HVACR – CASE STUDY-PARTB
Poster No- 5
Present day mankind depends very
heavily on refrigeration for daily
needs. These cover a wide range
application such as food processing,
preservation and transport, comfort
cooling, commercial and industrial
air conditioning, etc.
Many of the refrigerants used
during the early periods did not
survive, mainly due to their toxicity.
Ammonia, however, continues to be
a refrigerant of choice for food
freezing applications even today in
spite of its toxicity, mainly due to its
excellent thermodynamic
thermal properties. The discovery of
CFCs in the late twenties
revolutionized the refrigeration
industry.
Refrigerant gases containing
chlorine or bromine have a high
ozone depletion potential(ODP)and
damage the planet’s ozone layer.
These and several other gases also
have a high global warming
potential (GWP).
Two protocols were announced
• Montreal Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol
1. Montreal Protocol
Use of refrigerant gases and
blowing agents is governed by the
Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer. India
ratified the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer in 1992 and followed it up
with further ratification of all the
subsequent amendments
Accordingly, CFCs were phased out
17 months ahead of target date of
2010 (MOEF, 2012).
Poster template by ResearchPosters.co.za
Different Protocols for Refrigerants
211A6041 , 221A6042, 221A6043, 221A6044
INTRODUCTION
2. Kyoto Protocol
Global warming due to Green
House Effect has become another
major environmental issue. The
Kyoto Protocol was an international
treaty which extended the 1992
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
and
(UNFCCC) that commits state
parties to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol was Ratified by
over 191 countries. It came into
force in 2005, after which it was
PROTOCOLS signed by over 55 countries, which
were responsible for at least 55 per
cent of the CO₂ emissions of
industrial countries
Results / Findings
The Montreal Protocol has been
successful in slowing and reversing
the increase of ozone-depleting
gases in the atmosphere.
The Montreal Protocol is one of the
world’s most successful
environmental treaties and since its
adoption, it has encouraged
countries to commit to phasing out
the production and consumption of
ozone-depleting substances.
The results suggest that the Kyoto
Protocol has had significant positive
impact on CO2 emission reductions
and a negative impact on the GDP
levels of Annex 1 Parties.
Conclusion / Discussions
The refrigeration industry has seen
the rise and fall of a large number
of refrigerants during the last 150
years. CFCs probably survived the
longest till it was proved that they
were the major cause of ozone
depletion leading to the ozone hole.
HFCs that replaced CFCs in the last
decade have high GWP and need to
be eventually phased out.
Environment friendly natural
refrigerants such as ammonia,
carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons
have specific practical deficiencies
that limit their universal use.
Recently suggested HFOs have
low GWP compared to natural
refrigerants, but are flammable.
Future Work
The main type of refrigerant that
has potential as the next popular
refrigerant are Hydrofluoroolefins
(HFOs) because they provide a
lower global warming potential and
don’t deplete the Ozone. In
comparison to some HFCs its
global warming potential is over
300 times lower, while it is only 4
times higher than regular carbon
dioxide.
Bibliography / References
• Mitchell RB. International
environmental agreements: a survey
of their features, formation, and
effects. Annu Rev Env Resour.
2003;28:429–461.
• R. Aichele et al.Kyoto
  and the carbon footprint of nations J.
Environ. Econ. Manag.2012)
• Department for Environment, Food &
Rural Affairs. Managing fluorinated
gases and ozone-depleting
substances. 2013