Fr.

C Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS AND PROTOCOLS

SUMIT GUPTA (2021127) SAHIL JADHAV (2021131)

VEERESH HANJI (2021128) HARSH KARKERA (2021137)

INTRODUCTION :

This poster highlights the importance of addressing climate impact by focusing on new-generation refrigerants with low
global warming potential (GWP). Refrigerants serve as the working fluid in various systems, including commercial
refrigeration, household appliances like air conditioners, refrigerated containers for transporting perishable goods, and
industrial cooling systems. Different refrigerant classes exist, with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties. Hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), though ozone-safe, contribute significantly to global warming. In response, world leaders have agreed to phase
out HFCs and transition to natural refrigerants with significantly lower warming potential, as outlined in the Kigali
Accord of October 2016 .

PROTOCOLS :

The Montreal Protocol (1987) :

An influential global treaty aimed at safeguarding the ozone layer by gradually reducing and eventually eliminating the
production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS),
including harmful compounds like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS
The Kigali Amendment (2016) :
It acknowledged the climate impact of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
replacing ozone-depleting substances. The Kigali Amendment aims to R 32 (Difluromethane)
curb global temperature rise by reducing HFC use. Signatories commit
to diminishing HFC consumption in a collective effort against climate R32 is one of the environmentally friendly
change. refrigerants which is a good replacement for R
22 and R 410.It has a low GWP and 0 ozone
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) :
depletion potential(OPD).Compared to R 410 ,
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. The Kyoto
R 32 is much easier to recycle and have higher
Protocol was an international agreement that aimed to reduce carbon
cooling capacity. It is a non-toxic refrigerant
dioxide emissions and the presence of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. The essential tenet of the Kyoto Protocol was that catergorized as Class A. R 32 has the safest
industrialized nations needed to lessen the amount of their CO2 Acute Toxicity Exposure Limit (ATEL) of
emissions. 220,000 ppm.

R 717 (Ammonia)

R 717 is refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia,

normally used in large refrigeration
applications having low GWP. It has been used
for over a century, proving its safety and
efficiency in various applications. Ammonia is
energy-efficient, providing excellent heat
transfer properties.

Figure 1: Environmental impact of Refrigerants