the managerial control Output (Q).
MC = D TC / D Q MC = marginal cost TC = total cost Q = output
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Q (output) (1) 0
Profit (4) 0
90
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80
90
10
80
170
30
140
80
20
60
240
60
180
70
30
40
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Case:
An engineering firm recently conducted a study to determine its revenue and cost structure. The results of the study are as follows: TR(Q) = 300 Q 6 Q2 TR = Total Revenue Q = Output
TC(Q) = 4 Q2 TC = Total Cost Q = Output
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Case (continued):
MR (Marginal Revenue) =? MC (Marginal Cost) =? Optimal Y? (when MR?MC?). Profit?
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Case (continued):
MR (Marginal Revenue) =? MC (Marginal Cost) =? Optimal Y? (when MR?MC?). Profit?
MR = 300 12Q MC = 8Q MR = MC 300 -12Q = 8Q
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Case (continued):
300 -12Q = 8Q -12Q-8Q = -300 -20Q = -300 20Q = 300 Q = 300/20 = 15
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Case (continued):
Profit = TR TC TR = 300Q 6Q2 TR = (300.15) (6.152) TR =
TC = 4Q2 TC = 4(15)2 TC = Profit = 2250
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Homework:
Submit Wednesday June 11, 2008
Suppose that Total Revenue and Total Cost from an activity are, respectively given by the following equations: TR = 150 + 28Q 5Q2 TC = 100 + 0.8Q a. What level of Q maximizes profit? b. What level of profit maximize?
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