Welcome to the revised and expanded Carbon

Dioxide Handbook for lndustrial Refrigeration.

This handbook is a guide to the application of
CO, in closed loop industrial refrigeration systems
and reflects the technolog¡cal advances that
have occurred since the publication of the initial
handbook in 201A.
It is expected that the user of this handbook is skilled in the
art of industrial refrigeration systems, particularly ammonia
systems.Therefore, this handbook will focus on those items that
are unique to CO, and require a different design approach or
additional consideration.
This book is a tutorial and reference book, not a required standard
practice, book of specifications or comprehensive encyclopedia of
all possible designs. The reader should not assume that the text
or examples presented in this volume cover all contingencies;
this book is not a substitute for good engineering judgment.
The fígures in this book are schematic drawings, which for the
sake of clarity omit details such as pipe supports, relief and
service valves, and other required elements of a piping design.
Never use the schematics as primary design drawings for a real
CO, RiRing system. Note that all pipe dimensions are nominal
carbon steel pipe sizes unless otherwise indicated.
The reader should be certain to have all system designs checked
by a qualified engineer.
Feedback from the users of this handbook is invited and
encouraged. Comments may be sent to: CO2Handbook@iiar.org
r0Í]tBÍlts
Section A: Data
1 CO2 Overview
2 Thermodynamic Properties
3 Thermophysical Properties
4SafetyS.l.lLubricants
4.1 Safety Data Sheet
SectiOn B: DeSign
5 SystemTypes
5.1 Sub-Critical, Compression 11 Vessel Design
5.2 Sub-Critical,Volatile Brine 12 Service and ControlValves
5.3 Tians-Critical
s.4 Application
6 System Design
6'1 Pipe strength
6.2 Pipe Sizing
6.3 Defrost
6.4 Oil Management
6.5 Water Management
6.6 Safety Relief Systems
6.7 Gharge Connections
Section C: Equipment
7 Evaporators
8 Compressors
8.1 Compressors
8'2 PumPs
8.3 GasTransferSystems
s Gondensers
10 Gas Coolers
t3 Safety Relief Valves
M controls
Section D: Post Installation
15 Pressure and LeakTesting
16 Evacuation
17 Gharging
18 Start-up, Commissioning
and optimization
19 Maintenance
20 Glossary

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL

i¡CIr, REFRIGERATION HAND BOOK
@2014 lnternational lnstitute of Ammonia Refrigeration
1001 North Fairfax Street I Alexandria,Virginia22314 | www.llAR.org I 703-312-4200
 I
INTRODUCTION
A number of substances occur in nature which
can be used effectively as refrigerants in vapor
compression refrigeration systems. These
naturally-occurring substances include both
ammonia (NFI3) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
and have been termed "Natural Refrigerants."
Because they occur in nature, these substances
arq by definition, environmentally neutral
when used in refrigeration systems. Unlike
the chlorinated CFC and HCFC halocarbon
refrigerants, Natural Re furgerants have zefo
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and zero of
extremely low Global §Tarming Potential (G§7P).
In addition to the environmental benefits
Global Warming
Potential of Refrigerants
REFRIGERANT GWP
R717 (ammonia)
R-744 (carbon dioxide)
R 134a FC)
(H 1300
R404a (H FC) 3260
favorirrg the use of NH, and CO, there aÍe
significant economic benefits. Both fluids are
abundant in our environment and produced in
large quantity for commercial use in a number
of industries, such as; NH, in agriculture and
chemical industries, CO, in beverage industries.
The bulk costs to a contractor in 2013 were
$0.80 $/lb for NI-I3, 0.60 $/1b for CO,, 7.50 $/
lb for R-507 and $t+.00 $/lb for R-22. The latter
is noted to demonstrate the effects of production
curtailment andlor F-gas taxes in some European
countries on any reftígerants that aÍe not naturally
occurirg. Refrigeration systems aÍe charged by
volume rather than mass, makirrg the cost of a
refrige rant charge sdll higher yet for synthetic
refrigerants which ane almost l-.5 times as dense.
CO, has been used in refrigeration cycles
since Alexander Twinnirg received a British
patent for a CO, system in 1850. By the
1930's, ammonia, and subsequently halocarbon
refrigerants overtook CO, in popularity.
Now that halocarbon refrigerants have been
phased out by environmental regulations - and
increased workplace safery regulations have made
the use of ammonia more burdensome - CO, has
come into wide use in industrial and commercial
refrigeration systems. The unique properties
of CO, make its application as a refrigerant
somewhat different than NH, i, regards to
material selection, component and system
designs, commissioning and operation, safery, etc.
Recent operating history for public cold
storage warehouses, supermarket display cases
and retail dispensing coolers has shown that the
energy use of modern CO, systems can be equal
to or better than conventional halocarbon or
ammonia systems.
GENERAL
The term CO2, as used throughout this text,
refers to the pure , dry compound, containing
less than 10 parts per million (ot ppm) of
moisture. It may be used for purposes of
refrigeration in solid, liquid or vapor phases
and has the refrigerant number R-744.
The most basic form of CO, refrigeration
is an open cycle where liquid CO, it sprayed
onto the product to be refrigerated and it
will form dry ice and sublime at -1.09 oF (-78
"C) with the CO? vapor dissipating to the
immediate atmosphere. Another form of an
open cycle is the generation of dry ice " snow, "
by decompressing CO, liquid, which is then
compressed into briquettes or larger blocks for
cooling as a lower temperature version of ice
cubes or blocks. These open cycle processes aÍe
not covered in this handbook.
CO, may also be employed as a refrigerant in
a number of different closed cycle system types,
includit g both subcritical and transcritical. For
any type of CO2 system, both the critical point
¡¡CIÍE
and the triple point must be considered.
The classi c refrigeration cycle we are all
familiar with is subcritical, i.e., the entire range
of temperatures and pressures applied in the
cycle - between liquid boiling in the evapo rator,
undergoing compression and condensing back
to liquid in the condenser - aÍe above the triple
point and below the critical point.
A transcritical system still boils liquid
refrigerant in the evapo tator above the triple
point. Flowever, the vapor is compressed above
the critical point and instead of a condenser, the
compressed discharge gas is cooled at a point
above and to the left of the classic PH diagram
dome and only reverts back to a liquid as the
pressure is dropped below the dome.
A single-stage subcritical CO2 system is
simple, but it also has limitations because of
its operational temperature range and high
condensing pressure. The followirg world map
shows where the local ambient conditions favor
a subcritical ot transcritical system.
co, PRoPERTIES
CO, is a slightly toxic, odorless, colorless gas
with a slightly pungent, acid taste. It is a small
but vitally important constituent of atr for
Potential GIobal Distributron: C0,-System Alternatives:
E¡¡CI
resplr atory regulation and is naturally present
in our atmosphere. '
Over the past two hundred years the CO,
content of the atmosphere has increased from
280 PPM in 1800, to 295 PPM in 1900 to 368
PPM in 2000. The April 201,3 global mean CO,
content is 396.72 PPM per NOAA. As a point of
reference, CO, levels in the atmosphere have been
over 1,000 PPM 150,000 million years ago.
Some of the largest producers of CO ) are power
plants. CO, is theorized to be one of the leading
causes of global warmirrg today, which raises
concerns about the use of CO, ás a rcfrtserant.
However, when CO, is used as a refrige rant,
the gas akeady existi within a na,rtrfgas waste
stream, prim arrly in the production of NF{r.
It is then captured, refined and utilized for
chargirg into a closed refrigeration cycle.
CO, gas is L.5 times heavier th an air at
atmospheric pressure and thus , if released to
the aL\ ir will fall.
Figure 1,.3 shows the pressure/temperature
relationship for CO,, R404a, R134a and NHr.
Highlights of CO,'s properties compared to
the other refrigerants include:
o higher operating pressu re at a given
temperature
Legend:
Gentigrades of
Temperature
r ,60 - -50
I ,so - -40
I .40 - -30
: .30 - -20
ffi .20 - -rs
..,it",., '15 - -10
.10- -5
-5- 0
0- 5
5- 10
10- 15
I 15- 20
I 20- zi
I zs- 30
 Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Various Refrigerants
bar [psia]
689.0 10,000.0

68.9 1,000.0
^t
6.89 100.0 lPos¡tive Pressure

0,7 10.0

0.07 1.0

0.007 0.1 r Triple point

O Critical point
0,0007 0.01

['F] 180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 240 300

['c] (- 1 18) (-84) (-51) (-18) (15) (4e) (82) (1 15) (14e)

Combined lP/Sl Diagram

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-2791 186.1 279.1 651

2000

'1000

800

600.

G.
L
(ú
'6 (ú
o-
400
'%, e(§
G) 0-
o
5
a G)
lr
o
0-
o
a
1.4.. E
/tq o-

100 69 ,,
/a.e
80 u%u

60
oZ,

80 280
%,
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

¡¡qÍE
 Vapor Pressure and
Iemperature Drop Comp ari son

lu
NH. 4" Pipe (DN 1OO)

kw LK/3O m Velocity,
.,
o?
lu m/s
30 198 0.5 0.4 72.7 66.4 -1.1 696 3.4 0.22 0.55 20.2
15 168 0.5 0.5 62.2 76.9 -9.4 591 3.4 0.28 0.47 23.4
0 141 0.5 0.7 52.8 90.4 -17.8 496 3.4 0.38 0.40 27.6
-15 117 0.5 0.9 44.1 107.8 -26.1 411 3.4 0.51 0.33 32.9
-30 95 0.5 1.3 36.1 129.3 -34.4 334 3.4 0.70 0.27 39.4
-45 76 0.5 1.9 29.2 157.8 267 3.4 1.01 0.22 48.1

At Equrvalent Pressure CO, 4" Pipe (DN lOO) At Equivalent Pressure Drop

ffi., ". kw ^rfí aKlso m kg/s velocitY'

30 173 0.5 0.1 343.4 12.2 -1.1 608 3.4 0.04 2.60 3.7
15 154 0.5 0.1 301.2 13.9 -9.4 542 3.4 0.04 2.28 4.2
0 136 0.5 0.1 264.1 15.9 -17.8 478 3.4 0.05 2.00 4.8
-15 118 0.5 0.1 229.8 18.2 -26.1 415 3.4 0.07 1.74 5.5
-30 102 0.5 0.1 198.8 20.9 -34.4 359 3.4 0.08 1.50 6.4
-45 87 0.5 0.2 17 1.4 24.3 -42.8 306 3.4 0.10 1.30 7.4

CO, 4" Pipe (DN lOO) At

CO, 4" Pipe At Equivalent Temperature Drop Equ ivalent lemperature Drop
Evap. Úvr¡e Lpsi/ LF/
". kw ^rfí m kg/s velocitv'
Velocity,
Temp., oF tons lOO ft IOO ft lb/Min ft/s iJilo., aKl3o

30 420 2.9 0.4 833.6 29.6 -1.1 1477 19.7 0.22 6.30 9.0
15 390 3.2 0.5 762.8 35.2 -9.4 1372 21.7 0.28 5.77 10.7
0 365 3.6 0.7 708.9 42.7 -17.8 1284 24.4 0.38 5.36 13.0
-15 336 3.9 0.9 651.5 51.5 -26."1 1182 26.5 0.51 4.93 15.7
-30 306 4.3 1.3 595.2 62.5 -34.4 1076 29.2 0.70 4.50 19.1
-45 280 5.0 1.9 548.3 77.7 -42.8 985 33.9 1.01 4.15 23.7

tons for all 3 tables at 30 " F liquid supply temperature kW for all 3 tables at -1.1 "C liquid supply temperature

o narrower range of operating temperatures as a solid only. The yellow area reflects liquid
o only. The light-pink area is vapor only. The
triple point at a much higher pressure
salrnon-colored area above the red line is the
. critical point at a very low temperature supercritical area where CO, exists as a dense
triple and critical points do
§7hi1e the
fluid (neither liquid nor vapor).
The liquid transition zones are shown in
not normally impact the use of common
graduated yellow and the solid transition zones
refrigerants, it is not the case with COr, áS are shown in graduated blue.
shown in the PH dtagram which is figure L.4. Below the horizontal triple point line, solid CO,
The left-hand side of the chart, shaded in sublimes directly into a vapor as it absorbs heat.
bright blue, highlights the anea where CO, exists Above the triple point line, the lowest specific

E¡¡qf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 Swept Volume Comp ari son

Evap. tons lblMin Velocity, ft!/ cfm/Ton NHr/CO, Evap. kW kg/s Velocity, ms/ht m}/hr/ NH,/CO,
oF
Temp", f¡/s min Ratio Temp., oC m/s kW Ratio

30 198 7 2.7 66.4 350.4 1.8 5.2 -1.1 696 0.55 20.2 595.0 0.9 5.2
15 168 62.2 76.9 408.0 2.4 5.6 -9.4 591 0.47 23.4 692.8 1.2 5.6
0 141 52.8 90.4 481.0 3.4 6.1 -17.8 496 0.40 27.6 81 6.8 1.6 6.1

-15 117 44.1 107.8 572.0 4.9 6.6 -26.1 411 0.33 32.9 971.2 2.4 6.6
-30 95 36.1 129.3 685.2 7.2 7.4 -34.4 334 0.27 39.4 1163.4 3.5 7.4

-45 76 29.2 157.8 836.6 11.0 8.2 -42.8 267 0.22 48.1 1420.5 5.3 8.2

CO, 4" Pipe At Equivalent Pressure Drop CO, 4" Pipe At Equivalent Pressure Drop
Evap. tons lblMin Velocity, nS/ fcfm/Ton kW kg/s Velocity, ms/ht m3/h¡/
oF
Temp., ft/s min mls kW
30 173 343.4 12.2 58.4 0.3 -1.1 608 2.60 3.7 99. 1 0.2
15 154 301.2 13.9 66.6 0.4 -9.4 542 2.28 4.2 113.0 0.2
0 136 264.1 15.9 76.1 0.6 -17.8 478 2.00 4.8 129.2 0.3
-15 118 229.8 18.2 87.1 0.7 -26.1 415 1.74 5.5 147.9 0.4
-30 102 198.8 20.9 100.0 1.0 -34.4 359 1.50 6.4 169.8 0.5
-45 87 171.4 24.3 116.4 1.3 -42.8 306 1.30 7.4 197.6 0.6

CO, 4" Pipe At Equivalent Temperature Drop CO, 4" Pipe At Equivalent Temperature Drop
Evap. tons lblMin Velocity, nS/ cfmfion Evap. kW kg/s Velocity, m3/ht mt/hr/
Temp., oF it/s min Temp., oC m/s kW
30 420 833.6 29.6 141.7 0.3 -1.1 1477 6.30 9.0 240.6 0.2
15 390 762.8 35.2 168.6 0.4 -9.4 1372 5.77 10.7 286.2 0.2
0 365 708.9 42.7 204.2 0.6 -17.8 1284 5.36 13.0 346.7 0.3
-15 336 651.5 51.5 246.9 0.7 -26.1 1182 4.93 15.7 41 9.3 0 .4
-30 306 595.2 62.5 299.4 1.0 -34.4 1076 4.50 19.1 s08.4 0.5
-45 280 548.3 77.7 372.3 1.3 -42.8 985 4.15 23.7 632.2 0.6
tons for all 3 tables at 30 "F liquid supply temperature kW for all 3 tables af - 1.1 oC liquid supply temperature

energy form of CO » a solid, will melt into a sub- of this refrigerant to suction tem eratures in
'§7hen
cooled liquid as it absorbs heat. the liquid the range of -25 "F (-31 .7 oC) to -65 oF (-53.9
CO, absorbs enough heat it will no longer be "C). However, since the year 2000, CO, has
subcooled and will evapo rate into a vapor. been used in industrial applications up to and
Like ammonia and most halocarbon above 32 "F (0 "C). For these higher temperature
refrigerants , if CO, is released to atmospheric applications CO, is typically being used as a
pressure, it will absorb hea t at an extremely volatile secondary refrigerant. Higher pressure
low temperature, (-1,09 "F l-78'C). This compressors are recently available that will
creates the possibility of frost burns and, in the allow the compression of CO , dt these higher
singular case of CO2, solid formation which temperature levels. One of thá most important
can block pipes and embrittle metal. advantages of CO, ir that it remains in a positive
Detailed thermodynamic and thermophysical pressure throughout its operatio al temperature
properties of CO 2 are included in chapt ers 2 and 3. range. Even at -65 "F (-53.9 'C) CO, has
The high condensing pressures exhibited by associ ated pressures oÍ 69.5 psig (479 .2 kPal4.8
CO, have historically limited the applicabiliry barg) while NH, is in a deep vacuum. This is

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAI BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qrE

highlighted by the horizontal "positive pressure/
vacuum" line in Figure 1..3.
Because of the physical properties of CO,
piping temperature losses at equ al capacíty
aÍe lower than ammonia, especially at lower
temperatures. Refer to figure 1.5 that compares
a 4" (DN 100) single phase (dry) suction line
for ammonia to the same for CO, at equivalent
specific pressure drop and specific temperature
drop. This is especially significant on large
systems, where there may be 1,000 equivalent
feet or more of pipe, fittings and valves from the
evaporator to the machine room.
'§7hi1e
this higher pressure is beneficial on
the low temperature side of the refrigeration
system, it quickly presents a challenge for
higher temperatures; especially condensing
'§7hile
pressure and hot gas defrost pressures.
these pressures ane much higher than the
refrigeration industry is accustomed to, they
ane easily within the capability of mechanical
systems already in use in other industries.
CO, is considerably denser than NHr. This
particular characteristic of CO, offers a number
of potential benefits. For example, a booster
compressor required to meet a specific capaciry
(tons of Refrigeration or k'§7) with NH, at
-45 "F (-42.8 "C) will rypically have a swept
volume requirement eight times gre ater than a
compressor providit g the same refrigeration
effect with COr. Refer to Figure 1.6, which is
an extension of the capaciry listed in Figure L.5.
This volume difference is reflected in other parts
of the refrigeration system, such as the sizing
requirements for wet return and suction pipelines.
This can be inferred from Figure L.5.
§7hi1e in theory, vessel and heat exchanger
sizes can also be made smaller for CO,
systems when compared to those used in NH,
systems, this generally does not manifest itself
in practice. Vessel sizing tends to be dominated
by liquid hold-up and storage requirements
and the predominant characteristic on air
cooler heat exchanger sizing is the air-side
heat transfer coefficient. FIowever, depending
on the particular project requirements, there
is potential for significant capítal cost savings
using CO, in place of NHr. In additiotr, there
ate other potentially significant advantages,
such as ease of conversion for retrofit projects
E¡iqf THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFRIGERATION HAIVDBOOI(
and the reduced health and safety risk of not
having NFI, i, production areas.
CO, changes directly from a liquid to a solid
below its triple point at -69.8 oF (-56 .6 "C) at
60.44 psig (4.17 Barg) (417 mPa). In the event
of a liquid leak, some CO, dry ice may slow the
leak by blocking the point of leakage. However,
if there is a need to release liquid COr. special
consideration must be taken in order to prevent
solid CO, from blockirrg necess aty relief outlets
and to properly support the outlet piping.
FLAMMABILITY
CO, will not burn or support combustion. Air
with a CO, content of more than 10% will
extinguish an open flame.
SAFETY -
EFFECT ON HUMANS
CO, does not cause the irritation of skin,
eyes, and respiratory system exhibited by NH,
Flowever, in high concentrations; it can affect
respir atory functior, leading to asphyxiation
and even death. See Chapter 4 for more
information on the safety of COr.
COM PATI BI LITY WITH MATERIALS
Dry CO, is non-corrosive to metals, rubbers
and plastics but the presence of even small fface
quantities of water in CO, forms carbonic acid
and makes it corrosive to steel, especially in the
presence of air.
REFERENCES
l. Chailes B. Taylor "Carbln Dioxide-Based Refrigerant Systems,"
AHSBAE Journal, pp 22-27 (2002)
2. Refrigeration, T. l. (2003) Safety Code for Befrigeration Systems Utilizing
Carbon Dioxide. Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom: The lnstitute of
Refrigeration.
3. ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration, 2003.
4. Gas Encyclopedia, Air Liquide, Editor Elsevier 1976.
5. Schaum's outline of Theory and Problems of Thermodynamics. Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, lnc.
6. m/ E n cyc I o pe d i a_o rd e r, a s p
http ://e ncyc Io pe d i a. a i r I i q u i d e. c o
7. N)AA, Mauna Loa, Hawaii atmospheric C0, data.
8 R A. Berner, A revised Model of Atmospheric C0, over
Phanerozoic Time, American Journal of Science, Feb. 2001.
,
 IhErlno
Source References for Figures
!P Figures 2.1r2.2,2.3 &2.4 by Prof.
- Generated
Donald L. Fentofl, PhD., P.E. of Kansas State
LIniv. using REFPROR Version 7 (NIST 201,0
Database 23).
The equations of state used by REFPROP
'§(/. '§Tagner
originate from: R. Span 6( (1996),
"A new Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide
Coverirg the Fluid Region from the Triple-
Point to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800mPa,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. data, 25(6), 1509-15 96.
Authors report that pressures up to 30mPa and
temperatures up to 523 K result in uncertainty
ranges from 0.0 3% to 0.0 5% in density.
Enthalpy reference: 0 Btu/lb
of saturated liquid at -40 oF.
Entropy reference: 0 Btu/lb-R)
of saturated liquid at -40 oF.
!P Figure 2.5 in Black and white
- Generated
from NIST REFPROR Version 9.1, by Dr. Mark
O. Mclinden of the Thermophysical Properties
Division - NIST, Boulder CO
Color enhancement by IIAR
Solid aÍea data below the triple point
approximated from previously published PH
diagrams attributed to: Plank and Kupri anoÍf,
Zett f.d.gesammte Kálte-Industrie 1929
Enthalpy reference: 0 Btu/lb
of saturated liquid at -40 oF.
Entropy reference: 0 Btu/lb-R)
of saturated liquid at -40 oF
SI Figures 2.6,2.7,2.8 & 2.9 Generated by Prof.
Donald L. Fentofl, PhD., P.E.- of Kansas State
IJniv. using REFPROR Version 7 (NIST 2010
Database 23).
The equations of state used by REFPROP
originate from: R. Span 6.
'§(/. '§Tagner
(1996),
"A new Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide
Coverirrg the Fluid Region from the Triple-
Point to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800mPa,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. data,25(6): 1509-1596.
Authors report that pressures up to 30mP a and
temperatures up to 5 23 K result in uncertainty
ranges from 0.0 3% to 0.0 5% in density.
Enthalpy reference: 200.00 kJ/kg
of saturated liquid at 0 oC.
Entropy reference: L.0000 kJ/kg-K)
of saturated liquid at 0 oC.
SI Figure 2.1O in Black and white
- Generated
from NIST REFPROR Version 9.1. by Dr. Mark
O. Mclinden of the Thermophysical Properties
Division - NIST, Boulder CO
Color enhancement by IIAR
Solid aÍea data below the triple point
approximated from previously published PH
dtagrams attributed to: Plank and Kupri anoff,
Zeit f.d.gesammte Kálte-Industrie 1929
Enthalpy reference: 200.00 kJ/kg
of saturated liquid at 0 oC.
Entropy reference: L.0000 kJ/kg-K)
of saturated liquid at 0 oC.
Note: Combined PH D¡agrams for Cycle Figures
The figures used throughout the Handbook ane
based upon IP units on the lower and left axes
with IP enthalpy and entropy references at -40 oF.
The upper and right axes and (values) aÍe direct
IP to SI conversions and ate scale shifted from
the SI values in Figures 2.5 through 2. 10
¡¡qf E
 Saturated Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (n-7 441 lP Units
Liq.DensitV Vapor Sp. Vol.
Liquid Vapor Liguid Vapor (lbm/ftl) (ft,ltbm)
-69.801 75.13 60.44 -14.138 136.60 -0.034487 0.35214 73.568 1.1 639
-68 78.45 63.76 -1 3.294 136.76 -0.032350 0.35076 73.344 1. 11 68
-67 80.35 65.65 -12.825 136.84 -0.031166 0.34999 7 3.219 1 .0917
-66 82.27 67.58 -12.356 136.93 -0.029985 0.34923 73.093 1.067 2
-65 84.23 69.54 -11.886 137.01 -0.028805 0.34847 7 2.968 1.0434
-64 86.23 71.53 -11.416 137j0 -0.027628 0.34771 72.841 1.0202
-63 88.26 73.57 -10.945 137.18 -0.026454 0.34696 7 2.7 15 0.99768
-62 90.33 75.63 -10.474 137.26 -0.025282 0.34622 72.588 0.97574
-61 92.43 77.74 -10.003 137.34 -0.024112 0.34547 7 2.461 0.95438
-60 94.57 79.88 -9.5315 137.42 -0.022944 0.34473 72.333 0.93360
-59 96.75 82.06 -9.0595 137.49 -0.021778 0.34399 72.205 0.91 336
-58 98.97 84.27 -8.5870 137.57 -0.020614 0.34326 72.077 0.89365
-57 101.22 86.52 -8.1141 137,64 -0.019453 0.34253 7 1.948 0.87445
-56 103.51 88.81 -7.6408 137.72 -0.01 8294 0.34180 71.81 9 0.85575
-55 105.84 91.14 -7.1670 137,79 -0.01 7136 0.34107 71.690 0.83754
-54 108.21 93.51 -6.6928 137.86 -0.01 5981 0.34035 71.560 0.81979
-53 110.61 95.91 -6.2181 137.93 -0.01 4828 0.33963 71.429 0.80250
-52 113.06 98.36 -5.7430 138.00 -0.013676 0.33892 7 .299
1 0.78565
-51 1 1 5.55 100.85 -5.2673 138.06 -0.01 2527 0.33820 7 1.167 0 .76922
-50 118,08 103.38 -4.7912 138.13 -0.0'11379 0.33749 71.036 0.75320
-49 120.65 105.95 -4.3145 1 38. 19 -0.010234 0.33678 7 0.904 0.73759
-48 123.26 108.56 -3.8374 138.26 -0.009090 0.33608 70.772 0.72237
-47 125.91 111.21 -3.3597 138.32 -0.0 07948 0.33537 70.639 0.7 0752
-46 128.61 113.91 -2.8814 138.38 -0.006807 0.33467 70.505 0.69304
-45 1 31.34 116.64 -2.4026 138.44 -0.005669 0.33397 70.37 2 0.67891
-44 134.13 119.43 -1.9233 138.49 -0.004532 0.33328 70.238 0.66513
-43 136.95 122.25 -1.4434 138.55 -0.003396 0.33259 70.103 0.65168
-42 139.82 125,12 -0.9629 139.60 -0.002263 0.33189 69.968 0.6s856
-41 142.73 128.03 -0.4817 1 38.66 -0.001131 0.33120 69.832 0.62575
-40 145.69 130.99 0.0000 138.71 0.000000 0.33052 69.696 0.61 325
-39 148.69 133.99 0.4824 138.76 0.001129 0.32983 69.560 0.60104
-38 151.74 137.04 0.9654 138.81 0.002257 0.32915 69.423 0.58913
-37 154.84 140.14 1.4490 138.85 0.003383 0.32847 69.285 0.57749
-36 157.98 143.28 1.9333 1 38.90 0.004507 0.32779 69.147 0.56613
-35 161.17 146.47 2.4183 138.94 0.005630 0.32711 69.008 0.55503
-34 164.40 149.70 2s040 138.98 0.006752 0.32643 68.869 0.54419
-33 167.68 152.98 3.3903 139.02 0.007873 0.32576 68.730 0.53360
-32 171.02 156.32 3.8774 139.06 0.008992 0.32509 68.589 0.52326
-31 174.40 159.70 4.3653 139.10 0.010110 0.32442 68.449 0.51315
-30 177.83 1 63.1 3 4.8538 139.13 0.011227 0.32375 68.307 0.50327

(1) Triple Point

Eiiqr
 Saturated s of Carbon
Dioxide (n lP Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/b) Entropy (Btu/lb-R) Liq.Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( "F) (psia) (psig) Liguid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lbm/fts) (ft7lbm)

-29 1 81 .30 166.60 5.3432 139.17 0.01 2342 0.32308 68.1 65 0.49361
-28 184.83 170.13 5.8333 139.20 0.01 3457 0.32241 68.023 0.48417
-27 188.41 17 3.7 1 6.3242 139.23 0.01 4570 0.32174 67.880 0.47495
-26 192.04 177.34 6.8159 139.26 0.01 5683 0.32108 67.736 0.46592
-25 195.72 181.02 7.3085 139.28 0.01 6794 0.32042 67.592 0.45710
-24 199.46 184.76 7.801 8 1 39.31 0.01 7904 0.31975 67.447 0,44848
-23 203.24 188.54 8.2961 139.33 0.01901 3 0.3 1 909 67.302 0.44004
-22 207.08 192.38 8.7912 139.35 0.020122 0.31843 67.1 56 0.43179
-21 210.97 196.27 9.2872 139.37 0.021229 0.31777 67.009 0.42371
-20 214.91 200.21 9.7841 139.39 0.022336 0.31711 66.862 0.41582
-19 218.91 204.21 10.282 1 39.40 0.023441 0.31 646 66.714 0.40809
-18 222.97 208.27 10.781 139.42 0.024546 0.31580 66.565 0.40053
-17 227.07 212.37 11.28 1 39.43 0.025651 0.31 514 66.415 0.393 1 2
-16 231.24 216.54 11.781 139.44 0.026754 0.31448 66.265 0.38588
-15 235.45 220.75 12.283 139.45 0.027857 0.31383 66.114 0.37879
-14 239.73 225.03 12.786 139.45 0.028960 0.31317 65.963 0.371 85
-13 244.06 229.36 13.289 139.45 0.030062 0,31252 65.811 0.36505
-12 248.45 233.75 13.794 139.45 0.0311 63 0.31186 65.658 0.35840
-11 252.90 238.20 14.300 1 39.45 0.032264 0.31121 65.504 0.35188
-10 257.40 242.70 14.807 139.45 0.033364 0.31055 65.349 0.34550
-9 261.96 247.26 1 5.31 5 139.44 0.034464 0.30990 65.194 0.33925
-8 266.58 251.88 15.824 139.44 0.035564 0.30924 65.038 0.33312
-7 271.27 256.57 16.335 139.43 0.036663 0.30859 64.881 0.32712
-6 276.01 261.31 16.846 139.41 0.037762 0.30793 64.723 0.32124
-5 280.8 1 266.11 17.359 139.40 0.03886 1 0.30728 64.564 0.31548
-4 285.67 270.97 17.873 139.38 0.039960 0.30662 64.404 0.30984
-3 290.59 275.89 18.389 139.36 0.041058 0.30597 64.244 0.30431
-2 295.58 280.89 18.905 139.34 0.042157 0.30531 64.083 0.29888
-1 300.63 285.93 19.423 139.32 0.043255 0.30465 63.920 0.29357
0 305.74 291.04 19.942 39.29 1 0.044354 0.30399 63.757 0.28835
1 310.91 296.21 20.463 39.26 1 0.045453 0.30333 63.593 0.28324
2 316.15 301.45 20.985 139.23 0.046551 0.30267 63.428 0.27823
3 321.45 306.75 21.509 39.20 1 0.047650 0.30201 63.262 0.27332
4 326.82 312.12 22.033 139.16 0.048750 0.30135 63.094 0.26850
5 332.25 317.55 22.560 139.12 0.049849 0.s0069 62.926 0.26377
6 337.75 323.05 23.088 139.08 0.050949 0.30003 62,757 0.25914
7 343.31 328.6 1 23.617 139.03 0.052050 0.29936 62.587 0.25459
8 348.94 334.24 24.148 138.98 0.053151 0.29869 62.415 0.25012
9 354.64 339.94 24.681 138.93 0.054252 0.29803 62.243 0.24574
10 360.41 345.71 25,215 138.88 0.055354 0.29736 62.069 0.24144

¡¡qr@
 Saturated s of Carbon
Dioxide (R lP Units

Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btullb-R) Liq.Density Vapor Sp- Vol.
( "F) lpsia) (psig) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lbm/ft5) (ft'/lbm)

11 366.24 35 1.54 25.751 138.82 0.056457 0.29668 61.894 0.23722

12 372.14 357.M 26.289 138.76 0.057560 0.29601 61.718 0.23308
13 378.12 363.42 26.828 138.69 0.058665 0.29533 61.541 0.22902
14 384.1 6 369.46 27.369 138.63 0.059770 0.29466 61.362 0.22503
15 390.27 375.57 27.912 138.56 0.060876 0.29398 61.182 0.22111
16 396.45 381.75 28.457 138.48 0.061984 0.29329 61.001 0.21726
17 402,71 388.01 29.004 138.41 0.063092 0.29261 60.819 0.21348
18 409.03 394.33 29.552 138.33 0.064201 0.29192 60.635 0.20977
19 415.43 400.73 30.103 138.24 0.065312 0.29123 60.450 0.20612
20 421.91 407.21 30.656 38.161 0.066425 0.29054 60.263 0.20254
21 428.45 413.75 31.211 138.07 0.067538 0.28984 60.075 0. 1 9902
22 435.07 420.37 31.768 137.97 0,068654 0.28915 59.885 0.1 9556
23 441.77 427.07 32.327 137.87 0.069770 0.28844 59.694 0.19216
24 448.54 433.84 32.889 137.77 0.070889 0.28774 59.501 0.1 8882
25 455.38 440.68 33.453 137.67 0.07 2010 0.28703 59.307 0.1 8554
26 462.31 447.61 34.019 37.561 0.073132 0.28632 59.1 11 0.1 8231
27 469.30 454,60 34.588 137.44 0.074257 0.28560 58.913 0.17914
28 476.38 46 1.68 59
35.1 137.32 0.075383 0.28488 58.714 0.17602
29 483.54 468.84 35.733 137.20 0.076512 0.28415 58.5 1 3 0.17295
30 490.77 476.07 36.309 137.07 0.077644 0.28342 58.310 0.1 6993
31 498.08 483.38 36.888 136.94 0.078778 0.28269 58. 1 05 0.1 6696
32 505.48 490.78 37.470 136.80 0.079915 0.28195 57.898 0.16404
33 512.95 498.25 38.055 136.66 0.081054 0.28120 57.689 0.16117
34 520.5 1 505.81 38.643 136.51 0.082197 0.28045 57.478 0.1 5834
35 528.14 513.44 39.234 136.36 0.083343 0.27969 57.265 0.1 5556
36 535.86 521.16 39.828 136.21 0.084492 0.27893 57.049 0.15282
37 543.67 528.97 40.425 136.04 0.085645 0.27 816 56.832 0.1 501 3
38 55 1 .55 536.85 41.025 135.88 0,086801 0.27739 56.612 0.14747
39 559.52 544.82 41.630 1 35.70 0.087961 0.27661 56.389 0.14486
40 567.58 552.88 42.237 135.52 0.089125 0.27582 56.1 65 0.14229
41 575,72 561.02 42.848 135.34 0.090293 0.27502 55.937 0.1 3975
42 583.95 569.25 43.464 135.14 0.091466 0.27422 55.707 0.13725
43 592.27 577.57 44.083 134.95 0.092644 0.27341 55.474 0.13479
44 600.67 585.97 44.706 134.74 0.093826 0.27259 55.239 0.13237
45 609.1 6 594.46 45.333 134.53 0.095014 0.27176 55.000 0.1 2998
46 617.75 603.05 45.965 134.31 0.096207 0.27092 54.758 0.12762
47 626.42 611.7 2 46.601 134.08 0.097406 0.27007 54.51 3 0.1 2530
48 635.1 8 620.48 47.242 133.85 0.098612 0.26921 54.265 0.1 2301
49 644.04 629.34 47.888 133.61 0.099823 0.26834 54.01 3 0.12075
50 652.99 638.29 48.539 133.36 0.10104 0.26746 53.758 0.11 852

@i¡crf
 Saturated of Carbon s
Dioxide (n lP Units

Temperature Pressure Pressure Enthalpy (Btu/lb) Entropy (Btu/lb-R) Liq.Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( "F) (psia) (psig) Liguid Vapor Liquid Vapor (lbm/ft3) (ft7lbm)

51 662.03 647.33 49.1 96 1 33.1 0 0.10227 0.26657 53.499 0.11 632

52 671.16 656.46 49.858 132.83 0.1 0350 0.26566 53.236 0.11 415
53 680.39 665.69 50.526 132.55 0.10474 0.26474 52.969 0.1 1 200
54 689,72 675.02 51 .200 132.27 0.10599 0.26381 52.697 0.1 0988
55 699.1 5 684.45 51.881 131.97 0.10725 0.26286 52.421 0.10779
56 708.67 693.97 52.568 31.66 1 0.1 0852 0.26190 52.140 010572
57 718.29 703.59 53.262 131.34 0.1 0980 0.26092 51.854 0. 1 0368
58 728.01 713.31 53.964 31.01 1 0.11109 0.25992 5 1.563 0.1 01 66
59 737.83 723.13 54.674 30.67 1 0.1 1 239 0.2589 1 51.266 0.099661
60 747.75 733.05 55.392 30.31 1 0.11 370 0.25787 50.964 0.097683
61 757.78 743.08 56.119 129,94 0.11503 0.25682 50.655 0.095726
62 767.91 753.21 56.855 129.56 0.11 637 0.25574 50.339 0.093787
63 77 8.14 763.44 57.601 129.16 0.11773 0.25464 50.01 7 0.091866
64 788.48 773.78 58,358 128.74 0.11910 0.2535 1 49.687 0.089961
65 798.93 784.23 59.126 128.31 012049 0.25236 49.349 0.088072
66 809.48 794.78 59.906 127.86 0.12190 0.25117 49.002 0,086197
67 820.15 805.45 60.699 127.39 0.1 2333 0.24996 48.647 0.084335
68 830.93 816.23 61.505 26.90 1 0.12478 0,24871 48.281 0,082484
69 841.82 827.12 62.327 126.38 0.12626 0.24742 47.905 0.080642
70 852.82 838.1 2 63.165 125.84 0,12776 0.24609 47.517 0.078809
71 863.95 849.25 64.020 125.27 0.12929 0.2447 2 47.116 0.076981
72 875.1 8 860.48 64.895 124.67 0.1 3096 0.24329 46.701 0.075157
73 886.54 871.84 65.790 124.04 0.13245 0.24182 46.271 0.073335
74 898.02 883.32 66.710 123.38 0.1 3409 0.24028 45.824 0.071511
75 909.62 894.92 67.656 122,67 0.1 3578 0.23867 45.357 0.069682
76 921.35 906.65 68.632 121.92 0.13751 0.23699 44.869 0.067844
77 933.21 918.51 69.643 121 .12 0.1 3930 0,23521 44.355 0.065992
78 945.20 930.50 70.694 120.25 0.14117 0.23334 43.812 0.064121
79 957.32 942.62 7 1.791 119 .32 0.14311 0.231 35 43.236 0.062223
80 969.57 954.87 72.945 118.31 0.14515 0.22921 42.618 0.060289
81 981.97 967.27 74.167 117.20 0.14731 0.22690 41.950 0.058305
82 994.5 1 979.81 75.475 115.96 0.1 4963 0.22437 41.221 0.056253
83 1007.20 992.50 76.893 114.57 0.15214 0.221 56 40.411 0.054105
84 1020. 10 1005.40 78.464 112.95 0.15492 0.21835 39.491 0.051 81 6
85 1033. 10 101 8.40 80 .262 .01
11 1 0.15811 0.21455 38.406 0.049309
86 1046.30 1031.60 82.450 108.51 0.1 6200 0.20976 37.039 0.046417
87 1 059. 60 1044.90 85.527 104.78 0.16751 0.20272 35.034 0.042636
87.762 1070.00 1055.30 94.364 94.364 0.1 8355 0.1 8355 29. 1 90 0.034300

(2) Critica! Point

THE CARBON DIOX¡DE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGEBATION HANDBOOK

¡¡qf E
 Superheated Vapor Properties of
Carbon Dioxide (n-7 44) lP Units
-
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oF Aru/lb
-60 137.42 0.34473 0.93360 -50 138. 3 1 0.33749 0.7 53 1 9
-40 141.86 0.35557 0.99734 -40 140.46 0.34311 0.78002
-20 146.19 0.36566 1.0587 -20 145.00 0.35367 0.83170
0 150.46 0.37515 1.11 83 0 149.42 0.36351 0.88141
20 154.70 0.384 1 9 1.1766 20 153.78 0.37279 0.92969
40 158.93 0.39283 1.2339 40 158.11 0.381 63 0.97690
60 163.17 0.40115 1.2904 60 162.43 0.39011 1.0233
80 167.43 0.40919 1.3463 80 166.75 0.39827 1.0690
100 171.71 0.41697 1.401 6 100 17 1.09 0.4061 6 1.1142
120 176.01 0.42453 1.4566 120 175.44 0.41381 1.1 589
140 180.35 0.43188 1.5112 140 179.82 0 .42123 1.2033
160 184.72 0.43905 1.5655 160 184.23 0.42847 1.2473
180 189.12 0.44605 1.61 95 180 188.67 0.4355 1 1.2911
200 193.56 0.45288 1.6733 200 1 93.1 4 0.44240 1.3346

Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.

Btu4b oF Btu/lb Btullb-R fto/.b I

-40 138.71 0.33052 0.61325 -30 1 39.1 3 0.32374 0.50326

-20 143.52 0.34172 0.65796 -20 141.69 0.32963 0.52278
0 148.1 5 0.35202 0.70037 0 146.60 0.340s5 0.55986
20 152.66 0.36163 0.74116 20 151.32 0.35060 0.59505
40 157,12 0.37073 0.78076 40 155.93 0.36001 0.62889
60 161.54 0.37940 0.81947 60 160.47 0.36893 0.66174
80 165.94 0.38772 0.85747 80 164.98 0.37744 0.69383
100 170.35 0.39573 0.89490 100 169.47 0.38562 0.72531
120 174.76 0.40349 0.931 86 120 173.96 0.39350 0.75630
140 179.19 0.41100 0.96844 140 178.46 0.40112 0.78688
160 1 83.65 0.41 831 1.0047 160 182.97 0.40852 0.81713
180 188.13 0.42542 1.0407 180 187.49 0.41571 0.84710
200 1 92.63 0.43236 1.0764 200 192.04 0.42271 0.87682

Ei¡qr
 Superheated Vapor Properties of
Carbon Dioxide (n-7 44) lP Units
-
Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
Btu/lb
-20 139.39 0.31711 0.41583 -10 139.45 0.31055 0.34550
0 144.69 0.32892 0.44923 0 142.32 0.31687 0.36065
20 149.69 0.33956 0.48029 20 147.71 0 .32834 0,38883
40 154.50 0.34939 0.50978 40 152.80 0.33874 0.41509
60 1 59.21 0,35862 0.53815 60 157.71 0.34837 0.44004
80 163.85 0.36738 0.56568 80 162.51 0.35743 0.46404
100 168.44 0.37574 0.59256 100 167.24 0.36604 0.48732
120 173.02 0.38378 0.61890 120 17 .92
1 0.37427 0.51 0 03
140 177.59 0.391 54 0 .64482 140 176.59 0.38218 0.53229
160 182.17 0.39904 0.67039 160 181.24 0.38981 0.55417
180 1 86.75 0.40632 0.69566 180 185.89 0.39721 0 .57574
200 191.35 0.41340 0.72068 200 190.56 0.40438 0.59705

Saturation t = O'F, p = 505.74 psia (291.04 psig)

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oF Btu/lb Btu/lb-R ft'/tb
0 139.29 0.30399 0.28835 10 138.88 0.29735 0.24144
20 145.27 0.31673 0.31488 20 142.20 0.30436 0.25399
40 150,74 0.32790 0.33886 40 148,23 0.31668 0.27662
60 155.92 0.33807 0.36124 60 153.79 0.32759 0.29718
80 160.93 0,34753 0.38253 80 159.06 0.33755 0.31641
100 165.82 0.35643 0.40300 100 164,1-/ 0.34683 0.33471
120 17 0.64 0.36490 0.42285 120 1 69.1 5 0.35559 0.35231
140 17 5.42 0.37300 0.44221 140 17 4.07 0.36393 0.36936
160 180.17 0.38079 0.46117 160 178.93 0.37 191 0.38599
180 1 84.9 1 0.3883 1 0.47980 180 183.77 0.37959 0.40226
200 189.64 0.39560 0.49815 200 188.59 0.3870 0 0.41825

¡¡qrE,
 Superheated Vapor Properties of
Carbon Dioxide (n-7 44) lP Units
-
Saturation t = 30 'F, p = 490.77 p$a (4lG.O7 psig)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oF Btuflb Btu/lb-R ft3llb oF Blu/lb Btu,/lb-R nnllb
20 138.16 0.29054 0.20254 30 137.07 0.28342 0.1 6993
40 0.30476 0.22497 40 141.11 0.29158 0.18112
60 151.21 0.31672 0.24442 60 148.05 0.30521 0.20 03 1

80 156.85 0.32738 0.26217 80 154.21 0.31 684 0.21714

100 162.22 0.3371 5 0.27881 100 1 59.94 0.32727 0.23257
120 167.42 0.34628 0.29464 120 165.41 0.33687 0.24705
140 172.51 0.35490 0.30987 140 170.70 0.34585 0.26083
160 177.51 0.36311 0.32463 160 175.88 0.35435 0.27409
180 182.46 0.37098 0.33901 180 180.97 0.36244 0.28694
200 187.38 0.37855 0.35307 200 186.02 0.37020 0.29945

Saturation t = 40 'F, p = 567.58 psia (552.98 psig)

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oF
Btu/'lb Btu/lb-R ft3ltb
40 135.52 0.27582 0.14229 50 133.36 0.26746 0.11852
60 144.As 0.29257 0.1 6269 60 138.69 0.27782 0.12952
80 1 51.00 0.30569 0.17924 80 147.00 0.29353 0.14677
100 157"23 0.31703 0. 1 9389 100 153.97 0.3062 1 0.16113
120 163.05 0.32725 0.20736 120 160.27 0.31728 0.17394
140 1 68.61 0.33669 0.22003 140 1 66.1 8 0.32731 0.1 8576
160 174.00 0.23210 160 171.84 0.33659 0.1 9689
180 17 9 .27 0.35390 0.24370 180 177.32 0.34530 0.20751
200 184.46 0.36188 0.25495 200 182.68 0.35355 0.21772

E¡¡qT
 Superheated Vapor Properties of
Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) lP Units
-
Saturation t = 60 "F, p = 747.75 psia (733.39 psig)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oF Atu/lb Btu/lb-R ft'llb Btu/lb
60 130.31 0.25787 0.097684 70 125.84 0.24609 0.078810
80 141.81 0.27961 0.11821 80 134,35 0.26202 0.091680
100 149.97 0.29448 0.1 3295 100 144.90 0.28123 0. 1 081 9

120 156.97 0.30677 0.14546 120 152.96 0,29540 0.12087

140 163.34 0.31758 0.1 567 1 140 159.99 0.30732 0. 1 31 81

160 169.34 0.32742 0.1 671 3 160 166.44 0.31791 0.14172

180 175.09 0.33656 0.1 7695 180 172.53 0.32757 0.1 5092
200 180.67 0.34514 0.1 8632 200 178.36 0.33656 0.15962

Saturation t = 80 "F, p -- 969.57 psia (954.87 psig)

Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
Biu/lb Btu,/lb-R ftl/lb

100 138.00 0.26518 0.085577

120 147.97 0.28270 0.099221
140 155.96 0.29626 0.11019
160 163.03 0.30785 0.11979
180 1 69.55 0.31822 0.12854
200 175.72 0.32772 0.1 3669

¡iqrE
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties lP Units
Prssure 100 psia (85.304 psig) Pressure 150 psia (135.304 psig)

-60 0.013824 -9.5276 -0.022969 -60 0.013814 -9.49 1 3 -0.023198

-57.539 0.013886 -8.3688 -0.020078 -55 0.013940 -71 379 -0.017346
-50 0.014070 -4.7724 -0.011537
-57.539 0.88473 137.60 0.34292 -45 0.014206 -2.3932 -0.005764
-55 0 ,89261 138.18 0.3443 5 -40 0.014347 0.0018 -0.000023
-50 0.90798 139.31 0.34713 -38.569 0.014388 0.69027 0.0016147
-45 0.92317 140.43 0.34984
-40 0.93819 141.54 0.352 51 -38.569 0.59588 138.78 0.32954
-35 0.95306 142.65 0.3551 2 -35 0.60389 139.66 0.331 63
-30 0.96779 143.74 0.35769 -30 0.61494 140.88 0.33449
-25 0.98238 144.83 0.3602 1 -25 0.62582 142.09 0.337 28
-20 0.99686 145.92 0.36269 -20 0.63654 143.28 0.34001
-1 5 1.0112 147.00 0.365 1 4 -15 0.64711 144.46 0.34268
-10 1.0255 148.08 0,367 5 5 -10 0.65755 145.63 0.34529
-5 1.0397 149.15 0.36992 -5 0.66787 146.79 0.34786
0 1.0537 150.22 0.37 227 0 0.67807 147.95 0.35038
5 1.0677 151.29 0.37458 5 0.688 1 8 149.09 0.35285
10 1 .081 7 152.36 0.37686 10 0.698 1 9 150.23 0.35529
5 1 1.0955 153.42 0.37912 15 0.708 1 1 151.36 0.35769
20 1.1093 154.49 0.38135 20 0.71796 152.49 0.36005
25 1.1230 155.55 0.38356 25 0.72773 153.61 0.36238
30 1.1 367 156.62 0.38574 30 0.73743 154.73 0.36468
35 1.1 503 157.68 0.387 90 35 0.74706 155.85 0.36695
40 1.1638 158.74 0.390 04 156.96 0.36919
45 1.1773 159,81 0.392 1 6 45 158.07 0 .37 140

50 1,1908 160.87 0.39426 50 1s9.18 0.37359

55 1.2042 1 61 .94 0.39634 55 0,78504 160.29 0.37575
60 1.2176 163.00 0.39840 60 0.79441 161.39 0.37789
65 1.2309 164.07 0.40 044 65 0,80373 162.50 0.380 01
70 1.2442 1 65.1 3 0.40246 70 0.81302 I 163.61 0.38210
75 1.2575 166.20 0.40447 75 0.82226 164.71 0.38418
80 1.27 07 167.27 0.40646 80 0.83146 165.81 0.38623
85 1.2839 168.34 0.40844 85 0.84063 166.92 0.38827
90 1.2971 169.41 0.41040 90 0.84977 168.02 0.39029
95 1.3102 170.49 0.41234 95 0.85887 169.13 0.39229
100 1.3233 17 1.56 0.41427 100 0.86795 17 0.23 0.39427
105 1.3364 17 2.64 0.41 619 105 0.87699 171.34 0,39624
110 1.3494 173.72 0.41809 110 0.88601 17 2.44 0.39819
11 5 1.3624 174.80 0.41997 115 0,89499 173.55 0 .40012
120 1.3754 175.88 0.42185 120 0.90396 174.66 0.40204
125 1.3884 176.96 0.42371 125 0.9 1 290 17 5 .76 0.40394
1 30 1.4014 178.05 0.42556 130 0.92182 17 6.87 0.40583
1 35 1.4143 179.14 0.42740 135 0.93071 177.98 0.40771
140 1.4272 180.23 0.42922 140 0.93958 17I .10 0.40957
145 1.4401 181.32 0.43 1 03 145 0.94844 180.21 0.41142
1 50 1.4530 182.41 0.43284 150 0.957 27 181.32 0.41325
1 55 1.4659 1 83.51 0.43462 155 0.96609 182.44 0.41508
160 1.4787 184.61 0.43640 160 0.97488 183.56 0 .41689
1 65 1.491 6 185.71 0.43817 165 0.98366 184.68 0.41868
17 0 1.5044 186.81 0.43993 170 0.99243 185.80 0.42047
17 5 1.517 2 187.91 0.44168 175 1.0012 186,92 0.42225
1 80 1.5300 1 89.02 0.44341 180 1.0099 188.04 0.42401
1 85 1.5427 190.13 0.44514 185 1 .01 86 189.17 0.42576
190 1.5555 191.24 0.44685 190 1.0273 190.29 0 .427 50
1 95 1.5682 192.35 0.44856 195 1.0360 191.42 0.42923
200 1.5810 193.47 0.45026 200 1.0447 192.55 0.43096

EET ¡¡CIf
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid
and Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressu re 2OO psia (185.304 psig) Pressure 250 psia (235.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oF ftr/lb Btu/lb Btu/b-R
-60 0.013805 -9.4545 -0.023426 -60 0.013796 -9.4174 -0.023653
-55 0.013930 -71045 -0.017582 -55 0.013920 -7.0706 -0.017817
-50 0.014060 -4.7427 -0.01 1 7 82 -50 0.014049 -4.7124 -0.012026
-45 0.014194 -2.3675 -0.006019 -45 0.014182 -2.3412 -0.0062725
-40 0.014334 0.0230 -0.000289 -40 0.07 4322 0.0449 -0.00055267
-35 0.014480 2.4310 0.005415 -35 0.014467 2.4480 0.005140
-30 0.014633 4.8587 0.011098 -30 0.014618 4.8702 0.010810
-25 0.014793 73089 0.016768 -25 0.014777 73143 0.016465
-23.856 0.014831 7.8732 0.018064 -20 0.014944 9.7831 0.022113
-15 0.015120 12.280 0,027760
-23.856 0.44725 1 39.3 1 0.31966 -11 .65 0.015243 13.971 0.031548
-20 0.45426 140.34 0.32201
-15 0.46317 1 41.66 0.32499 -11.65 0,35610 139.45 0.311 63
-10 0.47191 142.95 0.32788 -10 0.35871 139.93 0.31270
-5 0.48048 144.22 0.33069 -5 0.36646 141.36 0.31585
0 0.48890 145.48 0.33343 0 0.37400 142.75 0.31 890
5 0.497 1 9 146.7 1 0.336 1 1 5 0.38 1 37 144.11 0.32185
10 0.50536 147.94 0.33873 10 0.38857 145.45 0.32471
15 0.51343 149.15 0.34130 15 0.39564 146.77 0.32750
2Q 0.521 39 150.36 0.34382 20 0.40258 1 48.06 0.3302 1

25 0.52927 1 51,55 0.34630 25 0.40940 149.34 0.33287

30 0.53706 152.73 0.34873 30 0.41613 150.61 0.33546
35 0.54477 1 53,91 0.3511 3 35 0.42276 1 51 .86 0.33801
40 0.55242 155.08 0.35348 40 0.42930 153.10 0.34050
45 0.55999 156.25 0.35581 45 0.43577 154.33 0.34295
50 0.56751 157.41 0.35810 50 0.44216 155.55 0.34536
55 0.57497 158.57 0.36035 55 0.44849 156.77 0.34773
60 0.58237 159.72 0.362 58 60 0,45475 157.97 0.35006
65 0.58973 160.87 0.36479 65 0.46096 159.17 0 .3 5236
'i¡i:'
70 o.sg7o4 162.02 0.36696 70 0.46711 160.37 0.35463
75 0.60430 163.16 0.36911 75 0.47322 1 61 .56 0.35686
80 0.61152 164,81 I
0.37124 80 0.47927 162.74 0.35907
85 0.61 871 165.45 0.37334 85 0.48529 163.92 0.36125
90 0.62585 166.59 0.37543 90 0.49126 1 65.1 0 0.36340
95 0.63296 167.72 0.37749 95 0.49719 1 66.28 0.36553
100 0.64004 168.86 0.37953 100 0.50309 167.45 0.36763
105 0.64708 170.00 0.38155 105 0.50895 168.62 0.36971
110 0.65409 171.13 0.38355 110 0.51477 169.79 0.37177
115 0.66108 172.27 0.38553 115 0.52057 170.95 0.3738 1

120 0.66804 173.40 0.387 50 120 0.52634 172.12 0.37583

125 0.67497 174.54 0.38945 125 0.532 08 173.28 0.37783
130 0.68188 175.67 0.39138 130 0.53779 174.44 0.37980
135 0.68876 176.81 0.39330 135 0.54348 175.60 0.38177
140 0.69562 177.94 0.39520 140 0.54914 176.76 0.38371
145 0.70246 179.08 0.39709 145 0.55478 177.92 0.38564
150 0.70928 180.21 0.39896 150 0.56040 179.08 0.38755
155 0.71608 1 81.35 0.40082 155 0.5660 0 180.24 0.38944
160 0.72286 182.49 0.40266 160 0.57157 1 81.40 0.39132
165 0.72962 183.63 0.40449 165 0.57713 1 82,56 0.393 1 I
170 0.73637 184.77 0.40631 170 0.58267 183.72 0.39503
175 0.74310 185.91 0.408 1 1 175 0.588 1 I 184.88 0.39687
180 0.74981 187.05 0.40990 180 0.59370 186.04 0.39869
185 0.75650 188.19 0.41168 185 0.599 1 8 187.21 0.40 050
190 0.76319 189.34 0.41345 190 0.60466 188.37 0.40230
195 0.76985 190.48 0.41521 195 0.61 01 2 1 89.53 0.40408
200 0.77651 191.63 0.41695 200 0.61556 1 90.70 0.40585

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qf r

 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l tiquid and
Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressure 300 psia (285.304 psig) Pressure 350 psia (335.304 psig)
Volume Enthalpy Entropy
ft'/lb Btu/lb Btullb-R
-60 0.013786 -9.3798 -0.023878 -60 0.013777 -9.3419 -0.024103
-55 0.013910 -7.0363 -0.018051 -55 0.013900 -70016 -0.018283
-50 0.014038 -4.6817 -0.012268 -50 0.014027 -4.6504 -0.012509
-45 0.014171 -2.3143 -0.0065242 -45 0.014160 -2.2869 -0.006774
-40 0.014309 0.0675 -0.00081477 -40 0.014297 0.0907 -0.00107 5
-35 0.014453 2.4657 0.004866 -35 0.014440 2.4842 0.004595
-30 0.014604 4.8826 0.010524 -30 0.014589 4.8959 0.010240
-25 0.014761 7.3207 0.016165 -25 0.014745 7.3281 0.015868
-20 0.014926 9.7827 0.021 797 -20 0.014909 9.7835 0.021485
-15 0.015100 12.272 0.027427 -15 0.015082 12.265 0.027098
-10 0.015284 14.793 0,033064 -10 0.015264 14.777 0.03271 5
-5 0.015480 17.349 0.038717 -5 0.015456 17.324 0.038347
-1.1 237 0,015640 19.359 0,043119 0 0.015662 19.910 0.044004
LI OUI DTO VAPOR TRAN S ITION 5 0.015881 22,542 0.049699
-1.1237 0.29422 139.32 0.30473 8.1 863 0.016030 24.247 0.053356
0 0.29582 1 39.67 0.30550
5 0.30279 141.21 0.30883 8.1863 0.24930 1 38.97 0.29857
10 0.30954 142.70 0.31202 10 0.25169 1 39.59 0.29988
15 0.31 609 144.15 0.3 1 509 15 0.25809 141.23 0.30336
20 0.32247 145.57 0.31806 20 0.26423 142.81 0.30668
25 0.32870 146.96 0.32095 25 0.27018 144.35 0.30986
30 0.33480 148.32 0.32375 30 0.27594 145.84 0.31293
35 0.34078 149 ,67 0.32647 35 0.28156 147.30 0.31589
40 0.34665 150.99 0.32914 40 0.28703 148.73 0.31876
45 0.35244 152.30 0.33174 45 0.29239 1 50.1 3 0.32155
50 0.35813 1 53.59 0.33429 50 0.29765 1 51 .50 0.32427
55 0.36375 154.87 0.33679 55 0.30280 152.86 0.32692
60 0.36929 156.14 0.33924 60 0.30787 154.20 0.32951
65 0.37477 157.40 0.34165 65 0.31287 155.53 0.33205
70 0.38018 158.64 0.34401 70 0.31779 156.84 0.33453
75 0.38554 159.88 0.34635 75 0.32264 158,14 0.33697
80 0.39085 161.12 0.34864 80 0.32743 159.42 0.33937
85 0.396 1 0 162.34 0.35090 85 0.33217 160.70 0.34173
90 0.40131 163.56 0.35313 90 0.33686 161.97 0.34405
95 0.40648 164.78 0.35534 95 0.34149 163.23 0.34633
100 0.41160 165.99 0.35751 100 0.34608 164.49 0.34858
105 0.41669 167.20 0.35966 105 0.35063 165.73 0.35080
110 0.42174 168.40 0.36178 110 0.35514 166.97 0.35299
115 0.42676 1 69,60 0.36387 115 0,35961 168.21 0.3551 5
120 0.43174 170.80 0.36595 120 0.36405 169.44 0.35728
125 0.43670 171.99 0.3680 0 125 0,36846 17 0 .67 0.35939
130 0.44162 173.18 0.370 03 130 037283 17 1.89 0.36147
135 0.44652 17 4.37 0.37203 135 0.37717 173.11 0.36353
140 0.45 1 39 175.56 0.37402 140 0.38149 174.33 0.36557
145 0.45624 176.7 5 0.37599 145 0.38578 175.54 0.36758
150 0.46107 177.93 0.37794 150 0.39004 176.75 0.36958
155 0.46587 17I .11 0.37988 155 0.39428 177.96 0.371 55
160 0.47065 180.30 0.38 1 80 160 0.39850 179.17 0.37351
165 0.47541 181.48 0.38370 165 0.4027 0 180.38 0.37545
170 0.48015 182.66 0.38558 170 0.40687 1 81 .58 0.37737
175 0.48487 183.84 0.38745 175 0,41103 182.78 0.37927
180 0.48958 185.02 0.38930 180 0.41 516 183.99 0.38116
185 0.49426 1 86.20 0.39114 185 0.41928 1 85. 19 0.38303
190 0.49893 187.39 0.39297 190 0.42338 186.39 0.38489
195 0.50359 188.57 0.39478 195 0.42747 187.59 0.38673
200 0.50823 189.75 0.39657 200 0.43154 188.79 0.38855

@¡¡qr
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressure 400 psia (385.30a psig) Prcssure 450 psia (4Íi5.304 psig)

-60 0.013768 -9.3036 -0.024326 -60 0.013759 -9.2650 -0.024548

-55 0.013890 -6.9664 -0.018514 -55 0.013881 -6.9308 -0.018744
-50 0.014017 -4.6187 -0.012748 -50 0.014006 -4.5865 -0.012986
-45 0.014148 -2.2589 -0.007023 -45 0.014137 -2.2304 -0.007 270
-40 0.014285 0.1145 -0.001334 -40 0.014273 0.1389 -0.001591
-35 0.014427 2.5034 0.004325 -35 0.014414 2.5233 0.004058
-30 0.014575 4.9099 0.009959 -30 0.014561 4.9248 0.009679
-25 0.014730 73364 0.015573 -25 0.0147 7 4 7.3456 0.015281
-20 0.014892 9.7854 0.021175 -20 0.014875 9.7883 0.020869
-15 0.015063 12.260 0.026772 -15 0.015045 12.256 0.026449
-10 0.015243 14.764 0.032371 -10 0.015223 14.751 0.032030
-5 0.015434 17.301 0.037981 -5 0.015411 17.279 0.037620
0 0.015636 19.876 0.043614 0 0.015611 19.843 0.043229
5 0.015853 22.495 0.049281 5 0.015825 22.450 0.048869
10 0.016085 25.1 65 0.054997 10 0.016054 25.106 0.054553
15 0.016337 27.896 0.060781 15 0.016301 27.819 0.060300
16.568 0,01 6421 28.767 0.062613 20 0.016570 30.601 0.066130
24.2 1 5 0.016818 33.010 0,07 11 29
16.568 0.21510 138.44 0.29291 LIOU I DTO VAPOR TRANSITION
20 0.21935 139.69 0.29551 24.215 0. 1 8811 137.75 0.28759
25 0.22528 141.43 0.29913 25 0.1 8907 138.06 0.28824
30 0.23095 143.10 0.30255 30 0.1 949 1 139.99 0.29220
35 4.23641 144.71 0.30582 35 0.20 043 141.82 0.29591
40 0.24168 146.27 0.30896 40 0.20569 143.56 0.29941
45 0.24681 147.79 0.31198 45 0.2107 4 145.23 0.30274
50 0,251 80 149.27 0.31 49 1 50 0.21561 146.8s 0.30593
55 0.25667 150.72 0.31775 55 0.22032 148.43 0.30900
60 0.26143 152.15 0.32051 60 0.22491 149.96 0.3 11 97
65 0.26610 153.56 0.32320 65 0.22938 151.46 0.31484
70 0.27069 154.94 0.32582 70 0.23374 152.93 0.31763
75 0.27519 1 56.30 0.32839 75 0.23801 154.37 0.3203 5
80 0.27963 157.65 0.33090 80 0.24220 155.80 0.32299
85 0.28400 158.99 0.33336 85 0.24632 157.20 0.32558
90 0.28832 160.31 0.33578 90 0.25037 158.58 0.32811
95 0.29257 161.62 0"33816 95 0.25435 159.95 0.33059
100 0.29678 162.93 0.34049 100 0.25828 161 .31 0.33302
105 0.30094 164.22 0.34279 105 0.26215 162.65 0.33541
110 0.30506 165.50 0.34505 110 0.26598 163.98 0.33776
11 5 0.30914 166.78 0.34728 115 0.26976 165.30 0.34006
120 0.31317 168.05 0.34948 120 0.27349 166.61 0 .34233
125 0 .317 17 1 69.31 0.35165 125 0.277 19 167.91 0 .34457
130 0.32114 170.57 0.35380 130 0.28085 169.21 0.34678
135 0.32508 171.82 0.35591 135 0.28448 170.50 0.34895
140 0.32898 173.07 0.3580 0 140 0.28807 171.78 0.35110
145 0.33286 174.31 0.360 07 145 0.29164 173.05 0.35322
150 0.3367 1 175.55 0.362 1 1 150 0.29517 174.32 0.35531
155 0.34053 176.79 0.3641 3 155 0.29868 175.59 0.35738
160 0.34434 178.02 0.366 1 3 160 0.302 1 6 176.85 0.35942
165 0.34811 17L25 0.368 1 1 165 0.30561 17 8 .11 0.361 44
170 0.35187 180.48 0.370 06 170 0.30905 179.36 0.36344
17 5 0.35560 181.7 1 0.37200 175 0.31246 180.61 0.36542
180 0.35932 182.93 0.37393 180 0.31585 181.86 0.36738
185 0.36301 184.15 0.37 583 185 0.31922 183.11 0.36932
190 0.36669 185.38 0.37772 190 0.32257 184.35 0.37124
195 0.37035 1 86.60 0.37 9 59 195 0.32591 185.59 0.37314
200 0.37400 187.81 0.38144 200 0.32922 186.83 0.37502

¡¡qf EE
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 441 tiquid and
Vapor Propefties lP Units
Pressure 500 psia (485.304 psig) Pressure 550 psia (535.304 psig)
Temp, Volume Enthalpy Entropy Ternp, Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oF rtTtb ft'llo
Btu/lb Btur/lb-R "F Btu/lb Btu/lb-R
-60 0.013750 -9.2260 -0.024769 -60 0.013741 -9.1 866 -0.024989
-55 0.013871 -6.8948 -0.018972 -55 0.013861 -6.8584 -0.019200
-50 0.013996 -4.5538 -0.013223 -50 0.013986 -4.5207 -0.013458
-45 0.0141 26 -2.2014 -0.007516 -45 0.01411 5 -2.1 719 -0.007760
-40 0.014261 0.1 639 -0.001846 -40 0.014249 0.1 8946 -0.002099
-35 0.014401 2.5438 0.003792 -35 0.014388 2.5651 0.003528
-30 0.014547 4.9404 0.009402 -30 0.014533 4.9568 0.009127
-25 0.014699 7.3558 0.014991 -25 0.014684 7.3668 0.014704
-20 0.014859 9.7923 0.020565 -20 0.014843 9.7973 0.020263
-15 0.015026 12.253 0.026129 -15 0.015009 12.251 0.025813
-10 0.015203 14.741 0.031693 -10 0.015183 14.731 0.031359
-5 0.015389 12259 0.037263 -5 0.015368 17241 0.036910
0 0.015587 19.813 0.042849 0 0.015563 19.785 0.042474
5 0.015797 22.408 0.048463 5 0.015770 22.368 0.048063
10 0.016023 25.049 0.05417 7 10 0.015993 24.996 0.053688
15 0.016266 27.745 0.059827 15 0.016231 27.676 0.059363
20 0.016530 30.506 0.065613 20 0.016490 30.417 0.065108
25 0.016819 33.s46 0.071 502 25 0.016773 3s.232 0.070947
30 0.017139 36.281 0.077528 30 0.017085 36.1 37 0.076909
31.26 0.017226 32039 0.079074 35 0.017434 39.1 54 0.083040
LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITI ON 37.804 0.01 765 1 40.908 0.086574
31.26 136.90 0.28249
35 1 38.50 0.28574 37.804 0. 14799 135.91 0 .277 54
40 140.51 0.28978 40 0.1 5056 136.95 0.27963
45 142.40 0.29354 45 0.1 5605 139 .17 0.28406
50 144.20 0.29709 50 0.1611 s 141.23 0.28812
55 145.93 0.30046 55 0.1 6594 143.17 0.29 1 91
60 147.60 0.30369 60 0.17050 145.02 0.29548
65 149.22 0.30679 65 0.17486 146.79 0.29887
70 150.79 0.30978 70 0.17905 148.50 0.30210
75 152.33 0.31267 75 0.18311 150.1 5 0.30521
80 153.84 0.31548 80 0.18704 151.76 0.30821
85 155.32 0.31821 85 0.1 9087 153.33 0.31111
90 156.77 0.32087 90 0.19460 154.87 0.31392
95 158.21 0.32346 95 0.1 9825 156.38 0.31666
100 0.22732 159.62 0.32600 100 0.20182 157.87 0.31932
105 0.23098 161.02 0.32849 105 0.20533 159.33 0.32192
110 0.23458 162.40 0.33093 110 0.20877 160.77 0.32446
115 0.23814 163.77 0.33332 11 5 0.21216 162.19 0.32695
120 0.24165 1 65.1 3 0.33567 120 0.21549 163.60 0.32939
125 0.24511 166.48 0.33799 125 0.21877 164.99 0.33178
130 0.24854 167.81 0.34026 130 0.22202 166.37 0.33413
135 0.25192 169.14 0.34250 135 0.22521 167.74 0.33644
140 0.25528 170.46 0.34471 140 0.22838 169.10 0.33872
145 0.25859 17 1.77 0.34688 145 0.23150 170.45 0.34095
150 0.26188 173.07 0.34903 150 0.23459 171.78 0.34316
155 0.26514 174.37 0.35115 155 0.23765 17 3.11 0.34533
160 0.26837 175.66 0.35324 160 0.24068 174.44 0.34747
165 0.27157 176.94 0.35530 165 0.24368 175.75 0.34959
170 0.27475 178.22 0.35735 170 0.24666 177.06 0.351 68
175 0.27791 179.50 0.35937 175 0.24961 178.37 0.35374
180 0.28 1 05 180.77 0.36136 180 0.25254 179.67 0.35578
185 0.28416 182.04 0.36334 185 0.25545 180.96 0.35779
190 0.28725 183.31 0.36530 190 0.25833 182.25 0.35979
195 0.29033 184.57 0.36723 195 0.26120 183.53 0.361 76
200 0.29338 185.83 0.36915 200 0.26404 184.82 0.36371

@¡iof
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44ll Liquid and
Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressure 600 psia (585.304 psig) P¡essurc 650 psia (G15.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy

-60 0.013732 -9.7 468 -0.025208 -60 0.013723 -9.1067 -0.025425

-55 0.013852 -6.8216 -0.019426 -55 0.013842 -6,7845 -0.019651
-50 0.013976 -4.4871 -0.013692 -50 0.013966 -4.4531 -0.013925
-45 0.014104 -2.1419 -0.008002 -45 0.014093 3
-2.111 -0.008243
-40 0.014237 0.21 561 -0.002351 -40 0.014225 0.2423 -0.002601
-35 0.014375 2.5870 0.003266 -35 0.014363 2.6095 0.003006
-30 0.01 45 1 I 4.9740 0.008854 -30 0.014506 4.991 I 0.008583
-25 0.014669 7.3787 0.014418 -25 0.014655 7.3914 0.014135
-20 0.014826 9.8034 0.019965 -20 0.01 48 1 0 9.8103 0.019668
-15 0.014991 12.251 0.025499 -15 0.014973 12.251 0.025188
-10 0.01 5164 14.723 0.031029 -10 0.01 51 45 14.716 0.030702
-5 0.015346 1 7225 0.036561 -5 0.015325 17210 0.036216
0 0,015539 19.759 0.042104 0 0.015516 19.735 0.041738
5 0.015744 22.331 0.047668 5 0.01 571 I 22.295 0.047279
10 0.015963 24.945 0.053265 10 0.015934 24.897 0.052849
15 0.016198 27610 0.058908 15 0.016165 27.547 0.058460
20 0,016452 30.332 0.064614 20 0.016414 30.252 0.064129
25 0.016728 33.1 25 0.070405 25 0.016685 33.023 0.069875
30 0,017032 36.001 0.076308 30 0.016982 35.872 0.07 57 24
35 0.017371 38.981 0.082363 35 0.017311 38.818 0.081709
40 0.017755 42.094 0.088625 40 0.017681 41.885 0.087879
43.92 0.018097 44.656 0.093732 45 0.018106 45.112 0.094305
49.667 0.018572 48.322 0.1 0064
43.92 0.1 3256 134.76 0.27265
45 0.1 3385 135.33 0.27379 49.667 0.11926 133.44 0.26775
50 0.1 3944 137.81 0.27868 50 0. 11967 133,64 0.26815
55 0.14454 140.06 0.28308 55 0.12544 136.43 0.27359
60 0.14928 142.16 0.28713 60 0.1 3058 138.90 0.27837
65 0.15374 144.13 0.29090 65 0.1 3529 141.16 0.28270
70 0.1 5798 146.01 0.29446 70 0.1 396e 143.27 0.28670
75 0.16204 147.81 0.29784 75 0.1 4384 145.26 0.29043
80 0.1 6595 149.54 0.30108 80 0.14778 147.15 0.29396
B5 0,1697 2 151.22 0.30418 85 0.15156 148.97 0.29732
90 0.1 7338 152.86 0.30717 90 0.1 5520 150.73 0.30053
95 0.1 7695 154.46 0.31007 95 0.15872 152.43 0.3036 1

100 0.1 8042 156.02 0.31287 100 0.16214 154.09 0.30659

105 0.18381 157.56 0.31560 105 0.1 6546 155.71 0.30947
110 0.18713 159.07 0.31826 110 0.1 6870 157.29 0.31226
115 0. 1 9039 160.55 0.32 086 115 0.17186 158.85 0.3 1 498
120 0. 1 9359 162.02 0.32340 120 0.17496 160.37 0.31762
125 0.19674 163.46 0.32588 125 0.1 7800 161.88 0.32021
130 0.19983 164.89 0.32831 130 0.1 8099 163.36 0.32273
135 0.20289 166.30 0.33070 135 0.1 8392 164.82 0.32520
140 0.20590 167.70 0.33304 140 0.1 8681 166.27 0.32763
145 0.20887 169.09 0.33535 145 0.1 8966 167.7 0 0.33000
150 0.211 80 170.47 0.33761 150 0.19246 169.12 0.33234
155 0.21470 17 1.83 0.33985 155 0. 9523
1 170.52 0.33463
160 0.21757 173.19 0.34204 160 0.19797 17 1.92 0.33689
165 0.22041 174.54 0.34421 165 0.20067 173.30 0.339 1 1

170 0.22322 175.88 0.34635 170 0.20335 174.67 0.34130

175 0.22600 177.21 0.34846 175 0.20599 176.04 0.34346
180 0.22876 178.54 0.35054 180 0.20861 177.39 0.34559
185 0.23150 179.86 0.35260 185 0.21121 17 8.7 4 0.34769
190 0.23421 181.17 0.35463 190 0.21378 180.08 0.34976
195 0.23690 182.48 0.35664 195 0.21 633 181.42 0.35181
200 0.23957 183.79 0.35862 200 0.21886 182.75 0.35383

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

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 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 441 tiquid and
Vapor Properties lP Units

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy

oF Btu/lb
-60 0.013714 -9.0663 -0.02564 -60 0.013706 -9.0255 -0.02586
-55 0.013833 -6.7469 -0.01988 -55 0.013824 -6.7089 -0.02010
-50 0.013956 -4.4187 -0.0141 6 -50 0.013946 -4.3838 -0.01439
-45 0.014082 -2.0803 -0.00848 -45 0.014072 -2.0488 -0.00872
-40 0.014214 0.2696 -0.00285 -40 0.014202 0.2974 -0.00310
-35 0.014350 2.6326 0.0027 5 -35 0.014338 2,6564 0.00249
-30 0.014492 5.0104 0.00831 -30 0.014479 5.0297 0.00805
-25 0.014640 7.4049 0.01385 -25 0.014626 7.4193 0.01358
-20 0.014795 9.8183 0.01938 -20 0.014779 9.8271 0.01908
-15 0.014956 12.253 0.02488 -15 0.01 4939 12.255 0.02458
-10 0.015126 14.711 0.03038 -10 0.015107 14.707 0.03006
-5 0.015305 1 7196 0,03587 -5 0.015284 17. 1 84 0.03554
0 0.015493 19.712 0.04138 0 0.01 5471 19.691 0.04102
5 0.015693 22.262 0.04690 5 0.015668 22.231 0.04652
10 0.015906 24.852 0.05244 10 0.015878 24.809 0.05204
15 0.016133 27.487 0.05802 15 0.016102 27431 0.057 59
20 0.016378 30.1 76 0.06365 20 0.016343 30.103 0.06319
25 0.016643 32.926 0.06936 25 0.016603 32.834 0.06885
30 0.016933 35.750 0.07515 30 0.016886 35.635 0.07460
35 0.017253 38.664 0.08108 35 0.01 7 198 38.519 0.08046
40 0.017611 41.690 0.08716 40 0.017544 41.507 0.08647
45 0.018018 44.861 0.09348 45 0.01 7936 44.627 0.09268
50 0.018495 48.226 0.10011 50 0.018390 47.919 0.09917
55 0.019074 5 1.873 0.10723 55 0,018932 51.455 0. 0608
1

55.09 0.019086 51.942 0.10736 60 0.019613 55.366 0.11 364

60.225 0.01 9648 55.555 0.11400
55.09 0. 1 0760 131.94 0.26278 LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITION
60 0.11350 135.04 0.26876 60.225 0.097241 130.23 0.25764
65 0 .1187 2 137.7 5 0.27397 65 0.1 0325 133.65 0.26418
70 0.12343 140.20 0.27860 70 0.1 0858 136.64 0.26986
75 0.12778 142.44 0.28282 75 0.11330 139.27 0.27481
80 85
0.1 31 144.55 0.28674 80 0.11760 141.67 0.27927
B5 0.1 3570 146.54 0.29042 85 0.12160 143.89 0.28337
90 0.1 3937 148.45 0.29390 90 0.12537 1 45.98 0.28719
95 0.14289 1s0.28 0.29721 95 0.12894 147.97 0.29079
100 0.14629 152.04 0.30039 100 0.1 3236 149.87 0.29420
105 0.1 4957 153.76 0.30344 105 0.1 3564 151.71 0.29746
110 0.15276 155.43 0.30639 110 0.13881 153.48 0.30059
115 0.1 5587 157.07 0.30924 115 0.14188 155.21 0.3036 1
120 0.1 5890 158.67 0.31201 120 0.14487 156.89 0.30652
125 0.16186 160.24 0.31471 125 0.14777 1 58.53 0.30934
130 0.16476 161.78 0.31 734 130 0.1 5061 1 60.1 4 , 0.31249

135 0.1 6760 163.30 0.3 1 990 135 0. 1 5339 161.72 0.31475
140 0.1 7039 164.80 0.32241 140 0.1 5611 163.27 , 0,31736
145 0.17314 166.27 0.32487 145 0.15877 164.81 0.31990
150 0.17584 167.74 0.32728 150 0.1 61 39 166.32 0;32239
155 0.17851 169.18 0.32964 155 0. 1 6397 167.81 0.32482
160 0.18114 170.62 0.33196 160 0.1 6651 169.28 0.32721
165 0. 1 8373 172.03 0.33424 165 0.1 6901 170.74 0.32956
170 0.1 8629 173.44 0.33648 170 0.17148 172.19 0.33186
175 0.1 8882 174.84 0.33869 175 0.17391 173.62 0.33413
180 0.19132 176.23 0.34087 180 0.17631 175.04 0.33636
185 0. 9380
1 177.60 0.34302 185 0. 7869
1 176.45 0.33855
190 0.19625 178.97 0.34513 190 0.18104 177.85 0.34071
195 0. 1 9868 180.34 0.34722 195 0.1 8337 179.24 0.34284
200 0.20108 1 81.69 0.34928 200 0.1 8567 180.62 0.34495

E¡¡qT
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]' Liquid and
Vapor Properties IP Units
Prcssure &50 psia (&15.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy
oF t¡'llb Btu/lb Btu/lb-R oF ftI4o-
-60 0.013697 -8.9844 -0.02607 -60 0.013688 -8.9430 -0.026286
-55 0.013814 -6.6706 -0.02032 -55 0.013805 -6.6319 -0.020539
-50 0.013936 -4.3485 -0.01462 -50 0.013926 -4.3128 -0.014843
-45 0.014061 -2.01 68 -0.00896 -45 0.014051 -1.9844 -0.009194
-40 0.014191 0.32576 -0.00334 -40 0.014180 0.3546 -0.003587
-35 0.014326 2.6807 0.00224 -35 0.014314 2.7057 0.001982
-30 0.014466 5.0497 0.00778 -30 0.014453 5.0704 0.007518
-25 0.014612 7.4344 0.01330 -25 0.014598 7.4503 0.013025
-20 0.01 4764 9.8369 0.01880 -20 0.014748 9.8475 0.018508
-15 0.014923 12.259 0,02427 -15 0.014906 12.264 0.023973
-10 0.015089 14.704 0.02974 -10 0,01 5071 14.702 0.029425
-5 0.015264 17.174 0.03520 -5 0.015244 171 65 0.034871
0 0.015449 19.672 0.04067 0.015427 19.655 0.040318
5 0.015644 22.202 0.04614 5 0.015620 22.175 0.045772
10 0.015851 24.769 0.05164 10 0.015824 24.731 0.051243
15 0.016072 27.378 0.05716 5
1 0,016042 27327 0.056741
20 0.016308 30.034 0.06273 20 0.016275 29.969 0.062277
25 0.016563 32.747 0.06835 25 0.016525 32.664 0.067867
30 0.016841 35.525 0.07406 30 0.016797 35.421 0.073526
35 0.017 144 38,382 0.07986 35 0.017093 38.252 0.079278
40 0.017481 41.335 0.08580 40 0.017420 41.173 0.085152
45 0.017859 44.408 0.09192 45 0.017796 44,203 0.091187
50 0.018292 47637 0.09829 50 0.018201 47.375 0.097441
55 0.018803 51.078 0.10500 55 0.018685 50.735 0.10400
60 0.019430 54.832 0.11226 60 0.01 9268 54.361 0.11101
65 0.020258 59.109 0,12045 65 0.020010 58.403 4.fi875
65.102 0.020278 59.205 0,1 2064 69.744 0.021001 62.949 0.12738

65.102 0.087880 128.27 0.25224 69.744 0.079277 125.98 0.24643

70 0.094429 132.29 0.25988 70 0.079720 126.28 0.24700
75 0.099860 135.58 0.26605 75 0.086828 131.00 0.25587
80 0.10459 138.41 0.27132 80 0.092357 134.59 0.26255
85 0. 1 0886 140.95 0.27601 85 0.097087 137.62 0.26814
90 0.11279 143.29 0.28029 90 0.10131 140.31 0.27306
95 0.11 648 145.48 0.28425 95 0.10518 142.76 0.27750
100 0.11996 147.55 0.28797 100 0.1 0879 145.04 0.28160
105 0.12328 149.52 0.29148 105 0.11218 147.19 0.28542
110 0.12646 151.42 0.29482 110 0.11 540 149.24 0.28902
115 0.12952 153.25 0.29802 115 0.11849 1 51.19 0.29244
120 0.13249 155.03 0.301 1 0 120 0.12145 153.08 0.29571
125 0.1 3536 156.75 0.30406 125 0.12431 154.90 0.29884
130 0.1 381 6 158.44 0.30694 130 0.12709 156.67 0.30186
135 0.1 4088 160.09 0.30972 135 0.12978 158.40 0.30477
140 0.1 4354 161.71 0.31243 140 0.13240 160.08 0.30759
145 0.14615 163.29 0.31507 145 0.1 3496 161.74 0.3 1 034
150 0.14870 164.86 0.31764 150 0.13746 163.36 0.31301
155 0.15121 166.40 0.32016 155 0.13991 164.95 0.31561
160 0.1 5368 167.92 0.32262 160 0.14232 166.52 0.31815
165 0.15610 169.42 0.32503 165 0.14468 168.07 0.32064
170 0.1 5849 170.90 0.32740 170 0.14700 1 69.59 0.32308
175 0.1 6084 172.37 0.32973 175 0.14929 171.10 0.32546
180 0.1 631 6 173.83 0.33201 180 0.1 51 54 172.60 0.32781
185 0. 6545
1 175.27 0.33426 185 0.1 5376 174.07 0.33011
190 0.16772 176.70 0.33647 190 0.1 5595 175.54 0.33237
195 0.1 6996 178.12 0.33864 195 0.15811 176.99 0.33459
200 0.17217 179.53 0.34079 200 0.1 6025 178.43 0.33678

¡¡qf @
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 441 tiquid and
Vapor Propefties lP Units
Pressure 950 psia (935.304 psig)
Volume Enthalpy
ftTrb Btr/lb
-60 0.01368 -8.9012 -0.026498 -60 0.013671 -8.8592 -0.026710
-55 0.01380 -6.5929 -0.020758 -55 0.013787 -6.5535 -0.020977
-50 0.01392 -4.2767 -0.015070 -50 0.013907 -4.2402 -0.015295
-45 0.01404 -1.9515 -0.009428 -45 0.014030 -1.9182 -0.009661
-40 0.01417 0.3840 -0.003830 -40 0.014158 0.4139 -0.004071
-35 0.01430 2.7312 0.001730 -35 0.014290 2.7573 0.001480
-30 0.01444 5.091 7 0.007256 -30 0.014427 5.1136 0.006996
-25 0.01458 74670 0.012752 -25 0.014570 7.4843 0.012482
-20 0.01473 9.8590 0.018224 -20 0.014718 9.8713 0.017942
-15 0.01489 12.270 0.023676 -15 0.014873 12.276 0.023381
-10 0.01505 14.701 0.029114 -10 0.015036 14.702 0.028805
-5 0.01523 1 7.1 57 0.034544 -5 0.015206 17.1 50 0.034220
0 0.01541 19.639 0.039973 0 0.015384 19.624 0.039631
5 0.01560 22.1 50 0.045407 5 0,015573 22.1 27 0.045046
10 0.01580 24.696 0.050856 10 0.015772 24.662 0.050473
15 0.01601 27 279 0.056328 15 0.015984 27234 0.055920
20 0.01624 29.907 0.061834 20 0.016210 29.848 0.061399
25 0.01649 32.585 0.067389 25 0.016452 32.510 0.066920
30 0.01675 35.322 0.073007 30 0.016713 35.229 0.07 2499
35 0.01704 38.1 29 0.078710 35 0.016996 38.013 0.078156
40 0.01736 41.019 0.084523 40 0.017306 40.874 0.08391 2
45 0.01772 44.011 0.090481 45 0.017650 43.831 0.089799
50 0.01812 47.1 32 0.096633 50 0.018035 46.904 0.095859
55 0.01858 50.419 tuB o.tosos 55 0.018475 50.128 0.10215
60 0.01912 53.938 0.10985 60 0.018990 53.555 0.10878
65 0.01980 57.799 *.@n72s 65 0.019616 57270 0.11599
70 0.02071 62.240 0.12567 70 0.020422 61.440 0.12380
74.1 7 1 0.021 86 66.870 13438 75 0.021589 66.467 0,13325
7 8.39 I 0.022942 71.1 24 0.14193
74.171 0.071198 123.260.24001
75 0.072837 124.47 0.24227 78.398 0.063370 1 1 9.89 0.23256
80 0.080310 129.81 0.25223 80 0.067063 122.86 0.23807
B5 0.085903 133.70 0.25939 85 0.074767 128.79 0.24901
90 0.090611 136.92 0.26528 90 0.080365 132.94 0.25660
95 0.094780 139.75 0.27040 95 0.085023 136.33 0.26274
100 0.098578 142.31 0.27500 100 0.089120 139.28 0.26804
105 0.10210 144.68 0.27922 105 0.092834 141.95 0.27278
110 0.10541 146.90 0.28314 110 0.096268 144.40 0.27710
115 0. 1 0854 149.01 0.28682 115 0.099485 146.69 0.2811 0
120 0.11153 151.02 0.29031 120 0.1 0253 148.85 0.28485
125 0.11 440 152.96 0.29363 125 0.1 0543 150.92 0.28840
130 0.11716 154.83 0.29681 130 0. 1 0820 152.90 0.29178
135 0.11984 156.64 0.29987 135 0.11088 154.81 0.29500
140 0.12244 158.40 0.30283 140 0.11346 1s6.66 0.298 1 0
145 0.12496 160.13 0.30569 145 0.11597 158.46 0.30109
150 0.12743 1 61.81 0.30846 150 0.11841 160.22 0.30398
155 0.12984 1 63.46 0.31116 155 0.12078 161.93 0.30679
160 0.13219 165.09 0.31379 160 0.12310 163.61 0.30951
165 0.1 3450 166.68 0.31636 165 0.12537 165.26 0.31216
170 0.13677 168.26 0.31887 170 0.12759 166.89 0.31475
175 0.1 3900 1 69.81 0.32132 175 0.12977 168.48 0.31728
180 0.14119 17 1.34 0.32373 180 0.13191 170.06 0.31975
185 0.1 4335 172.85 0.32608 185 0.13402 171.61 0.32217
190 0.14547 174.35 0.32840 190 0.1 3609 173.15 0.32454
195 0.14757 17 5.84 0.33068 195 0.13813 174.67 0.32687
200 0.1 4964 177.31 0.33291 200 0.14014 176.17 0.32916

@¡¡qt
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l tiquid and
Vapor Propefties IP Units
Pressure 1000 psia (985.304 psig)

-60 0.0r 3663 -8.8168 -0.026920

-55 0.01 3778 -6.51 37 -0.021194
-50 0.013897 -4.2033 -0.015519
-45 0.01 40 2 0 - 8844
1 . -0.0 09 89 3
-40 0.014147 0.4443 -0.004311
-35 0.014278 2.7840 0.001 231
-30 0.01441 5 5.1362 0.006738
-25 0.014556 7.5024 0.012213
-20 0.014704 9.8844 0.017662
-15 0.014858 12.284 0.023089
-10 0.01 501 I 14.703 0.028499
-5 0,01 51 87 17145 0.033899
0 0,015364 19.611 0,039293
5 0.01 5550 22.105 0.044690
10 0.015747 24.631 0.050095
15 0.015956 27.191 0.055519
20 0,016178 29.792 0.060970
25 0.016416 32.439 0.066459
30 0.016672 35.140 0.072002
35 0.01 6950 37.902 0.077614
40 0.017252 40.737 0.083317
45 0.01 7 586 43.660 0.089 1 38
50 0.017958 46,691 0,095114
55 0.01 8380 49.858 0.10130
60 0.018869 53.204 0.10777
65 0.019452 56.799 0,11465
70 0.020182 60.763 0"12217
75 0.021170 65.350 0.13079
80 0.022793 71,354 0,14196
82.434 0.024461 76.074 0.1 5069

82.434 0.055335 115.38 0.22319

85 0.062397 121.62 0.23468
90 0.070104 127.97 0.24628
95 0.075632 132.33 0.25419
100 0.080204 135.87 0.26054
105 0.084209 138.93 0.26598
110 0.087830 141.67 0.27082
115 0.09 117 1 144.20 0.27523
120 0.094294 146.55 0.27931
125 0.097245 148.77 0.28312
130 0. 1 0005 150.88 0.28672
135 0.10274 1 52.90 0.29013
140 0.1 0533 154.85 0.29340
145 0.10782 156.74 0.29653
150 0.11 024 158.57 0.29955
155 0.11260 160.36 0.30247
160 0.11489 162.10 0.30530
165 0.11712 163.81 0.30804
170 0.11931 165.49 0.31 07 1

175 0.12145 167.13 0.31 332

180 0.1 2355 168.75 0.31586
185 0.1 2561 170.35 0.3 1 834
190 0.12763 171.92 0.32078
195 0.1 2963 173.48 0.32316
200 0.13159 175.02 0.32550

¡¡qrEu
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Supercritical
Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressure 1250 psia 11235.304 psig)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oF Btu/b Btu/b-R ftrfib Btu/tb Btu/lb-R
-60 0.013646 -8.731 -0.02734 -60 0.01 3622 -8.600 -0.02796
-s5 0.013760 -6.433 -0.021 63 -55 0 .01 3734 -6.3 0
1 -0 .02226
-50 0.013878 -4,128 -0.01596 -50 0.013850 -4.013 -0.01 662
-45 0.014000 -1.816 -0.01035 -45 0.013970 -1.709 -0.01103
-40 0.01 4125 0.506 -0.00479 -40 0.014093 0.603 -0.00549
-35 0.01 4255 2.839 0.00074 -35 0.01 4221 2.925 0.00001
-30 0.01 4390 5. 831 0.0 0623 -30 0.01 43 53 5 .2 58 0.0 0 547
-25 0.01 4529 7.541 0.01168 -25 0.01 4490 7.603 0.01090
-20 0.01 467 5 9.91 3 0 .017 11 -20 0.01 4632 9.962 0.01 629
-15 0.01 4826 12.302 0 .02251 -15 0.01 4780 12.336 0.02166
-10 0.01 4984 14.710 0.02790 -10 0.014935 14.727 0.02701
-5 0.01 51 50 17.138 0.03327 -5 0.01 5096 17.136 0.03234
0 0.01 5323 19.590 0.03863 0 0.01 5264 19.567 0.03766
5 0.01s505 22.067 0.04399 5 0.01 5441 22.021 0 .04297

10 0.015698 24.574 0.04935 10 0.01 5627 24.502 0.04828

15 0.015901 27.113 0.05473 15 0.015823 27.012 0.05359
20 0.01 6117 29.689 0.06013 20 0.016031 29.554 0.05892
25 0.016348 32.308 0.06556 25 0.01 6251 32.134 0.06427
30 0.01 6595 34.974 0.07104 30 0.016486 34.755 0.06965
3s 0.016861 37.696 0.07657 35 0.01 6738 37.424 0.07507
40 0.01 71 50 40.483 0.08217 40 0.017010 40.148 0.08055
45 0.017467 43.347 0.08787 45 0.01 7304 42.936 0.08610
50 0.017816 46.303 0.09370 50 0.017625 45.798 0.09175
55 0.01 8207 49.372 0.09969 55 0.017980 48.749 0.09751
60 0.01 8652 52.585 0.1 0591 60 0.018376 51.809 0.10342
65 0.019170 55.988 0.11242 65 0.01 8824 55.006 0.10955
70 0.019791 59.654 0.11938 70 0.019341 58.378 0.11594
75 0.02057 1 63.709 00
0 .127 75 0.019954 61.987 0]2272
80 0.021632 68.412 0.13575 80 0.020706 65.925 0.13005
85 0.023358 74.535 0.147 04 85 0.021682 70.361 0.13824
90 0.035423 97.183 0.18834 90 0.023075 75.670 0.14794
95 0.056046 120.57 0 .23077 95 0.025525 82.975 0.16116
100 0.063036 127.06 0.24243 100 0.032431 96.991 0.18630
105 0.068196 131.64 0.25058 105 0.044024 113.38 0.21547
110 0.072487 135.35 0.25713 110 0.051290 121.84 0.23040
115 0.076249 138.56 0.26273 115 0.056555 127.51 0.24031
120 0.079649 141.43 0.26771 120 0.060834 131.93 0.24796
125 0.082783 144.06 0.27223 125 0.064524 135.64 0.25434
130 0.085711 146.51 0.27640 130 0.067817 138.90 0.25989
135 0.088473 148.82 0.28029 135 0.070824 141.84 0.26486
140 0.091100 151.01 0.28396 140 0.073612 144.55 0.26939
145 0.093613 153.10 0.28744 145 0.076228 147.07 0.27358
150 0.096029 155.12 0.29076 150 0.078703 149.45 0.27750
155 0.098360 157.06 0.29394 155 0,081060 151.71 0.28119
160 0. 0 062
1 58.95
1 00
0 .297 160 0.083318 153.88 0.28470
165 0.10281 160.79 0.29995 165 0.08s490 1s5.96 0.28805
170 0.10494 162.59 0.30282 170 0.087588 157.97 0.29125
175 0.10702 164.34 0.30559 175 0.089620 159.92 0.29434
180 0.10906 166.06 0.30829 180 0.091 594 161.82 0.29732
185 0.11105 167.75 0.31092 185 0.093515 163.67 0.30020
190 0.
1 1 30 0 169 .41 0.31 349 190 0.095390 165.48 0.30299
195 0.11491 171.05 0.31599 195 0.097221 167.25 0.30571
200 0.11679 172.66 0.31845 200 0.099013 168.99 0.30836

@¡¡qÍ
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Supercntical
Vapor Properties IP Units
Pressure 1400 psia (1385.304 psig) Pressure 1550 psia (1535.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
"F ¡tt/lb Btu/lb Btu,/lb-R oF ltt/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb-R
-60 0.013598 -8.467 -0.02857 -60 0.013574 -8.331 -0.02918
-55 0.013709 -6.184 -0.02289 -55 0.013684 -6.0 55 -0.02352
-50 0.013823 -3.895 -0.01727 -50 0.013796 -3.773 -0.01791
-45 0.013941 -1.599 -0.01170 -45 0.013912 - 1.486 -0.01 236
-40 0.01 4062 0.7 04 -0.00618 -40 0.01 4032 0.809 -0.00686
-35 0 .01 41 88 3.016 -0.0 0070 -35 0.01 4155 3.111 -0.00141
-30 0.01 4317 5.338 0.00473 -30 0.01 4283 5.423 0.00400
-25 0.01 4452 7.671 0.01 01 3 -25 0.01 4415 7.745 0.0 0938
-20 0.01 459 1 10.017 0.01550 -20 0.01 455 1 10.078 0.01 472
-15 0.01 4736 12.377 0.02083 -15 0.01 4693 12.425 0.02002
-10 0.01 4887 14.752 0.02614 -10 0.01 4841 14.785 0.02530
-5 0.01 5044 17.144 0.03144 -5 0,01 4994 17.161 0.03056
0 0.015208 1 9.556 0.03671 0 0.015154 1 9.555 0.03579
5 0.015380 2 1 .989 0.04197 5 0.01 5321 2 1 .968 0.04101
10 0.015560 24.445 0.04723 10 0.015496 24.402 0.04622
15 0.01 5749 26.928 0.05249 15 0.01 5679 26.860 0.05 1 43
20 0.015949 29.440 0.05776 20 0.01 5872 29.344 0.05663
25 0.01 61 61 31 .985 0.06303 25 0.016075 31.858 0.06185
30, 0,016385 34.566 0.06833 30 0.016291 34.404 0.06707
35 0.016625 37.189 0.07366 35 0.01 6519 36.986 0.07232
40 0.016881 39.859 0.07903 40 0,01 6762 39.609 0.07760
45 0.01 7 157 42.583 0.08445 45 0.017023 42.278 0.08291
50 0.017466 45.368 0.08995 50 0.017303 44.999 0.08828
55 0.017782 48.226 0.09553 55 0,017606 47.780 0.09370
60 0.018140 51. 1 69 0.10122 60 0.017935 50.630 0.09922
65 0.018539 54.216 0. 1 0705 65 0.01 8297 53 .56 1 0. 1 0483
70 0.018989 57.390 0.11307 70 0.018698 56.591 0.11058
75 0.019503 60.726 0.11934 75 0.019147 59.739 0.11649
80 0.020105 64.272 0,12594 80 0.01 9657 63.034 0.12263
85 0.020829 68.094 0.1 3299 85 0.020246 66.5 1 1 0.12904
90 0.021733 72.305 0.14069 90 0.020942 70.221 '0.13582
95 0.022929 77.108 0.1 4938 95 0.021784 74.236 0.14309
100 0.024661 82.9 1 3 0,1 5gg0 100 0.022842 78.676 0.15106
105 0.027504 90.504 0.1 7330 105 0.024236 83.722 0.1 6003
110 0.032488 100.72 0.19131 110 0.026164 89.613 0.17042,
115 0.038846 11 1 .06 0.20939 115 0.028905 96,563 0.1 8256
120 0.044451 118.90 0.22297 120 0.032584 104.31 0.19598
125 0.04905 1 124.80 0.23310 125 0.0367 57 111.82 0.20888
130 0.052949 129.54 0.24117 130 0.040814 118.33 0.21997
135 0.056361 133.54 0.24794 135 0.044492 123.78 0.22918
140 0.059424 137.06 0.25383 140 0.047794 128.41 0.23694
145 0.062226 140.22 0.25907 145 0.050782 132.45 0.24364
150 0.064825 143.11 0.26384 150 0.05351 8 136.04 0.24955
155 0.067262 145.80 0.26823 155 0.056050 139.29 0.25487
160 0.069566 148.33 0.27233 160 0.058418 142.28 0.25972
165 0.071760 150.72 0.27618 165 0.060648 145.07 0.26420
170 0.073858 153.01 0.27982 170 0.062764 147.69 0.26838
175 0.075875 155.20 0.28329 175 0.064782 1 50.1 8 0.27231
180 0.077821 157.31 0.28661 180 0.066717 152.55 0.27603
185 0.079703 159.36 0.28979 185 0.068577 154.82 0.27957
190 0.081 530 161.34 0.29286 190 0.070374 157.01 0.28295
195 0.083307 163.27 0.29582 195 0 .07 2113 1 59.1 3 0.28620
200 0.085039 1 65.1 6 0.29869 200 0.073801 1 61.1 80 0.28932

¡¡qf @
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Supercritical
Vapor Properties lP Units
Pressure 1700 psia (1635.304 psig) Pressure 1850 psia (1835.304 psig)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oF ft'4b Btr¡/b
-60 0.01 355 1 -8. 193 -0.02977 -60 0.013528 -8.052 -0.03036
-55 0.013659 -5.923 -0.02413 -55 0.013635 -5.789 -0.02473
-50 0.013770 -3.649 -0.01854 -50 0.013744 -3.521 -0.0191 6
-45 0.013884 - 1.369 -0,01301 -45 0.013857 -1.249 -0.01365
-40 0.014002 0.917 -0.00753 -40 0.013973 1.029 -0.0 08 1 I
-35 0.01 4124 3.211 -0.0 0210 -35 0.01 4093 3.314 -0.0 0278
-30 0.01 4249 5.512 0.00329 -30 0.01 4216 5.606 0.00259
-25 0.01 4379 7.824 0.0 0864 -25 0.01 4344 7.907 0.0 079 1

-20 0.01 45 1 3 10.145 0.01395 -20 0.01 4475 10.218 0.01 320
-15 0.01 4652 12.479 0.01923 -15 0 .01 4611 12.539 0.01845
-10 0.01 4796 14.826 0.02447 -10 0.01 4753 14.873 0.02367
-5 0.01 4946 17.186 0.0297 0 -5 0.01 4899 17.219 0.02886
0 0.015102 19.563 0.03490 0 0.015051 19.581 0.03402
5 0.015264 21.958 0.040 08 5 0.01 5210 2 1 .958 0.0391 7
10 0.015434 24.372 0.04524 10 0.015375 24.353 0.04429
15 0.01 5612 26.807 0.05040 15 0.015548 26.767 0.04941
20 0.015799 29.266 0.05555 20 0.01 5729 29.203 0.0545 1

25 0.015995 31.751 0.06071 25 0.01 59 1 B 31.662 0.0596 1

30 0.016202 34.265 0.06587 30 0.01 6117 34.147 0.06471

35 0.01 6420 36.811 0.07104 35 0.01 6327 36.660 0.06982
40 0.0r6652 39.392 0.07623 40 0.016549 39.205 0.07493
45 0.016899 42.014 0,08 1 45 45 0.016785 41.784 0.080 07
50 o.o1zt6s' 44.679 0.08671 50 0.017035 44.402 0.08523
55 0.017447 47.396 0.09201 55 0.017303 47.063 0.09043
60 0.017753 50.1 69 0.09738 60 0.017589 49.772 0,09567
65 0.018086 53.009 0.10281 65 0.017898 52.536 0.1 0096
70 0.018449 55.926 0.1 0835 70 0.01 8232 55.363 0. 1 0632
75 0.018851 58.935 0.11400 75 0.018597 58.263 0.11177
80 0.019298 62.053 0.11980 80 0.018998 61.248 0.11733
85 0.019802 65.302 0.1 2580 85 0.019442 64.332 a.12302
90 0.020377 68.709 0.1 3203 90 0.01 9938 67.532 0.12887
95 0.021044 72.311 0.1 3855 95 0.020498 70.869 0.13491
100 0.021833 76.154 0.14544 100 0.0211 39 74.366 0.14118
105 0.022788 80.310 0.15284 105 0.021880 78.057 0.14775
110 0.023974 84.866 0.1 6087 110 0.022752 8 1.983 0.15467
115 0.025478 89.908 0.1 6968 115 0.023792 86.1 85 0.1 6201
120 0.027402 95.490 0.1 7935 120 0.025044 90.696 0, 1 6983

125 0.029822 1 01 .55 0.18977 125 0.026554 95.527 0.17813

130 0.032669 107.79 0.20039 130 0.0283s6 10 0.65 0.1 8685
135 0.035736 113.79 0.21051 135 0.03044 1 105.94 0.1 9578
140 0.038793 119.25 0.21966 140 0.032740 111.21 0.20460
145 0.041705 124.11 0.22773 145 0.035 1 48 116.26 0.21299
150 0.044433 128.43 0.23485 150 0.037 564 120.97 0.22075
155 0.046979 132.31 0.24119 155 0.0399 1 I 125.30 0.22783
160 0.049362 135.83 0.24690 160 0.042182 129.28 0.23427
165 0.0s1604 139.07 0.25211 165 0.044343 132.94 0.24015
170 0.053722 142,08 0.25690 170 0.046402 136.32 0.24556
175 0.055734 144.90 0.26136 175 0.048367 1 39.48 0,2 5055
180 0.057654 147.56 0.26554 180 0.050245 142.45 0.25521
185 0.059493 150.09 0.26948 185 0.052045 145.25 0.25957
190 0.061262 152.51 0.27322 190 0.053774 147.91 0.26368
195 0.062969 154.83 0.27678 195 0.05 5440 150.45 0.26757
200 0.064619 157.07 0.28019 200 0.057049 152.88 0.27128

@¡¡CIr
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44) Supercritrcal
Vapor Properties lP Units
-
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Volume Enthalpy Entropy
óF ftr/lb Btu/lb ttYtb Btu/lb Btu/lb-R
-60 0.013505 -7.909 -0.03094 -60 0.013483 -7.764 -0.03152
-55 0.013611 -5.652 -0.02s33 -55 0.013588 -5.51 3 -0.02592
-50 0.01 3719 -3.391 -0.01978 -50 0.013695 -3.259 -0.02038
-45 0.013830 -1.126 -0.01 428 -45 0.013804 -1.001 -0.01 491
-40 0.013945 1.144 -0.00884 -40 0.01 39 1 7 1.262 -0.00948
-35 0,01 4063 3.421 -0.00345 -35 0.01 4033 3.53 1 -0.0 0411
-30 0.01 4184 5.704 0.0 0190 -30 0.01 4153 5.806 0.00122
-25 0.014309 7.99 5 0.00720 -25 0.01 4276 8.088 0.0 0650
-20 0.01 4439 10.295 0.01 246 -20 0.01 4403 10.378 0.01174
-15 0.01 4572 12,606 0.01769 -15 0.01 4534 12.677 0.01694
-10 0.01 4711 14.927 0.02288 -10 0.01 4670 1 4.986 0.02210
-5 0.01 4854 17.260 0.02804 -5 0.01 48 1 0 17.307 0.02723
0 0.015003 1 9.606 0.03317 0 0.014956 19.639 0.03234
5 0.01 5157 21.967 0.03828 5 0.01 5107 21.985 0.03741
10 0.01 5318 24.344 0.04337 10 0.01 5264 24.346 0.04247
15 0.01 5486 26.739 0.04844 15 0,01 5427 26.723 0.047 50
20 0.015662 29. 1 53 0.05350 20 0.015598 29.117 0.05252
25 0.015845 3 1.589 0.058 55 25 0.01 5776 3 1.530 0.05752
30 0.016038 34.047 0.06359 30 0.015962 33.964 0.06252
35 0.01 6240 36.53 1 0.06864 35 0.01 6157 36.421 0.067 5 1

40 0.016453 39.042 0.07369 40 0.016362 38.903 0.07250

45 0,016678 41.584 0.07876 45 0.016578 41.411 0.07750
50 0.016916 44.160 0.08383 50 0.016806 43.950 0.08250
55 0.017170 46.773 0.08894 55 0.017047 46.521 0.08752
60 0.017440 49.428 0.09407 60 0.017303 49.127 0.09256
65 0.017729 52.128 0.09924 65 0.017575 51.773 0.09763
70 0.018040 54.880 0.10446 70 0.017866 54.462 0.10273
75 0.018375 57.692 0.10974 75 0.01 8178 57.202 0. 1 0788
80 0.018740 60.572 0.11511 80 0.018514 59.996 0.11308
85 0.01 9 1 39 63.530 0.1 2056 85 0.018878 62.854 0.11835
90 0.019578 66.578 0.12613 90 0.019274 65.783 0.12370
95 0.020 066 69.727 0.1 31 83 95 0.019708 68.791 0.12915
100 0.0206 1 1 72.992 0.13769 100 0.020186 71.888 0.13471
105 0.021225 76.39 1 0.14374 105 0.020715 75,083 0.1 4039
110 0.021924 79.945 0;15001 110 0.021304 78.390 0.14622
115 0.022728 83.678 0.1 5653 115 0.021965 81.820 0.15222
120 0.023659 87.609 0.1 6334 120 0.022712 85.389 0.15840
125 0.024741 I 1 .750 0.17045 125 0.023557 89, 1 04 0.16478
130 0.025997 96.097 0.17786 130 0.024515 92.967 0.17136
135 0.027444 1 0 0.63 0.1 8551 135 0.025599 96.971 0.17812
140 0.02908 1 105.29 0.19331 140 0.026816 1 01. 10 0. 1 8504
145 0.030882 1 09.96 0.201 08 145 0.028 1 68 105.31 0. 1 9203
150 0.032797 114.55 0.20863 150 0.029640 1 09.55 0. 1 9901
155 0.034772 118.96 0.21 583 155 0.031209 113.7 4 0.20586
160 0.036755 123.13 0.22259 160 0.032843 117.84 0.21249
165 0.038710 127.04 0.22888 165 0.034512 121.78 0.21883
170 0.040617 130.70 0.23471 170 0.036188 125.54 0.22483
175 0.042464 134.13 0.24014 175 0.037849 129.12 0.23049
180 0.044248 137.36 0.24521 180 0.039484 132.52 0.23583
185 0.04597 1 140.41 0.24995 185 0.041082 135.75 0.24085
190 0.047633 143.30 0.25442 190 0.042641 138.81 0.24559
195 0.049238 146.04 0.25863 195 0.044157 141.74 0.2 50 08
200 0.05079 1 148.67 0.26263 200 0.045632 144.54 0.25433

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 -120
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-120 40 B0 120 200 240 280
based on formulation of: R. Span & W. Wagner
N [5f computed usins Nlsr REFPRoP, ve.1 Enthalpy (BTU/lb) J. Phys Chem. Ref. Dafa 25:1509-1596 (1996)
Solid data approximated lrom Plank and Kuprianoff
 Saturation Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (n-7 44) SI Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure
- Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJlkg-K) Liq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( "c) (bara) (barg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (kglm') (m7kg)
-56.5591 5.1 796 4.1664 80.036 430.42 0.52132 2.1390 1178.5 0.07267
-56 5.3065 4.2933 81.129 430.62 0.52631 2.1 358 117 6.5 0.07101
-55 5.5397 4.5265 83.091 430.99 0.53524 2.1300 1172.9 0.06815
-54 5.7805 4.7673 85.056 431.34 0.54413 2.1243 1169.2 0.06543
-53 6.0291 5.0159 87.023 431.69 0.55299 2.1186 1165.6 0.06284
-52 6.2857 5.2725 88.994 432.03 0.56182 2.1130 11 61.9 0.06038
-51 6.5504 5.5372 90.967 432.36 0.57062 2.1074 1158.3 0.0s803
-50 6.8234 5.8102 92.943 432.68 0.57939 2.1018 1154.6 0.05579
-49 7.1049 6.0917 94.922 432.99 0.5881 3 2.0963 11 50.8 0.05365
-48 7.3949 6.381 7 96.905 433.29 0.59684 2.0909 1147.1 0.05162
-47 7.6937 6.6805 98.891 433.58 0.60553 2,0855 1143.4 0.04967
-46 8.0015 6.9883 100.88 433.86 0.6141 8 2.0801 11 39.6 0.04782
-45 8.31 84 7.3052 102.87 434.13 0.62282 2.0747 11 35.8 0.04605
-44 8.6445 7.631 3 104.87 434.39 0,631 43 2.0694 1132.0 0.0443 5
-43 8.980 0 7.9668 106.87 434.64 0.64001 2.0642 1128.1 0.04273
-42 9.3252 8.31 20 108.88 434.88 0.64858 2.0589 1124.2 0.041 1 8
-41 9.6801 8.6669 110.89 435.11 0.65712 2.0537 1120.3 0.03970
-40 10.045 9.031 I 112.90 435.32 0.66564 2.0485 1116.4 0.03828
-39 10.420 9.4068 114.92 435.53 0.67413 2.0434 1112.5 0.03693
-38 1 0.805 9.791 8 116.95 435.72 0.68261 2.0382 1108.5 0.03562
-37 11.201 1 0.1 88 118.98 435.90 0.69107 2.0331 1 1 04.5 0.03438
-36 11.607 1 0.594 121.01 436.07 0.69951 2.0281 1100.5 0.0331 8
-35 12.024 11 .011 123.05 436.23 0.7 0794 2.0230 1096.4 0.03204
-34 12.452 11.439 125.10 436.37 0.71634 2,0180 1092.4 0.03094
-33 12.891 11.878 127.15 436.51 0 .7 247 4 2 .0129 1088.3 0,02988
-32 13.342 12.329 129.20 436.62 0.73311 2,0079 1 084.1 0.02887
-31 13.804 12.791 131.27 436.73 0.74148 2.0029 1079.9 0.02789
-30 14.278 13.265 133.34 436.82 0.74982 1.9980 107 5 .7 0.02696
-29 14.763 13.750 135.41 436.90 0.7581 6 1.9930 107 1.5 0.02606
-28 15.261 14.248 137.50 436.96 0.76649 1.9880 1067.2 0.02519
-27 15.77 0 14.757 139.59 437.01 0.77481 1.9831 1062.9 0.02436
-26 16.293 15.280 141.69 437.04 0.78311 1.9781 1 058.6 0.02356
-25 16.827 1 5.81 4 143.79 437.06 0.79141 1.9732 1054.2 0.02279
-24 17.37 5 16.362 1 45.9 1 437.06 0 .7 997 1 1.9683 1 049.8 0.02205
-23 17.935 16.922 148.03 437.04 0.80799 1.9633 1 045.3 0.02 1 33
-22 18.509 17.496 1 50.1 6 437.01 0.81627 1.9584 1 040.8 0.02065
-21 19.096 18.083 152.30 436.96 0 .82455 1.9535 1036.3 0.01 998
-20 1 9.696 18.683 154.45 436.89 0.83283 1,9485 1031 .7 0.01 934
-19 20.310 19.297 156.61 436.81 0.84110 1.9436 1027.0 0.01 873
-18 20.938 1 9.92 5 158.77 436.70 0.84937 1.9386 1022.3 0.01813
-17 21.581 20.568 160.95 436.58 0.8s765 1.9337 1017.6 0.01756
-16 22.237 21.224 1 63.1 4 436.44 0.86593 1.9287 1012.8 0.01700
-15 22.908 21.895 165.34 436.27 0.87421 1.9237 1008.0 0.01647
(1) Triple Point

¡¡qÍ@
 Saturation Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (R-7 44) SI Units
Temperature Pressure Pressure
-Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJlkg-K) Liq. Density Vapor Sp. Vol.
( 'c) (bara) (barg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (kglm3) (m=/kg)
-14 23.593 22.580 167.55 436.09 0.88249 1.91 87 1 003. 1 0.01595
-13 24.294 23.281 169.78 435.89 0.89078 1.9137 998, 1 4 0.01545
-12 25.010 23.997 17 2.01 435.66 0.89908 1.9086 993. 1 3 0.01497
-11 25.740 24.727 174.26 435.41 0.90739 1.9036 988.06 0.01450
-10 26.487 25.474 176.52 435.14 0.91 571 1.8985 982.93 0.01 405
-9 27.249 26.236 178.80 434.84 0.92405 1.8934 977.73 0.01361
-8 28.027 27.014 181.09 434.51 0.93240 1.8882 972.46 0.01319
-7 28.821 27.808 183.39 434.17 0.94076 1.8830 967.12 0.01278
-6 29.632 28.619 185.71 433.79 0.94915 1.8778 96 1.70 0.01238
-5 30.459 29.446 188.05 433.38 0.95756 1.8725 956.21 0.01 200
-4 31 .303 30.290 190.40 432.95 0.96599 1.8672 950.63 0.01162
-3 32.164 31.151 192.77 432.48 0 .97 444 1 .861 8 944.97 0.011 26
-2 33.042 32.029 195.1 6 431.99 0.98293 1.8563 939.22 0.01 091
-1 33.938 32.925 197.57 431.46 0.99145 1.8509 933.38 0.01057
0 34.851 33.838 0
20 0.0 430.89 1.0000 1.8453 927.43 0.01 024
1 35.783 34.770 202.45 430.29 1.0086 1.8397 921.38 0.0 099202
2 36.733 35.720 204.93 429.65 1,017 2 1.8340 91 5.23 0.0 096085
3 37.7 01 36.688 207.43 428.97 1.0259 1.8282 908.95 0.0 093056
4 38.688 37.675 209.95 428.25 1.0346 1.8223 902. 56 0.0 0901 1 0
5 39.69s 38.682 212.50 427.48 1.0434 1.81 63 896.03 0.0087244
6 40.7 20 39.707 21 5.08 426.67 1.0523 1.8102 889.36 0.0 084454
7 41.765 40.752 217.69 425.81 1.0612 1.8041 882.55 0.0 08 17 37
8 42.831 41.818 220.34 424.89 1.07 02 1.7 977 87 5.58 0.0079089
9 43.9 1 6 42.903 223.01 423.92 1.0792 1.7913 868.44 0.0 076508
10 45.022 44.009 225.73 422.88 1.0884 1 .7 847 861.12 0.0 073988
11 46.149 45.136 228.49 421.79 1.0976 1.t779 8s3.60 0.0071528
12 47.297 46.284 231.29 420.62 1.107 0 1.7710 845.87 0.0069125
13 48.466 47.453 234.13 419.37 1. 11 65 1.7638 837.91 0.0 066774
14 49.658 48.645 237.03 418.05 1.1261 1.7565 829.70 0.0064472
15 50.871 49.858 239.99 416.64 1.1359 1.7489 821.21 0.0062216
16 52.108 51 .095 243.01 415.12 1. 1 458 1.7411 812.41 0.0060003
17 53.368 52.355 246.10 413.50 1. 1559 1.7329 803.27 0.0 057828
18 54.65 1 53.638 249.26 411.76 1.1 663 1.7 244 7 93.7 6 0.0 055688
19 55.958 54.945 252.52 409.89 1. 769
1 1.7 155 783.81 0.0053578
20 57.291 56.278 255.87 407.87 1.1877 1.7 062 773.39 0.0051493
21 58.648 57.635 259.33 405.67 1. 1989 1.6964 762.40 0.0049427
22 60.03 1 59.018 262.93 403.26 1.2105 1.6860 7 50 .77 0.0047375
23 61.440 60.427 266.68 40 0.63 1.2225 1.6749 738.36 0.0045326
24 62.877 61.864 27 0.61 397.70 1.2352 1.6629 725.02 0.0043272
25 64.342 63.329 274.78 394.43 1.2485 1.6498 7 1 0.50 0.0041198
26 65.837 64.824 279.26 390.71 1.2627 1.6353 694.46 0.0 039083
27 67.361 66.348 284.14 386.39 1.2783 1.6189 676.36 0.0 036898
28 68.9 1 8 67.905 289.62 381.20 1.2958 1 .5999 655.28 0.0 034589
29 70.509 69.496 296.07 374.61 1.3163 1.5763 629.36 0.0032048
30 7 2.137 7 1.124 304.55 365.13 1.3435 1.5433 593.3 1 0.0028977
30.9782 73.773 72.760 330.22 333.93 1.4270 1.4392 476.26 0.0021712

(2) Gritical Point

@¡iqÍ
 Superheated Vapor Properti es of
Carbon Dioxide (R-74 4l Sl Units
-
Saturation t = -5O oC, p = 6.8234 bara (5.8102 barg) Saturation t = -4O "C, p = lO.O45 bara (9.0318 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oc xt/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg oc kJ/kg xtlkg-K m"/kg
-50 432.68 2.1018 0.055789
-40 442.05 2.1429 0.059243 -40 435.32 2.0485 0.038284
-30 451.20 2.1813 0.062572 -30 445.42 2.0909 0.040803
-20 460.20 2.2176 0.065808 -20 455.14 2.1301 0.043202
-10 469.1 3 2.2522 0.068974 -10 464.63 2. 1 669 0.0455 1 4
0 478.03 2.2854 0.072085 0 473.99 2.2018 0.047760
10 486.92 2.3174 0.075152 10 483.25 2.2351 0.049956
20 495.83 2.3483 0.078183 20 492.48 2.2671 0.052111
30 504.77 2.3783 0.08 1 1 85 30 501.70 2.2980 0.054234
40 5 1 3.76 2.4075 0.084161 40 510.92 2.3280 0.056330
50 522.79 2.4359 0.087 117 50 520.1 6 2,3570 0.058404
60 53 1 .89 2.4636 0.090055 60 s29.43 2.3853 0.060458
70 541.04 2.4906 0.092977 70 538.74 2.4128 0.062496
80 550.26 2.5171 0.095886 80 548.1 1 2.4397 0.064519
90 5 59.54 2.5430 0.098784 90 551.52 2.4660 0.06653 1

100 568.89 2.5684 0.1 01 670 100 566.99 2.4917 0.068531

Saturation t = -3O oC, p = 14.278 bara (13.265 barg) Saturation t = -2O "C, p = 19.696 bara (18.683 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oc kJ/kg u/kg-K m'/kg oc kJ/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg
-30 436.82 1 .9980 0.026955
-20 447.84 2.0424 0.028889 -20 436.89 1 .9485 0.01 9343
-10 458.27 2.0828 0.030701 -10 449.13 1 ,9960 0.020904
0 468.35 2.1204 0.032428 0 460.47 2 ,0383 0.022334
10 478.20 2.1 558 0.034092 10 471.25 2.0770 0.023677
20 487.90 2.1 895 0.035709 20 481.68 2.1133 0.024958
30 497.51 2.2217 0.037288 30 491.89 2.1475 0.026194
40 507.07 2.2527 0.038836 40 501.95 2.1801 0.027393
50 516.60 2.2827 0,040360 50 511 ,90 2.2114 0.028564
60 526.13 2.3117 0.041863 60 521,79 2.2416 0.029711
70 535.67 2.3400 0.043348 70 53 1 ,64 2,2707 0.030839
80 545.23 2.3674 0.044817 80 541,48 2.2990 0.03 1 949
90 554.83 2.3942 0.046274 90 551 ,31 2.3264 0.033046
100 564.45 2.4204 0.047720 100 561,16 2.3532 0.034 1 3 1

¡¡qf @
 Va p0 I Properties of
de (R- 7 44]l SI Units
oC, p 26.487 bara
- oC,
Saturation t = -lO = C25.474 barg) Saturation t =O p = 34.851 bara (33.838 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oc kJ/kg kJ/kg-K mt/Rg oc kJ/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg
-10 435.14 1.8985 0.01 4048
0 449.08 1 .9505 0.015374 0 430.89 1.8453 0.010241
10 46 1 .56 1 .9954 0.016549 10 447.38 1 .9046 0.011432
20 473.21 2.0359 0.017633 20 46 1 .38 1.9532 0.01 2439
30 484.35 2.0732 0.018655 30 474.12 1 .9960 0.013344
40 495.1 5 2.1083 0.019630 40 486.11 2.0349 0.01 4184
50 505.72 2.1415 0.020571 50 497.61 2.0711 0.01 4978
60 516.12 2.1732 0.021484 60 508.77 2.1051 0.01 5737
70 526.42 2.2036 0.022375 70 519.70 2.1374 0.016468
80 536.64 2.2330 0.023246 80 530.45 2.1 683 0.01 7 17 8
90 546.80 2.2614 0.024103 90 54 1 .08 2.1979 0.017870
100 556.95 2.2889 0.024945 100 55 1 .62 2.2266 0.01 8547

Saturation t = lO oC, p = 45.022 bara (44.OO9 barg) Saturation t = 20 "C, p = 57.291 bara (56.278 barg)
Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol. Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oc kJ/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg oc kJ/kg xt/kg-K m'/kg
10 422.88 1.7 847 0.007399
20 443.58 1 .8566 0.008549 20 407.86 1.7 062 0.005149
30 459,69, 1 .91 06 0.009445 30 437.10 1 .8045 0.0 06388
40 473.82 1.9565 0.010225 40 456.21 1 .8665 0.007218
50 486.86 1.9975 0.010935 50 472.15 1.9167 0.007908
60 499. 1 9 2.0351 0.011597 60 486.46 1.9603 0.008521
70 511.04 2.0702 0.01 2224 70 499.78 1.9997 0.0 0908 5
BO 522.56 2.1032 0.01 2824 80 512.44 2.036 1 0.009613
90 533.83 2.1347 0.013403 90 524.64 2.0701 0.010115
100 544.92 2.1648 0.013964 100 536,5 1 2.1024 0.010596

Saturation t = 30 oC, p = 72.137 bara (71.124 barg)

Temp. Enthalpy Entropy Sp. Vol.
oC kJ/kg kJ/kg-K m'/kg
30 365.1 3 1.5433 0.0028977
40 427,02 1.7453 0.0047334
50 450.52 1.8193 0.0 055238

60 468.81 1.8750 0.0061453

70 484.7 0 1.9220 0.0 066835

80 499.20 1.9637 0.0071703

90 512.82 2.0017 0.0076215
100 525.80 2.0370 0.0 080466

@iiqf THEcARB0NDlox¡DElNDUSTRlALREFRlGERATl0NHANDBooK
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressure 10 bara (8.997 barg) Pressure 10 bara (8.997 bargl
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-56 0.00084929 81.261 0.52508 20 0.052360 492.53 2.2681
-54 0.00085459 85.1 68 0.54300 22 0.052789 494.37 2.2744
-52 0.00086001 89.087 0.56079 24 0.05321 6 496.21 2.2806
-50 0.00086557 93.018 0.57849 26 0.053642 498.06 2.2868
-48 0.00087127 96.962 0.59608 28 0.054067 499.90 2.2929
-46 0.00087713 100.920 0.61359 30 0. 0 5449 1 501.74 2.2990
-44 0.00088315 104.900 0.63101 32 0.0549 4 1 503.58 2.3050
-42 0.00088935 108.890 0.64836 34 0.055336 505.42 2.3111
-40.122 0.00089533 112.660 0.66460 36 0.055757 507.27 2.3170
LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITION 38 0.056177 509.11 2.3230
-40.122 0.038453 435.30 2.0491 40 0.056596 5 0.96
1 2.3289
-40 0.038485 435.42 2.0497 42 0,057014 51 2.80 2.3348
-38 0.0390 02 437.47 2.0585 44 0.057431 514.65 2.3406
-36 0.039513 439.5 1 2.0671 46 0.057947 5 1 6.50 2.3464
-34 0.040018 441.52 2.0755 48 0.059263 51 8.34 2.3522
-32 0.040517 443.52 2.0838 50 0.058677 520.19 2.3579
-30 0.041012 445.50 2.0920 52 0.059091 522.05 2.3636
-28 0.041501 447.47 2.1001 54 0.059505 523.90 2.3693
-26 0 .04 1 987 449.42 2. 1 080 56 0.059917 525.75 2.3750
-24 0.042468 451.36 2.1158 58 527.61 2.3806
-22 0.042945 453,29 2.1236 60 0.060740 529.47 2.3862
-20 0.043418 455.21 2.1312 62 0.061150 531.32 2.3918
-18 0.043888 457.13 2.1387 64 0.061560 533.1 8 2.3973
-16 0.044355 459.03 2.1461 66 0.06 1 969 53 5.05 2,4028
-14 0.044819 460.93 2.1535 68 0.062378 536.9 1 2.4t083
-12 0.045280 462.82 2.1607 70 0.062786 538.78 2.4137
-10 0.045738 464.70 2.1679 72 0.063 1 94 540.64 2.4192
-8 0.046 1 93 466.58 2.1750 74 0.063601 542.51 2.4246
-6 0.046646 468.45 2.1821 76 0.064007 544.39 2.4299
-4 0.047 097 470.32 2. 1 890 78 0.064413 546.26 2.4353
-2 0.047546 472.18 2. 1 959 80 0.064818 548.14 2.4406
0 0.047992 474.04 2.2028 82 0.065223 550.01 2.4459
2 0.048437 475.90 2.2096 84 0.065628 55 1 .89 2.4512
4 0.048879 477.76 2.2163 86 0.066032 553.78 2.4565
6 0.049320 479.61 2.2229 8B 0.066435 555.66 2.4617
8 0.049759 481.46 2.2295 90 0.066838 557.55 2.4669
10 0.050196 483.31 2.2361 92 0.067241 559.44 2.4721
12 0.050632 485.1 5 2.2426 94 0.067643 56 1 .33 2.4772
14 0.051066 487.00 2.2490 96 0.068045 563.22 2.4824
16 0.05 1 499 488.84 2.2554 98 0.068446 565.12 2.4875
18 0.051930 490.69 2.2618 100 0.068847 567.01 2.4926

¡¡qr@
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressure 15 bara (13.987 barg) Pressure 15 bara (13.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg t<l/kg kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJlkg-K
-56 0.00084853 81.402 0.52378 20 0.033832 487.10 2.1782
-54 0.00085379 85.303 0.541 66 22 0.034138 489.04 2.1848
-52 0.00085917 89.214 0.55943 24 0.034443 490.98 2.1913
-50 0.00086469 93.1 37 0.57709 26 0.034746 492.92 2.1978
-48 0.00087035 97073 0.59465 28 0.03s049 494.85 2.2043
-46 0.00087616 101.020 0.61211 30 0.035349 496.78 2.2107
-44 0.00088212 104.990 0.62949 32 0.03s649 498.71 2.2170
-42 0.00088826 108.970 0,64680 34 0.035948 500.63 2.2233
-40 0.00089458 112.970 0.66404 36 0.03624s 502.56 2.2295
-38 0.00090109 117.000 0.68122 38 0.03654 1 504.48 2.2357
-36 0.00090781 121,040 0.69835 40 0.036836 506.40 2.2419
-34 0.00091475 125.110 0.71 544 42 0.037130 508.32 2.2480
-32 0.00092193 129.210 0.73250 44 0.037424 510.24 2.2541
-30 0.00092938 133.340 0.74955 46 0.037716 512.16 2.2601
-28.521 0.00093506 136.410 0.76215 48 0.038007 514.07 2.2661
LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITION 50 0.038297 515.99 2.2720
-28.521 0.025638 436.93 1.9906 52 0.038587 517.90 2.2779
-28 0.02s739 437.53 1 .993 1 54 0.038876 519.82 2.2838
-26 0.026124 439.82 2.0024 56 0.039164 521.73 2.2896
-24 0.026501 442.08 2.0115 58 0.039451 523.65 2.2954
-22 0.026873 444.30 2.0204 60 0.039737 525.56 2.3012
-20 0.027239 446.50 2.0291 62 0.040023 527.48 2.3069
-18 0.027600 448.67 2.0376 64 0.040308 529.39 2.3126
-16 0.027956 450. B 1 2.0460 66 0.040593 531.31 2.3183
-14 0.028308 452.94 2.0542 68 0.040876 533.23 2.3239
-12 0.028655 455,04 2.0623 70 0.041160 535.14 2.3295
-10 0.028999 457.13 2.0703 72 0.041442 537.06 2.3351
-8 0.029339 459.20 2.0781 74 0.04 24
17 538.98 2.3406
-6 0.029676 461.26 2.0858 76 0.042005 540.90 2.3462
-4 0.030 01 0 463.30 2.0934 78 0.042286 542.82 2.351 6
-2 0.030341 465.33 2.1010 80 0.042566 544.74 2.3571
0 0.030670 467.35 2.1084 82 0.042846 546.66 2.3625
2 0.030995 469.36 2.1157 84 0.043125 548.58 2.3679
4 0.031319 471.36 2.1229 86 0.043404 550.5 1 2.3733
6 0.031640 473.35 2.1301 8B 0.043682 552.43 2.3786
8 0.031958 475.33 2.1372 90 0.043960 554.36 2.3840
10 0.032275 477.31 2.1442 92 0.044237 556.29 2.3893
12 0.032590 479.27 2.1511 94 0.044514 558.22 2.3945
14 0.032903 481.24 2.1580 96 0.044790 560.1 5 2.3998
16 0.033214 483. 19 2.1648 98 0.045066 562.08 2.4050
18 0.033s24 485.15 2.1715 100 0.045342 564.02 2.4102

@¡¡qf
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties SI Units
Pressu re 20 bara (18.987 barg) Pressu re 20 bara (18.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/ks kJ/kg xt/kg-K "c m'/kg kJlkg kJ/kg-K
-56 0.00084778 81.545 0.52248 20 0.024526 481.32 2.1 095

-54 0.00085300 85.439 0.54034 22 0.024774 483.39 2.1165

-52 0.00085835 89.344 0.55807 24 0.025020 485.44 2.1234
-50 0.00086382 93.259 0.57 570 26 0.025264 487.49 2.1303
-48 0.00086944 97.187 0.59322 28 0.025507 489.53 2.1371
-46 0.00087 520 101 .1 30 0.61065 30 4.025748 491.57 2.1438
-44 0.00088111 105.080 0.62799 32 0.025988 493.59 2. 1 505
-42 0.00088719 109.060 0.64525 34 0.026227 495.62 2.1571
-40 0.00089345 113.050 0.66244 36 0.026464 497.63 2. 1 636
-38 0.00089989 11 7060 0.67958 38 0.026700 , 499.64 2.17 01
-36 0.00090654 121.090 0.69665 40 0.026934 501.65 2.1766
-34 0.00091 340 1 25.1 50 0.71369 42 0.027168 503.65 2.1829
-32 0.00092050 129.230 0.73069 44 0.027400 50s.65 2.1893
-30 0.00092784 133.340 0.74767 46 0.027631 ,50765, 2, 955
1

-28 0.00093546 137.490 0.76464 48 0.027862 509.64 2.2017

-26 0.00094338 141.670 0.78161 50 0.02809 1 511,63 , 2.2079
-24 0.00095161 145.880 0.79860 52 0.0283 1 9 5 1 3.62 2.2140
-22 0.00096020 1 50.1 40
'0.81562 54 0.028547 51 5.60 ' '2.2201
-20 0.00096918 154.440 0.83269 56 0.028773 51 7.58 2.2262
-19.503 0.00097 148 155.520 0.83694 58 0.028999 51 9.56 2.2322
LI OU I DTO VAPOR TRAN S ¡TION 60 0.029224 521.54 2.2381
-1 9.503 0.019033 436.85 1.9461 62 0.029448 523.52 2.2440
-18 0.019277 438.78 1.9537 64 0.02967 1 525.49 2.2499
-16 0.019594 441.31 1.9635 66 0,029894 527.47 2.2558
-14 0.019905 443.78 1.973 1 68 0.030116 529.44 2.2616
-12 0.020209 446.20 1.9824 70 0.030337 531.41 2.2673
-10 0.020507 448.58 1.9915 72 0.030558 533.38 2.2730
-B 0.020799 450.92 2.0004 74 0.030778 535.35 2.2787
-6 0.021087 453.23 2.0090 76 0.030997 537.32 2.2844
-4 0 .02137 1 455.51 2.0176 78 0.031216 539.30 2.2900
-2 0.021650 457.77 2.0259 80 0.031434 541.26 2.2956
0 0 .021926 460 .0 0 2.0341 82 0.031 651 543.23 2.3012
2 0.022198 462.20 2.0421 84 0.031868 545.20 2.3067
4 0.022467 464.39 2.0500 86 0.032085 547.17 2.3122
6 0.022733 466.56 2.0578 88 0.032301 549.14 2.3177
8 0.022997 468.71 2.0655 90 0.03251 6 551 . 11 2.3231
10 0.023257 470.84 2.0731 92 0.032731 553.09 2.3285
12 0.023516 472.96 2.0805 94 0.032946 555.06 2.3339
14 0.023771 475.07 2.0879 96 0.033160 557.03 2.3393
16 0.024025 477.16 2.0952 98 0.033373 559.0 0 2.3446
18 0.024277 479.25 2.1024 100 0.033586 560.97 2.3499

¡¡qÍEd
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]r Liquid and
Vapor Propefties Sl Units
Prcssu re 25 bara (23.987
-
b",g) Pressu re 25 bara (23.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'lks W/kg kJ/kg-K oc m=/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-56 0.00084704 81.689 0.52120 20 0.018904 475.14 2.0517
-54 0.00085223 85.577 0.53902 22 0.01911 9 477.36 2.0592
-52 0.00 0857 53 89.475 0.55672 24 0.019332 479.55 2.0666
-50 0.00086297 93.383 0.57432 26 0.019543 481.73 2.0739
-48 0.00086853 97.303 0.59180 28 0.019753 483.90 2.0812
-46 0.00087425 101.240 0.60919 30 0.019960 486.06 2.0883
-44 0.000880t1 105.180 0.62650 32 0.020166 488.20 2.0954
-42 0.00088614 109.1 50 0.64372 34 0.020370 490.34 2.1023
-40 0.000892s3 113.130 0.66086 36 0.020572 492.46 2.1092
-38 0.00089871 117.130 0.67795 38 0.02a773 494.57 2.1160
-36 0.00090529 121.150 0.69497 40 0.020973 496.68 2.1228
-34 0.00091208 125.190 0.7 1195 42 0.021171 498.78 2.1295
-32 0.00091909 129.260 0.72890 44 0.021368 500.87 2.1361
-30 0.00092634 133.360 0.74581 46 0.021 564 502.95 2.1426
-28 0.00093386 137480 0.76271 48 0.021 759 505.03 2.1491
-26 0.00094166 141.640 0.77961 50 0.021953 507. 10 2.1555
-24 0.00094977 145.840 0.79651 52 0.022145 509,1 7 2.1619
-22 0.00095822 150.070 0.81344 54 0.022337 511.23 2.1682
-20 0.00096704 154.350 0.83041 56 0.022527 513.29 2.1745
-18 0.00097627 158.680 0.84744 58 0.022717 51 5.34 2,1807
-16 0.00098595 163.060 0.86455 60 0.022905 51 7.39 2.1 869
-14 0.00099615 167.500 '0.99175 62 0.023093 519.43 2.1 930
-12.013 0.0010068 171.980 0.89897 64 0.023280 521.47 2.1991

-12.013
LIOU
0.01
I

4973
D TO VAPOR TRANSITION
435,66 1.9087
I 66
68
0.023466
0.023651
523.51
525.55
2.2051
2.2111
-12 0.01 4975 435.68 1.9088 70 0.023836 527.58 2.2170
-10 0.01 5264 438.55 1 .91 97 72 0.024020 529.61 2.2229
-8 0.01 5544 441.32 1.9302 74 0.024203 53 1 .64 2.2288
-6 0.015816 444.02 1.9404 76 0.024386 533.66 2.2346
-4 0.016081 446.66 1.9502 78 0.024567 535.69 2.2404
-2 0.016339 449.23 1.9597 80 0.024749 537.71 2.2461
0 0,016592 451.76 1.9690 82 0.024929 539.73 2.2518
2 0.016840 454.24 1.9781 84 0.025109 541.75 2.2575
4 0.017083 456.68 1.9869 86 0.025289 543.77 2.2631
6 0.017322 459.08 1.9955 88 0.025468 545.79 2.2687
8 0.017558 461.45 2.0040 90 0.02s646 547.80 2.2743
10 0.017789 463.79 2.0123 92 0.025824 549.82 2.2799
12 0.018018 466.11 2.0204 94 0.026001 551.83 2.2854
14 0.018243 468.40 2.0284 96 0.026178 553.85 2.2908
16 8466
0.01 47 0 .67 2.0363 9B 0.026354 555.86 2.2963
18 0.018686 472.91 2.0441 100 0.026530 557.88 2.3017

@¡¡CI
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l tiquid and
Vapor Propefties Sl Units
Pressure 30 bara (28.987 barg) Pressune 30 bara (28.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg xt/kg kJlkg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg RJ/kg-K
--56 0.00084631 81.835 0.51992 20 0.015116 468.46 2.0 0 01
-54 0.00085146 85.717 0.5377 1 22 0.01 53 1 3 470.86 2.0082
-52 0.0008567 2 89.608 0.55539 24 0.015507 473.23 2.0162
-50 0.0008621 2 93.508 0.57295 26 0.015698 475.58 2.0241
-48 0.00086764 97.421 0.59040 28 0.015887 477.90 2.031 8
-46 0.0 0 087 33 1 1 .350
01 0.60775 30 0.01 6074 480.20 2.0395
-44 0.00087912 105.280 0.62502 32 0.01 6259 482.48 2.0470
-42 0.00088510 109.240 0.64220 34 0.01 6442 484.75 2.0544
-40 0.000891 23 113.210 0.65930 36 0.01 6623 487.00 2.0617
-38 0.00 0897 5 5 117.200 0.67634 3B 0,016803 489.24 2.0689
-36 0.00090406 121.210 0.69331 40 0.016980 491.46 2.0760
-34 . 0.00091077 125.240 0.7 1024 42 0.017156,, 493.67 2.0830
-32 0.00091770 129.290 0.72712 44 0.017331 495.86 2.090 0
-30 0.00092487 133.370 0.74398 46 0.01 7504 498.05 2.0968
-28 0.00093228 137.480 0.76081 48 0.017676 500.22 2. 1 036
-26 ''"',t'502.39
0.00093998 141.620 0.77763 50 0.017847 2.1104
-24 0.00094797 145.800 0.79446 52 0.018017 504.54 2.1170
-22 0.00095628 150.010 0.81130 54 ..506.69 2.1236
-20 0.00096495 154.270 0.82818 56 0.018352 508.83 2.1301
-18 0.00097401 158.570 0.84510 58 0.018518 ,,si'0.g0-, 2.1 366

-16 0.00098350 162.920 0.86209 60 0.018683 513.09 2.1430

-14 0.00099347 167.330 0.87916 62 0.01 8847 s15-.21 , 2.1493
-12 0.0010040 17 7.800 0.89635 64 0.01 901 1 517.32 2.1 556
-10 0.0010151 176.340 lto.g1368 66 0.019173 519.43 2,1619
-8 0.0010269 180.970 0.93119 68 0.019335 521.54 2. 1 680
-6 0.0010395 185.680 0.94891 70 0.019495 523.64 2.1742
-5.5521 0.0010425 186.750 0.95291 72 0.019655 525.73 2.1802
LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITIO N 74 0.019814 527.82 2.1 863

-5.552 1 0.01 2207 433.61 1.8754 76 0.019973 529.91 2.1923

-4 0.01 2418 436.12 1,8847 78 0.020130 53 1 .99 2.1982
-2 0.01 2679 439.22 1.8962 80 0.020287 534.07 2.2041
0 0.01 2931 442.22 1.9072 82 0.020444 536.1 4 2.2100
2 0.013174 445.12 1 .91 78 84 0.020599 538.22 2.2158
4 0.013410 447.93 1,9280 B6 0.020754 540.29 2.2216
6 0.013639 450.67 1.9379 88 0.020909 542.36 2.2273
8 0.013863 453.35 1.9474 90 0.021063 544.42 2.2330
10 0.01 4082 455.98 1.9567 92 0.021216 546.49 2.2387
12 0.01 4297 458.56 1.9658 94 0.021369 548.55 2.2443
14 0.01 4507 461.09 1.9747 96 0.021521 550.61 2.2499
16 0.01 4713 463.58 1.9833 98 0.021673 552.67 2.2555
18 0.01 491 6 466.04 1.991 8 100 0.021824 554.73 2.2610

¡qrE
 -l

Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l tiquid and

Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressure 35 bara (33.987 barg)
- Pressure 35 bara (33.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg w/ks kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.0008507 85.858 0.53642 22 0.012555 463.78 1.9608
-52 0.0008559 89.742 0.55406 24 0.012739 466.38 1.9695
-50 0.0008613 93.636 0.57159 26 0.012919 468.93 1 .978 1

-48 0.0008668 97.541 0,58901 28 0.013097 471.44 1 .9865

-46 0.0008724 101.460 0.60633 30 0.013272 473.93 1.9947
-44 0.0008782 105.390 0.62355 32 0.013444 476.38 2.0027
-42 0.0008841 109.330 0.64069 34 0.013614 478.81 2.0107
-40 0.0008902 113.290 0.65775 36 0.013781 481.21 2.0185
-38 0.0008964 117270 0.67474 38 0.013947 483.59 2.0261
-36 0.0009029 121.270 0.69 1 67 40 0.014110 485.95 2.0337
-34 0.0009095 125.290 0.70854 42 0.01 4272 488.28 2.0411
-32 ,
0.0009163 129.330 0.72537 44 0.01 4432 490.60 2.0485
-30 0.0009234 133.400 0.74217 46 0.014590 492.91 2.0557
-28 0.0009307 137.490 0.7 5894 48 0.01 4747 495. 1 I 2.0628
-26 0.0009383 141.610 0.77569 50 0.01 4902 497.46 2.0699
-24 0.0009462 145.770 0.79244 52 0.015056 499.72 2.0769
-22 0.0009544 149.960 0.80920 54 0.015208 501.97 2.0838
-20 0.0009629 154.190 0.82598 56 0.015360 504.20 2.0906
-18 0.000971 I 158.470 0.84280 5B 0.015510 506.43 2.0973
-16 0.0009811 162.790 0.85968 60 0.015659 508.64 2.1040
-14 0.0009909 167.170 0.87664 62 0.015807 510.84 2.1106
-12 0.0010011 171.600 0.89369 64 0.015954 51 3.04 2.1171
-10 0.00101 20 176.110 0.91086 66 0.01 61 0 0 515.22 2.1235
-8 0.0010235 180.680 0,92818 68 0.01 6244 517.40 2.1 300
-6 0.0010357 1 85.340 0.94570 70 0.016388 519.57 2.1 363
-4 0.0010488 190.100 0.96345 72 0.01 6532 521.74 2.1426
-2 0.0010628 194.980 0.98149 74 0.01 6674 523.90 2.1488
0 0.0010781 199.980 0.99988 76 0.016815 526.05 2.1550
0.1 6082 0.0010794 200.390 1.0014 78 0.016956 528.1 I 2.1611
LIOU I DTO VAPOR TRAN SITION 80 0.017096 530.33 2.1672
0.1 6082 0.0101 89 430.80 1.8444 82 0.017235 532.47 2.1732
2 0.010429 434.15 1.8566 84 0.017374 534.60 2.1792
4 0.010678 437.59 1.8691 86 0.017512 536.73 2.1852
b 0.01 091 5 440 .88 1.8809 8B 0.017649 538.85 2.1911
8 0.011142 444.04 1.8922 90 0.017786 540.97 2.1 969

10 0.011361 447.09 1.9030 92 0.017922 543.09 2.2027

12 0.011574 450.05 1.9134 94 0.018058 545.20 2.2085
14 0.011780 452.92 1.9234 96 0.018192 547.31 2.2142
16 0.011980 455.72 1.9332 9B 0.018327 549.42 2.2199
18 0.01 2176 458.46 1.9426 100 0.018461 551.52 2.2256
20 0.01 2367 461.15 1 .951 8

@¡¡crf
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l tiquid and
Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressu re 4O bara (38.987 barg) Pressure 40 bara (38.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg x,t/kg kUkg-K m'/kg kJ/kg-K
"c kJ/kg
-54 0.00085 86.001 0.53513 22 0.010443 455.95 1.91 48
-52 0.00086 89.878 0.55274 24 0.010624 458.84 1.9246
-50 0.00086 93.765 0.57024 26 0.010800 461.67 1.9341
-48 0.00087 97.662 0.58762 28 0.010972 464.43 1.9433
-46 0.00087 101.570 0.60491 30 0.01 1141 467.15 1.9523
-44 0.00088 105.490 0.6221 0 32 0.01 1 306 469.81 1.9610
-42 0.00088 109.430 0.63920 34 0.011468 472.44 1.9696
-40 0.00089 113.380 0.65622 36 0.011628 475.03 1.9780
-38 0.00090 117350 0.67316 38 0.011785 477.58 1.9862
-36 121.330 0.69004 40 0.011939 480. 1 0 1.9943
"t.,:Q.00090
-34 0.00091 125.340 0.70687 42 0.01 2091 482.59 2.0022
-32 0.00092 129.370 0.72364 44 0.01 22,42 485.05 2.0100
-30 0.00092 1s3.420 0.74038 46 0.012390 487.49 2.0177
-28 0.00093 1 37 500 0.7 57 08 48 0.01 2536 489.9 1 2.0252
-26 0.00094 141.610 0.77377 50 0,01 2681 492.31 2.0327
-24
t '4g¿.oa
0.00094 145.7 50 0.79045 52 0.01 2824 ', 2.0400
-22 0.00095 149.920 0.80713 54 0.012966 497.04 2.0472
-20 0.00096 154.130 0.82382 56 0.01 3 1 06 r,,,':1.99,38 2.0544
-18 0.00097 158.380 0.84055 58 0.01 3245 501.71 2.0614
-16 '',8ó4:o¡a
0.00098 162.680 0.85732 60 0.01 3382 2.0684
-14 0.00099 167020 0.87416 62 0.013519 506.32 2.0752
-12 0.00100 171,420 0.89108 64 0.013654 508.60., 2.0820
-10 0.00101 175.890 0.90811 66 0.013788 51 0.87 2.0888
-8 0.00102 180.420 '0.92527 68 0.01 3921 51 3.1 3 2,0954
-6 0.00103 185.030 0.94259 70 0.01 4053 515.39 2.1020
-4 0.00104 189.730 0.96012 72 0.01 4184 517.63 2.1085
-2 0.00106 194.540 0.97790 74 0.01 4314 519.86 2.1150
0 0.0 0107 199.460 0.99599 76 0.01 4443 522.08 2.1213
2 0.00109 204.520 1.0145 78 0.01 4572 524.30 2.1277
4 0.00111 209.760 1.0334 80 0.01 4699 526.51 2. 1 339
5.2997 2
0.0011 21 3.270 1.0461 82 0.01 4826 528.71 2.1402
LIOU ! D TO VAPOR TRAN SITI ON 84 0.01 4952 530.90 2.1463
5.2997 0.0086400 427.25 1.8145 86 0.01 5077 533.09 2.1524
6 0.0087334 428.7 4 1.8199 88 0.01 5202 535.27 2.1585
8 0.0089868 432.78 1.8343 90 0.01 5326 537.45 2.1645
10 0.0092241 436.s5 1.8477 92 0.01 5449 s39.62 2.1705
12 0.0094486 440.12 1.8602 94 0.01 5572 541.78 2.1764
14 0.0 096627 443.52 1.8721 96 0.015694 543.95 2.1822
16 0.0098680 446.79 1.8834 98 0.01 58 1 6 546. 1 0 2.1881
18 0.010066 449.94 1.8943 100 0.015937 548.26 2. 1 939
20 0.010257 452.99 1.9047

¡qÍEE
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties SI Units
Pressure 45 bara (4i1.987 barg) Pressure 45 bara (€.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/ks kJ/kg x,tlkg-K "c m'/kg l<l/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00084919 86.145 0.53385 22 0.0 087480 447.08 1.8685
-52 0.00085435 90.016 0.55143 24 0.0089329 450.39 1.8797
-50 0.00085963 93.896 0.56890 26 0.0091113 453.60 1.8905
-48 0.00086503 97.786 0.58625 28 0.0 092840 456.70 1 .90 08
-46 0.00087056 101.69 0.60350 30 0.009451 7 459.72 1 .91 08
-44 0.00087623 105.60 0.62065 32 0.0096150 462.66 1.9205
-42 0.00088205 109.53 0.63772 34 0.0097743 465.54 1.9299
-40 0.00088802 113.47 0.65470 36 0.0 099299 468.36 1.939 1

-38 0.00089416 117.43 0.67160 38 0.01 0 082 47 1.13 1.9480

-36 0.00090048 1 21.40 0.68843 40 0.010232 473.85 1.9567
-34 0.00090698 125.40 0.70521 42 0.010378 476.53 1.9652
-32 0.00091368 129.41 0.7 2193 44 0,010523 479.17 1 ,9736
-30 0.00092059 133.45 0.73861 46 0.010664 481.77 1 .981 7
-28 0.00092773 13752 0.7 5526 48 0.010804 484.34 1.9898
-26 0.0009351 2 141.61 0.77188 50 0.010942 486.88 1.9977
-24 0.00094278 145.73 0.78848 52 0.011077 489.3e 2.0054
-22 0.00095072 149.88 0.80509 54 0.011211 491.88 2.0130
-20 0.00095898 154.07 0.82170 56 0.011344 494.35 2.0206
-18 0.000967 57 1 58.30 0.83834 58 0.011474 496.79 2.0279
-16 0.00097654 162.57 0.85501 60 0.011 604 499,21 2.0352
-14 0.00098592 166.89 0.87174 62 0.011732 501.61 2.0424
-12 0.00099575 171.26 0.88853 64 0.01 1 858 504.00 2.0495
-10 0.0010061 17 5.69 0.90542 66 0.011984 506.37 2.0565
-8 0.0010170 180.18 '0.92243 68 0.01 2108 508.72 2.0635
-6 0.0010285 184.74 0.93958 70 0.01 2231 511.06 2.0703
-4 0.0010408 1 89.39 0.95691 72 0.012353 513.39 2.0771
-2 0.0010539 194.13 0.97445 74 0.01 2474 51 5.70 2.0837
0 0.0010679 198.98 0.99227 76 0.01 2594 518.00 2.0903
2 0.0010831 203.95 1.0104 78 0.01 2713 520.29 2.0969
4 0.0010996 209.08 1.0290 80 0.01 2831 522.58 2.1034
6 0.0011179 214.38 1.0480 82 0.01 2949 524.85 2.1 098
I 0.0011382 219.91 1.0678 B4 0.013065 527.11 2.1161
9.9804 0.0011611 225.68 1.0882 86 0.01 31 81 529.36 2.1224
LIOU I D TO VAPO R TRAN S ITION 88 0.013296 531.61 2.1287
9.9804 0.0074037 422.90 1.7848 90 0.01 3410 533.85 2.1348
10 0.0074065 422.95 1.7850 92 0.013524 536.08 2.1410
12 0.0076729 427.78 1.8020 94 0.013637 538.30 2.1470
14 0.0079159 432.15 1.8173 96 0.013749 540.52 2.1531
16 0.0081417 436.21 1.831 3 98 0.013861 542.73 2. 1 590

18 0.0083540 440.02 1.8445 100 0.013972 544.93 2. 1 650

20 0.0085555 443.63 1.8568

r¡¡crf
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Proper[ies Sl Units
Pressure 50 bara (48.987 barg) Pressuñe 50 bara (¿t8.ggZ barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg kJ/kg H/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg ut/kg-K
-54 0,00084845 86.29 1 0.53258 22 0.0073226 436.64 1.8196
-52 0.00085357 90.1 56 0.55013 24 0.0075220 440.63 1.8331
-50 0.00085881 94.029 0.567 57 26 0.0077108 444.40 1.8457
-48 0.00086417 97.912 0.58489 28 0.0078908 448.00 1.8577
-46 0.00086966 101.81 0.60211 30 0.0080633 451.44 1.8691
-44 0.00087529 105.7 1 0.61922 32 0.0 082296 454.77 1.8800
-42 0.00088106 109.63 0.63625 34 0.0083903 457.98 1.8905
-40 0.00088698 113.56 0.65319 36 0.0 085462 461.11 1.9007
-38 0.00089306 11751 0.67005 38 0.0086978 464.15 1.9105
''' '''o.oooaggs2
-36 121.47 0.68684 40 0.0088455 467.13 1.9200
-34 0.00090575 125.46 0.70357 42 0.0089897 47 0.03 1.9293
-32 ,:t:' "0.00091238 129.46 0.72024 44 o.009,13-08, 472.89 1.9383
-30 0.00091921 133.49 0.73687 46 0.0092691 475.69 1.947 1

-28 ,O.ooog"itdzz 1 3754 0.7 5345 48 0,6og¿047' 47 8.44 1.9557

-26 0,00093357 141.61 0.77001 50 0.0095378 481.15 1.9641
-24 0.00094112 :.,, 145.72 0.78655 52 0.0 096688 483.83 1.9724
-22 0.00094995 149.85 0.80308 54 0.0097976 486.46 1.9805
-20 0.00095708 154.02 0.81961 56 0.0099245 489.07 1.9884
-18 0.00096553 158.23 0.83616 58 0.010050 491.65 1.9962
-16 0.00097434 162.47 0.85274 60 0.01 0173 494.19 2.0 039
-14 0.00098355 166.76 0.86936 62 0.010295 496.72 2.0114
-12 0.00099318 171.10 0.88604 64 0.01 04 1 5 499.22 2.0189
-10 0.0010033 175.50 0.90280 66 0.01 0534 501 .69 2.0262
-8 0.0010139 179.95 0.91966 68 0.01 0652 504.1 5 2.0334
-6 0.0010251 184.47 0.93665 70 0.010768 506.59 2.0405
-4 0.0010370 189.07 0.95379 72 0 .0 1 0884 509.01 2.0476
-2 0.0010497 193.7 5 0.97 11 3 74 0.010998 511.41 2.0545
0 0.0010632 198.53 0.98869 76 0.011111 5 1 3.80 2.0614
2 0.0010778 203.43 1.00650 78 0.01 1223 516.18 2.0682
4 0.0010936 208.45 1.02470 80 0.011334 51 8,54 2.0749
6 0.0011108 213.64 1.04340 82 0.011444 520.89 2.081 5
I 0.0011299 2 19.02 1.06260 84 0.011553 523.22 2.0881
10 0.0011 512 224.63 1.08250 86 0.011661 52 5.55 2.0945
12 0.0011756 230.56 1. 1 0340 88 0.011769 527.86 2.1010
14 0.0012042 236.92 1.12560 90 0.011876 530.1 6 2.1073
14.284 0.0012087 237.87 1.1 2890 92 0.011982 532.46 2.1136
LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN SITI ON 94 0.01 2087 534.74 2.1199
14.284 0.0063827 417.66 1.7544 96 0.01 2192 537.02 2.1261
16 0.0066269 422.64 1.77 16 98 0.01 2296 539.29 2.1322
18 0.0068801 427.76 1.7893 100 0.012399 541.55 2. 1 383
20 0.0071099 432.38 1.8051

¡¡qr@
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Propefties Sl Units
Pressure 55 bara (53.987 barg) Pressure 55 bara (53.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m=/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00084771 86.438 0.531 31 22 0.0 060490 423.49 1.7637
-52 0.00085280 90.297 0.54884 24 0 .0 06284 1 428.75 1.781 5
-50 0.00085801 94.1 64 0.56625 26 0.0 064978 433.50 1.7974
-48 0.00086333 98.040 0.58354 28 0.0066957 437.88 1.8120
-46 0.00086878 101.930 0.60072 30 0.0068812 441.98 1.8256
-44 0.00087436 105.820 0.61781 32 0 .0 070569 445.86 1.8383
-42 0.00088008 109.730 0.63480 34 0.0072244 449.55 1.8504
-40 0.00088595 113.660 0.65170 36 0.0073849 453.09 1.8619
-38 0.00089198 117600 0.66852 38 0.007s396 456.50 1.8729
-36 0.00089817 121.550 0.68526 40 0.0076890 459.80 1.8835
-34 0.00090454 125.520 0.70194 42 0.0078338 463.01 1.8937
-32 0.0409fl10 1 29.51 0 0.71857 44 0.0079747 466.1 3 1.9035
-30 0.00091786 133.530 0.73514 46 0.0081119 469.17 1.91 31
-28 0.00092483 137.560 0.75167 48 0.0082458 472.15 1.9224
-26 0.00093204 141.620 0.76817 50 0.0083767 475.07 1.9315
-24 0.00093949 145.7 10 0.78464 52 0.0085050 " 477.93 1.9403
-22 0.00094721 149.830 0.80110 54 0.0 086308 48,0.75 1.9489
-20 0.00095522 153.980 0.81756 56 0.0087542 483.52 1.9574
-18 0.00096354 1 58.1 60 0.83402 58 0.0 088756 486.25 1.9657
-16 0.0 0097 220 162.390 0.85051 60 0.0089950 488.95 1.9738
-14 0.00098124 166.650 0.86703 62 0.0091126 491.61 1.9817
-12 0.00099068 170.960 0.88360 64 0 .0 092285 494.24 1.9896
-10 0.00100 06 175.330 0.90024 66 0.0093428 496.84 1.9972
-8 0.0010110 1 79.740 0.91697 6B 0.0094556 499.41 2.0048
-6 0.0 0102 19 184.220 0.93380 70 0.0095669 501.96 2.0123
-4 0.0 010335 188.770 0.95077 72 0.0096770 504.49 2.0196
-2 0.0010457 193.400 0.96791 74 0.0097858 506.99 2.0268
0 0.0 010588 198.1 20 0.98525 76 0.0 098934 509.47 2.0340
2 0.0010728 202.950 1.00280 78 0.0099999 511 .94 2.0410
4 0.0010879 207.890 1.02070 80 0.01 01 05 514.39 2.0480
6 0.0011043 212.970 1.03900 82 0.010210 516.82 2.0548
I 0.0011223 218.210 1.05770 84 0.010313 51 9.23 2.0616
10 0.0011 422 223.660 1.07700 86 0.01 041 6 521.63 2.0683
12 0.0011646 229.370 1.09710 88 0.010517 524.02 2.0749
14 0.0011903 235.410 1.11 820 90 0.01 061 8 526.40 2.08 1 5
16 0.0012207 241.900 1.1 4080 92 0.01 0718 528.76 2.0880
18 0.0012582 249.090 1.1 6550 94 0.01 08 1 8 531 . 11 2.0944
18.269 0.0012640 250.1 30 1. 1 6910 96 0.01 091 6 533.45 2. 10 08
LI OU I DTO VAPO R TRAN S ITION 9B 0.011014 535.78 2.107 1

18.269 0.005511 8 411.28 1.7 221 100 0.011111 538.11 2.1133

20 0.0057827 417.48 1.7433

@¡¡qf
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]l Liquid and
Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressure 60 bara (58.987 barg) Prcssurc 60 bara (58.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg kJ/kg wlkg-K "c mt/kg kJ/kg xt/kg-K
-54 0.00084699 86.587 0.53006 22 0.0047466 403.44 1 .6866
-52 0.00085204 90.440 0.547 56 24 0.0051006 412.54 1.7173
-50 0.0008572 1 94.300 0.56494 26 0.0053796 419.54 1.7408
-48 0.00086250 98.169 0.58220 28 0.0 056 1 90 425.46 1.7606
-46 0.00086790 102.05 0.59935 30 0.0058330 430.71 1.7779
-44 0.00087344 105.94 0.61640 32 0.0060288 435.48 1 .7936
-42 0.0008791 2 109.84 0.63335 34 0.0 062 1 09 439.9 1.8081
-40 0.00088494 113.75 0.65022 36 0.0063822 444.05 1.8215
-38 0.00089091 11768 0.66700 38 0.0065446 447.98 1.8342
-36 0.00089704 1 21.63 0.68370 40 ,'O:,OOOOggZ 451.7 2 1.8462
-34 0.00090335 1 25.59 0.70034 42 0.0068486
'oooosg28
455.32 1.8576
-32 0.00090984 129.57 0.71691 44 458.79 1.8686
-30 0.00091653 133.57 0.73343 46 0.0071307 462.14 1.8792
-28 0.00092342 1s759 0.74991 48 o"ioiúzaw' 465.4 1.8893
-26 0.00093054 141.64 0.76635 50 0.0073960 468.57 1.8992
-24 0.00093790 145.7 1 0.78276 52 0.0075235 471.67 1 .9087
-22 0.00094551 149.81 0.79915 54 0.0076479 474.7 1 .91 B0
-20 0.00095340 153.94 0.81553 56 0.0077696 477.67 1.927 1

-18 0.00096159 158,11 0.83192 58 0.0078888 480.58 1.9359

-16 0.0 0 097011 1 62.31 0.84832 60 0.0080057 483.44 1.9445
-14 0.00097899 166.55 0.86474 62 0.0081205 486.26 1.9530
-12 0,00098825 170.83 0.88121 64 0.0 082333 489.04 1.9612
-10 0.00099794 175.17 0.89774 66 0.0083443 491.78 1.9693
-8 0.0010081 1 79.55 0.91433 68 0.0 084536 494.49 1.9773
-6 0.0010188 183.99 0.93103 70 0.0085613 497.16 1.985 1

-4 0.0 010300 1 88.50 0.94784 72 0.0086675 499.8 1.9928

-2 0.0010420 193.08 0.96480 74 0.0087723 502.42 2.0003
0 0.0010546 19774 0.98193 76 0.0088757 50 5.01 2.0078
2 0.0010681 202.50 0.99928 78 0.0089780 507.57 2.0151
4 0.0010826 207.36 1.01690 80 0.0090791 510.11 2.0223
6 0.0010983 212.35 1.03480 82 0.0091790 512.64 2.0294
I 0.0011153 21748 7.053 1 0 84 0.0 092779 515.14 2.0365
10 0.0011341 222.79 1.07190 86 0.0093758 517.63 2.0434
12 0.0011549 228.31 1.09140 88 0.0094728 520.09 2.0502
14 0.0011784 234.1 0 1.111 60 90 0.0095689 522.55 2.0570
16 0.0012054 240.25 1.1 3300 92 0.0096640 524.98 2.0637
18 0.0012376 246.90 1. 1 5590 94 0.0097584 527.4 2.0703
20 0.0012777 254.28 1.18110 96 0.0098520 529,8 1 2.0769
21.978 0.0013315 262.85 1.2 1 020 98 0.0099448 532.21 2.0833
LIOU ! D TO VAPOR TRAN SITI ON 100 0.010037 534.6 2.0898
21.978 0.0047420 403.32 1.6862

¡¡qr.@
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 441 Liquid and
Vapor Properties SI Units
Pressure 65 bara (63.987 barg) Pressurc 65 bara (63.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
25.442 0.0014212 276.7 20 1.25470
-54 0.0 0 08463 86.737 0.52881 LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN S ITION
-52 0.0008513 90.584 0.54629 25.442 392.84 1.6436
-50 0.0008564 94.438 0.56363 26 397.21 1.6582
-48 0.0008617 98.301 0.58087 28 408.21 1.6948
-46 0.0 0 08670 1 02.1 70 0.59799 30 416.16 1.7 211
-44 0.00 087 2 5 106.050 0.61500 32 422.70 1.7427
-42 0.0008782 109.950 0.63192 34 428.40 1.7613
-40 0.0008839 113.850 0.64875 36 433.53 1.7779
-38 0.0008899 11 7.77 0 0.66549 38 438.24 1.7931
-36 0.0008959 1 21.7 10 0.68215 40 0.0058322 442.63 1.8072
-34 0.0009022 125.660 0.6987 5 42 0.0059892 446.77 1.8204
-32 0.0009086 129.630 0.71 527 44 450.71 1.8328
-30 0.0009152 133.620 0.73175 46 0.0062818 454.47 1.8446
-28 0.0009220 137.630 0.74817 48 0.0064193 1.8559
-26 0.0009291 141.660 0.76455 50 0.0 06552 1 1.8668
-24 0.0009363 145.7 20 0.78090 52 0.0066807 1.8772
-22 0.0009438 149.800 0.79723 54 0.0068055 1.8873
-20 0.0009516 153.920 0.81354 56 0.0069269 1.8971
-18 0.0 0 09597 158.060 0.82985 58 0.0 070454
-16 0.0009681 162.240 0.84616 60 0.0 07 1 611 477.65 1.91 58
-14 0.0009768 166.460 :r,i.,.¡,, 0'86250 62 0.0072743 480.66 1.9248
-12 0.0 0 09859 170.710 0.87887 64 0.0073852 483,60 1.9335
-10 0.0 0 09954 175.020 0.89528 66 0.0 074940 486.50 1.9421
-8 0.0010 053 179.370 0.911 76 68 0.0 0760 09 489.36 1.9505
-6 0.00101 58 183.780 0.92832 70 0.0 077060 492.17 1.9587
-4 0.0010267 188.250 0.94498 72 0.0 078093 494.94 1.9668
-2 0.0010383 192.7 80 0.96177 74 0.0079111 497.68 1.9747
0 0.0010506 197.390 0.97871 76 0.0080115 50 0.39 1.9825
2 0 .0 01 0637 202.090 0.99584 78 0.0081105 503.07 1.9901
4 0.0010776 206.880 1.01 320 80 0.0 08208 1 505.72 1.9976
6 0.0010927 211.780 1.03080 82 0.0 083046 508.34 2.0050
I 0.0011089 216.820 1.04880 84 0.0 083999 5 1 0.94 2.0123
10 0.0011266 222.000 1.067 20 B6 0.0 08494 1 513.51 2.01 95
12 0.0011461 227370 1.08610 88 0.0 085873 516.07 2.0266
14 0.0011 678 232.97 0 1. 1 0560 90 0.0 086795 51 8,60 2.0336
16 0.0011924 238.850 1.1 2600 92 0.0087707 521.12 2.0405
1B 0.0012209 245. 00 1 1.1 4760 94 0.0088611 523.62 2.0474
20 0.0012550 251.880 1.17080 96 0.0089507 526.10 2.0541
22 0.0012976 2 59.450 1. 1 9650 98 0.0 090394 528.57 2.0608
24 0.0013562 268.390 1.22670 100 0.0 09 127 4 531.02 2.0674

@¡¡qÍ
 Carbon Dioxide (R-7 44]' Liquid and
Vapor Properties Sl Units
Pressu re 7O bara (68.987 barg) Prcssu re 70 bara (68.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg xt/kg w/kg-K oc m'/kg X.l/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00084555 86.889 0.527 57 28 0.0014882 286.51 1.2849
-52 0.00085054 90.730 0.54502 28.683 0.0015666 293.88 1.3093
-50 0.00085564 94.578 0.56234 LIOU I D TO VAPOR TRAN S ITI ON
-48 0.00086085 98.434 0.57954 28.683 0.0032891 376.91 1.5844
-46 0.00086618 102.30 0.59664 30 0.0037515 392.71 1.6367
-44 0.00087163 106.17 0.61362 32 0.0041381 404.98 1.677 0
-42 0.00087722 110.06 0.63050 34 0.0044217 413.63 1.7053
-40 0.00088294 113.96 0.64729 36 0.0046572 420.64 1.7280
-38 0.00 08888 1 11 7.87 0.66400 3B 0,0048635 426.70 1.7476
-36 0.00089483 1 21.79 0.68062 40 0.0050499 432.12 1.7649
-34 0.00090102 125.74 0.69717 42 0,0052216 437.07 1.7807
-32 0.00090738 129.69 0.71365 44 0.005381,8 441.67 1.7952
-30 0.00091392 133.67 0.73008 46 0.0055329 445.99 1.8088
-28 0.00092066 137.67 0.74645 48 o.óosozo4" 450.08 1.8216
-26 0.00092762 1 41 .69 0.76277 50 0.0058135 453.99 1.8337
-24 0.00093479 145.73 0.77906 52 0.0 05945 1 457.73 1.8453
-22 0.00094221 149.80 0.79533 54 0.0 060720 461.35 1.8564
-20 0.00094988 153.89 0.81157 56 0.0 06 1947 464.84 1.8670
-18 0.00095783 158.02 0.82781 58 0.0063137 468.23 1.8773
-16 0.00 096608 162.18 0.84404 60 0.0 064295 471.53 1.8872
-14 0.00097466 166.37 0.86029 62 0.0065423 474.75 1.8968
-12 0.00 098359 170.61 0.87657 64 0.0 066523 477.90 1.9062
-10 0.00099290 174.88 0.89288 66 0.0067600 480.98 1.91 53
-8 0.0010026 179.21 0.90924 68 0.0 068654 484.01 1.9242
-6 0.00101 28 183.58 0.92568 70 0.0 069687 486.98 1.9329
-4 0.0010236 188.01 0.94220 72 0.0070701 489.90 1.9414
-2 0.0010348 192.50 0.95883 74 0.0071 698 492.78 1.9497
0 0.0010468 19707 0.97 560 76 0.0072678 495.62 1 .9579
2 0.0 01 0594 201.71 0.99252 78 0.0 073643 498.42 1.9659
4 0.0010729 206.44 1.0097 80 0.0074593 501.1 8 1.9737
6 0.0010873 211.26 1.0270 82 0.0075530 503.92 1 .981 4
I 0.0011029 21 6.2 1 1.0447 84 0.0 076455 506.62 1 .9890
10 0.0011197 221.29 1.0627 86 0.0077367 509.29 1.9965
12 0.0011 381 226.53 1.0811 88 0.0 078268 51 1 .94 2.0 038
14 0.0011583 231.96 1.1001 90 0.0079159 514.57 2.0111
16 0.0011810 237.62 1. 1197 92 0.0 080 040 517.17 2.0182
18 0.0012068 243.59 1.1403 94 0.0 0809 1 1 5 1 9.75 2.0253
20 0.0012367 249.95 1. 1 621 96 0.0081773 522.31 2.0322
22 0.0012726 256.86 1.1856 98 0.0082626 524.86 2.039 1

24 0,0013177 264.59 1.2116 100 0.0083472 527.38 2.0459

26 0.0013799 27 3.74 1.2424

¡¡qÍ@
 Supercritica I Properti es of Carbon
D¡oxide (n -7 44]l
SI Units
Pressu re 75 bara (73.987 barg) Pressu re 75 bara 173.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Ternp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oC m'/kg kJ/kg t<t/kg-K
-54 0.00 084484 87.042 0.52634 24 0.001 2904 261.80 1.2001
-52 0.00084980 90.877 0.54376 26 0.0013378 269.66 1 .2264
-50 0.00 085487 94.719 0.56106 28 0.0014030 278.97 1.2574
-48 0.00086004 98.568 0.57823 30 0.001 5126 291.65 1.2994
-46 0.00086533 102.43 0.59529 32 0.0027328 362.21 1.5310
-44 0.0 0 087 07 4 1 06.29 0.61225 34 0.0034687 390.82 1.6246
-42 0.00 087628 110.17 0.629 1 0 36 0.0038256 403.20 1.6648
-40 0.00088196 114.06 0.64585 38 0.0040944 412.13 1.6935
-38 0.00088778 117.96 0.66252 40 0.0043191 419.41 1.7169
-36 0.00089375 121.88 0.679 1 0 42 0.0045164 425.70 1.7369
-34 0.00089988 125.81 0.69561 44 0.0046947 431.31 1.7546
-32 0.0 009 0617 129.76 0.71205 46 0.0048s89 436.44 1.7707
-30 0.00091265 133.73 0.72842 48 0.0050120 441.19 1 .7856
-28 0.00091932 137.71 0.74475 50 0.0051564 445.65 1.7994
-26 0.00 092619 141.72 0.76102 52 0.0052934 449.87 1.8125
-24 0.00093328 145.74 0.77725 54 0.0054 242" ",,:, 453.99 1.8248
-22 0.00094060 149.80 0.79346 56 0.0055498 457.74 1.8365
-20 0.00 094817 153.88 0.80963 58 0.0056708 461.45 1.8478
-18 0.00095601 157.98 0.82580 60 0.0057878 465.04 1.8586
-16 0.00096413 162.12 ,,0.84196 62 0.0059012 468.52 1.8690
-14 0.00 097257 166.30 0.8581 2 64 0.0060114 471.90 1.8790
-12 0.00098134 17 0 .51 0.87431 66 0.0061187 475.20 1.8888
-10 0.00099049 174.76 0.89052 68 0.0062 235 478.42 1.8983
-8 0.0010000 179.05 0.90678 70 0.0063258 481.57 1.9075
-6 0.0010100 183.39 0.92309 72 0.0064260 484.66 1.91 65
-4 0.0010205 187.79 0.93948 74 0.0065242 487.70 1.9252
-2 0,001031 5 192.24 0.95597 76 0.0066206 490.68 1.9338
0 0.001 0431 196.76 0.97257 78 0.0067152 493.62 1.9422
2 0.0010554 201.35 0.98931 80 0.0068083 496.51 1.9504
4 0.0010684 206.02 1.0062 82 0.0068999 499.37 1.9585
6 0.001 0823 210.7 8 1.0233 84 0.0069901 502.1 B 1,9664
8 0.001 0972 215.65 1,0407 86 0.0070790 504.97 1.9741
10 0.00111 33 220.64 1.0584 88 0.0071666 507.7 2 1.981 8
12 0.0011307 225.76 1.0764 90 0.0072532 510.44 1.9893
14 0.0011498 231.05 1.0949 92 0.0073386 513,13 1.9967
16 0.0011709 236.54 1.11 39 94 0.0074230 51 5.80 2.0040
18 0.0011945 242.27 1.1337 96 0.0075064 51 8.45 2.0112
20 0.001 2214 248.32 1.1544 98 0.0075890 521.07 2.0182
22 0.001 2527 254.78 1.1764 100 0.0076706 523.67 2.0252

@¡¡crf
 Supercritica I Properties of Carbon
D¡oxide (R -7 441
Sl Units
Pressure 80 bara (78.987 barg) Pressure 80 bara (78.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc mr/kg kJ/kg xt/kg-K oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.0008 4414 87. 196 0.52512 24 0.0012689 259.58 1.1905
-52 0.00084907 91.025 0.54252 26 0.001 3082 266J0 1.2143
-s0 0.00085410 94.861 0.55978 28 0.001 3577 274.66 1.2409
-48 0.00 085924 98.705 0.57693 30 0.001 4251 284.04 1.2719
-46 0.00086449 102.56 0.59396 32 0.001 5335 296.42 1.3126
-44 0.00086987 106.42 0.61 088 34 0.0018299 320.69 1.3918
-42 0.00087536 110.29 0.62770 36 0.0028189 372.23 1.5591
-40 0.90089099 114.17 0.64442 38 0.0032879 391.27 1.6206
-38 0.00088676 11 8.06 0.66105 40 0.0035985 402.90 1.6578
-36 ,0, ti.,, 121 .97 0.67760 42 0.0 038 442 411 .7 3 1 . 68 59
-34 0.00089975 :¡l
125.89 0.69406 44 0.0040534 419.05 1,7091
-32 0.0 129.83 0.71046 46 0.0042387 425.43 1.7 291
-30 0.00091140 133.78 0 ,7 2679 48 0.0044070 431.14 1.7470
-28 0.00091800 137.76 0.74306 50 0.0 045 624 436.37 1 .7 632
-26 0.00 092479 141.75 0.75929 52 0.0047076 441.22 1.7782
-24 0.00093179 145.76 0.77 546 54 0.0048 446 445.78 1.7921
-22 0.00093902 149,80 0.79161 56 0.0049748 450.09 1.8053
-20 0.00094649 153.87 0.80772 58 0.0050992 454.19 1.8177
-18 0.00095422 157.96 0.82382 60 0.0052186 458.13 1.8296
-16 0.00 096223 162.08 0.83991 62 0.0053336 461.91 1.8409
-14 0.00097053 166.23 0.85599 64 0.0054449 465.57 1.8518
-12 0.00097916 17 0 .42 0.87 209 66 0.0 055 527 469.12 1.8623
-10 0.00098814 174.64 0.88821 68 0.0056575 472.57 1.8724
-8 0.00099750 178.91 0.90436 70 0.0057596 475.93 1.8822
-6 0.0010073 183.22 0.92057 72 0.0058592 479.21 1.8918
-4 0.001 0175 187.59 0.93683 74 0.0 059 566 482.42 1 . 901 0
-2 0.0010283 192.00 0.9531 8 76 0.0060519 485.57 1.9101
0 0.0010396 196.48 0.96963 78 0.0061452 488.66 1.9189
2 0.0010515 201.02 0.98620 80 0.0 062 368 49 69
1 . 1 .927 5
4 0.001 0641 205.64 1.0029 82 0.0063268 494.68 1.9360
6 0.001 0775 210.34 1 .01 98 84 0,0064153 497.62 1.9442
8 0.0010919 215.13 1.0369 86 0.0065023 500.52 1.9523
10 0.0011073 220.04 1.0543 88 0.0065880 503.38 1.9603
12 0.0011239 225.06 1.0720 90 0.0066724 506.21 1.9681
14 0.0011419 230.23 1.0900 92 0.0067 557 509.01 1.9757
16 0.0011617 235.57 1. 1086 94 0.0068379 511.77 1.9833
18 0.0011836 241 .11 1 .1277 96 0.0069190 514.50 1.9907
20 0.001 2081 246.91 1.1475 98 0.0069992 517.21 1.9980
22 0.001 2362 253.04 1.1684 00
1 0.0070784 51 9.90 2.0053

¡qr@
 Supercritical Properties of Carbon
D¡oxide (R -7 44]l Sl Units
Pressure 90 bara (88.987 barg) Pressure 90 bara (88.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Ternp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oC m'/kg ut/kg kJ/kg-K oC m'/kg kJ/kg xt/kg-K
-54 0.0008 4276 87.508 0.5227 0 24 0.001 2360 256.15 1.1747
-52 0.00084763 91.327 0.540 04 26 0.001 2662 262.40 1.1957
-50 0.00085259 95.1 51 0.55726 28 0.001 3014 269.08 1.2179
-48 0.00085766 98.982 0.57435 30 0.0013435 276.32 1.2419
-46 0.00 086284 102.82 0.59132 32 0,0013960 284.37 1.2683
-44 0.00086814 106.67 0.6081 I 34 0.0014653 293.67 1.2987
-42 0.00087355 110.52 0.62494 36 0.0015662 305.14 1.3359
-40 0,00087909 114.39 0.641 60 38 0.0017363 320.78 1.3864
-38 0.00 088477 118.27 0.65816 40 0.0020597 343.78 1.4600
-36 0.00089058 122.16 0.67463 42 0.0024783 367.46 1.5354
-34 0.000896s4 126.06 0.69 102 44 0.0028210 384.17 1,5883
-32 0.0 0090266 129.98 0.70733 46 0.0030906 396.26 1.6263
-30 0.00090895 133.91 0.7 2357 48 0.0033147 405.81 1.6561
-28 0.00091541 137.86 0.73975 50 0.0035088 413.81 1.6810
-26 0.00 092206 141.83 0.75588 52 0.0036818
ffif,
420.77 1.7 024
-24 0.0 0 092890 145.82 0.77195 54 0.0038392 426.99 1,7215
-22 0.0 0 093596 149.83 0.78798 56 0.0039845 432.65 1.7387
-20 0.00 094324 153,86 0.80397 58 0.0041 203 437.89 1.7546
- 8 1 0.00095076 157.92 0.81994 60 0.0042482 442.78 1,7693
- 6 1 0.00095854 162.01 0.83589 62 0.0043696 447.40 1.7832
-14 0.00096659 166.12 0.85183 64 0.0044855 451.78 1.7962
-12 0.00 097494 17 0.27 0.86776 66 0.0045966 455.97 1.8086
-10 0.00098362 174.45 0.88371 68 0,0047 035 459.98 1.8204
-8 0.00099 264 178.66 0.89967 70 0.0048068 463.86 1,8317
-6 0.0010020 182.92 0.91567 72 0.0049068 467.61 1.8426
-4 0.0010119 187.22 0.93171 74 0.0050039 471.24 1.8531
-2 0.001 0221 191.57 0 .947 81 76 0.0050984 474.78 1.8633
0 0.0010329 195.97 0.96398 78 0.0051905 47 8.22 1 .87 31
2 0.001 0442 200.43 0.98024 80 0.0052804 481.59 1.8827
4 0.0010561 204.95 0.99661 82 0.0053684 484.88 1.8920
6 0.0010687 209.54 1.0131 84 0.0054545 488.11 1.9010
8 0.001 0821 214.21 1.0298 86 0.0055390 491.28 1.9099
10 0.0010963 218.97 1.0467 88 0.0056 218 494.40 1.9185
12 0.001111 5 223,83 1.0637 90 0.0057 032 497.46 1.9270
14 0.0011278 228.80 1.0811 92 0.0057833 500.48 1.9353
16 0.0011455 233.90 1.0988 94 0.0058 620 503.45 1.9434
1 8 0.0011 648 239.1 5 1.11 69 96 0.0059396 506.39 1.9514
20 0.0011 860 244.58 1. 1 355 98 0.00601 61 509.28 1.9592
22 0.0012095 250.23 1.1547 100 0.0060915 512.15 1.9669

@¡¡qf
 Supercritical Properties of Carbon
D¡oxide (n -7 44]l Sl Units
Pressure 100 bara (98.987 barg) Pressure 100 bara (98.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00 084140 87.825 0.52030 24 0.001 2109 253.54 1.1618
-52 0.0 0 084621 9 633
1 . 0. 53760 26 0.001 2359 259.28 1. 1 810

-50 0.00085111 95.447 0.55477 28 0 ,0 01 2641 265 .28 1 .2011

-48 0.00085611 99.266 0.57180 30 0.001 2962 271.62 1.2220
-46 0.00086122 103.09 0.58872 32 0.0013334 278.36 1.2442
-44 0.00086644 106.93 0.60553 34 0.001 3774 285.63 1.2679
-42 0.00087178 110.77 0.62222 36 0.001 4313 293.62 1.2938
-40 0.00087723 114.62 0.63881 38 0.001 4997 302.62 1.3229
-38 0.00088282 11 8.48 0,65531 40 0.001 5908 31 3.04 1.3563
-36 0.00088853 122.36 0.67171 42 0.001 7175 325.44 1.3957
-34 0.00089439 126.24 0.68802 44 0.001 8968 340.23 1.4425
-32 0.00090040 130j4 0.70426 46 0.0021261 356.29 1.4929
-30 0.00090657 134.05 0.72042 48 0.0023718 37 1.31 1 .5399
-28 0.00091 290 137.98 0.73651 50 0.0026019 384.07 1.5795
-26 0.00091941 141.93 0.75254 52 0.0 028076 394.7 2 1.6124
-24 0.00 092610 145.99 0.76851 54 0.0029913 403.77 1.6401
-22 0,00093299 149.87 0.78444 56 0.0031572 411.66 1.6642
-20 0.00094010 153.88 0.80 032 58 0.0033088 418.67 1.6854
- 8 1 0.00 094743 157.91 0 .81617 60 0.0034489 425.02 1.7045
-16 0.00095499 161.96 0.83199 62 0.0035796 430.84 1.7219
-14 0.00 096282 166.04 0.84779 64 0.0037 026 436.25 1.7380
-12 0.0 0 097 092 17 0 .15 0.86358 66 0.0038190 441.32 1.7530
- 0 1 0.0 0 097 932 17 4.28 0.87 93 6 68 0.0039 299 446.10 1.7671
-8 0.00098803 178.45 0.89515 70 0.0040360 450.65 1.7804
-6 0.00099709 182.66 0.91096 72 0.0041 379 455.00 1.7930
-4 0.0010065 186.91 0.92679 74 0.0042361 459.17 1.8051
-2 0.0010164 191.20 0.94267 76 0.0043311 463.19 1.8166
0 0.001 0266 195.53 0.95859 78 0.0044231 467.08 1.8277
2 0.001 0374 199.91 0.97459 80 0.0 045 126 47 0 .85 1 .8384
4 0.001 0487 204.35 0.99066 82 0.0045996 474.51 1.8488
6 0.0010606 208.85 1.0068 84 0.0046845 478.08 1.8588
8 0.001073 1 213.42 1.0231 86 0.0047673 481.57 1 .8685
10 0.0010864 21 8.06 1.0396 88 0.0048 484 484.97 1.8780
12 0.0 01 0 05
1 222.7 B 1 .0562 90 0.0049278 488.31 1.8872
14 0.0011156 227.59 1.0730 92 0.0050056 491.59 1.8962
1 6 0.001 1317 232.50 1.0900 94 0.0 05081 9 494.80 1 .9050
1 8 0.0011490 237.53 1.1074 96 0.0051569 497.96 1.9136
20 0.0011678 242]0 1.1251 98 0.0052307 501.07 1.9220
22 0.0011883 248.03 1.1432 100 0.0053032 504.14 1.9302

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qÍ@,

 Supercritical Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (R -7 44]l Sl Units
Pressure 110 bara (108.987 barg) Pressure 110 bara (108.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Ternp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oC mt/kg kJ/kg xt/kg-K
-54 0.00084006 88.1 48 0.51794 24 0.0011905 251.45 1.1507
-52 0.00 084481 91.945 0.535 1 9 26 0.001 2122 256.84 1.1688
-50 0.00084966 95.748 0.55230 28 0.001 2360 262.42 1.1874
-48 0.00085459 99.556 0.56929 30 0.001 2625 268.21 1.2066
-46 0.0 0 085964 103.37 0.58616 32 0.001 2921 274.27 1.2265
-44 0.00 086478 107. 19 0.6029 1 34 0.001 3256 280.63 1.2473
-42 0.00087004 111.02 0.61955 36 0.001 3642 287.37 1.2691
-40 0.00 087542 114.86 0.63608 38 0.001 4092 294.57 1.2924
-38 0.00088091 118.70 0.6525 1 40 0.0014630 302.38 1.317 3
-36 0.00088654 122.56 0.66884 42 0.0015286 310.92 1.3446
-34 0.00089230 126.43 0,68508 44 0.001 6099 320.36 1.3744
-32 0.00089820 130.31 0.70124 46 0.001 7118 330.83 1.4073
-30 0.00 090425 134.21 0.71732 48 0.0018387 342.30 1.4431
-28 0.0 0 09 1 046 1 38.1 1 0.73333 50 0.0019895 354.37 1.4806
-26 0.00091 684 142.04 0.74927 52 0.0021 558 366.33 1.517 5
-24 0.00 092339 145.98 0.76516 54 0.0023264 377.56 1.5519
-22 0.00093013 149.94 0.78098 56 0.0024921 387.72 1.5829
-20 0.0 0 0937 07 153.92 0.79676 58 0.0026485 396.79 1.6104
-18 0.00094422 157.92 0.81249 60 0.0027 949 404.93 1.6349
-16 0.00095159 161.94 0.82819 62 0.002931 8 412.28 1.6569
-14 0.0 0 095920 165.98 0.84387 64 0.0030 602 418.99 1.6768
-12 0.00 096707 170.05 0.85952 66 0.0031812 425.17 1 .6951
-10 0.00097521 174.15 0.87515 68 0.0032957 430.92 1.7120
-B 0.00098364 178.28 0.89079 70 0.0034045 436.31 1.7278
-6 0.00099 239 182.44 0.90642 72 0.0035085 441.40 1.7426
-4 0.001001 5 186.64 0.92207 74 0.0036081 446.23 1.7565
-2 0,0010109 190.87 0.93774 76 0.0037038 450.83 1.7697
0 0.0010208 1 95.1 5 0.95345 78 0.0037962 455.25 1.7823
2 0.0010311 199.47 0.96920 80 0.0038855 459.49 1.7944
4 0.001 0418 203.83 0.98502 82 0.0039721 463.59 1.8060
6 0.0010531 208.25 1.0009 84 0.0040562 467.55 1.8171
8 0.0010650 212.73 1.01 69 86 0.0041380 471.40 1.8278
10 0.001 0775 217.26 1.0330 88 0.0042178 475.15 1.8382
12 0.0010907 221.87 1.0492 90 0.0042957 478.80 1.8483
14 0.0011046 226.55 1.0655 92 0.0043718 482.36 1.8581
16 0.0011195 231.31 1.0820 94 0.0044463 485.85 1.8676
18 0.0011 353 236.17 1.0988 96 0.0045193 489.26 1.8769
20 0.0011523 241.14 1.11 58 98 0.0045909 492.61 1.8860
22 0.0011706 246.23 1.1 331 100 0.0046612 495.90 1.8948

@¡¡qr
 .I

SupercnticaI Properties of Carbon

D¡oxide (n -7 44]l SI Units
Pressu re 120 bara (118.987 barg) Pressure 120 bara (118.987 bargl
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
"c mr/kg xt/kg xt/kg-K oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-54 0.00083875 88.474 0.51560 24 0.0011733 249.73 1.1410
-52 0.00 084344 92.262 0.53280 26 0.0011926 254.86 1.1582
-50 0.00 084823 96.055 0.54987 28 0.001 2135 260j3 1.1757
-48 0.0 0 0853 1 0 99.852 0.56681 30 0.001 2362 265.57 1.1937
-46 0.00085808 103.65 0.58363 32 0.001 2612 271.18 1.2122
-44 0.0008631 6 107.46 0.60 033 34 0.001 2887 277.00 1.2312
-42 0.00086834 111.28 0.61691 36 0.001 3194 283.05 1.2508
-40 0.00087 364 11 5.10 0.63338 38 0.001 3540 289.39 1.2713
-38 0.00087905 118.94 0.64975 40 0.001 3932 296.06 1.2926
-36 0,00088459 122.78 0.66602 42 0.001 4384 303.12 1.31 51
-34 0.00089025 126.63 0.68219 44 0.0014908 310.64 1.3389
-32 0.00089605 130.49 0.69828 46 0.001 5524 318.68 1.3641
-30 0.00090200 134.37 0.71429 48 0.001 6249 327.26 1.3910
-28 0.00090809 138.26 0.73022 50 0.0017102 336.41 1.4194
-26 0.00091434 142.16 0.74608 52 0.0018095 346.05 1.4491
-24 0.00 092076 146.08 0.76187 54 0.0019219 355.97 1.4795
-22 0.00 092736 150.02 0.77760 56 0.0020 444 365.89 1.5097
-20 0.00 093414 153.97 0.79328 58 0.0021725 375.51 1 .5389
-18 0.0009 4112 157.94 0.80891 60 0.0023019 384.62 1.5663
-16 0.00094831 161 .94 0.82450 62 0.0024291 393.09 1.5917
-14 0,0 095573
0 165.95 0.84005 64 0.002 5522 400.94 1.61 50
-12 0.00096338 169.99 0.85557 66 0.0026703 408.19 1.6364
-10 0.00097128 174.05 0.87107 68 0.0027 833 414.92 1.6562
-8 0.00 097 946 17 8.14 0.88656 70 0,0028915 421.19 1.6746
-6 0.00098793 182.26 0.90204 72 0.0029949 427.08 1.6917
-4 0.00099670 186.41 0.91 752 74 0.0030942 432.62 1.7 077
-2 0.0010058 190.60 0.93301 76 0.0031895 437.87 1.7228
0 0.00101 53 194.82 0.94852 78 0.003281 3 442.87 1.7370
2 0.001 0252 199.08 0.96406 80 0.0 0337 00 447.64 1.7506
4 0.0010354 203.38 0.97964 82 0.0034557 452.22 1.7635
6 0.001 0462 207.73 0.99526 84 0.0 035388 456.62 1.77 59
8 0.0010575 212.13 1 .0110 86 0.0036194 460.88 1.7878
10 0.0010693 216.57 1 .0267 88 0.0036979 464.99 1.7992
12 0.0010817 221.08 1.0426 90 0.0037743 468.98 1.8102
14 0.001 0947 225.65 1.0586 92 0.0038489 472.86 1.8209
16 0.0011086 230.29 1.0747 94 0.0039217 476.65 1.8312
18 0.0011232 235.01 1.0909 96 0.0039929 480.33 1.8412
20 0.0011388 239.82 1.1074 98 0.0040 626 483.94 1.8510
22 0.0011 555 244.72 1.1240 100 0.0041 310 487.47 1.8604

¡¡qr@/
 T

Supercritical Properties of Carbon

D¡oxide (R -7 t Sl Units 4l
Pressure 130 bara (128.987 barg) Pressurc 130 bara (128.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oC m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-52 0.00 084210 92.584 0.53045 26 0.0011759 253.21 1.1487
-50 0.00 084682 96.367 0.54747 28 0.0011946 258.25 1. 1 655
-48 0.00085164 1 00.1 5 0.56437 30 0.001 2147 263.41 1.1826
-46 0.00085655 103.94 0.5811 3 32 0.001 2365 268.72 1.2000
-44 0.00086156 107.74 0.59778 34 0.001 2601 274.17 1.2178
-42 0.00086668 1 11 .55 0.61431 36 0.0012860 279.78 1.2360
-40 0.00087190 1 1 5.36 0,63072 38 0.001 3144 28 5. 59 1 .2548

-38 0.00 087723 119.1 8 0.64703 40 0.0013458 291.61 1.2741

-36 0.00088268 123.00 0.66324 42 0.0013809 297.88 1.2940
-34 0.00088826 126.84 0.67935 44 0.001 4202 304.43 1.3147
-32
.f;

0.00089396 130.69 0.69537 46 0.001 4645 311.28 1.3363

-30 0.00089980 134.55 0.71131 48 0.001 5149 31 8.46 1.3587
-28 0.0 0 090579 138.42 0.7 2716 50 0.001 5720 326.00 1.3821
-26 0.00091192 142.30 0.74294 52 0.001 6370 333.87 1.4064
-24 0.00091 821 146.20 0.75865 54 0.0017104 342.07 1.431 5
-22 0.00 092467 150.11 0.77429 56 0.0017924 350.53 1.4573
-20 0.00093131 154.04 0.78988 58 0.0018823 359.12 1.4833
-18 0.00093813 157.99 0.80541 60 0.0019788 367.69 1.5091
-1 6 0.0009451 5 161.96 0.82089 62 0.0020798 376.1 0 1.5343
-14 0.00095238 165.94 0.83633 64 0.0021830 384.22 1.5584
-12 0.0 0 095983 169.95 0.85174 66 0.00 22865 391.97 1.581 3
- 10 0.00 096752 173.98 0.86711 68 0.002 3889 399.30 1.6029
-8 0.0 0 097 546 178.03 0.88246 70 0.0024891 406.21 1.6231
-6 0.00098366 182,12 0.89780 72 0.0025867 412.74 1.6421
-4 0.0009921 6 186.23 0.9 1 312 74 0.0 02 681 4 418.91 1.6599
-2 0.0010010 190.37 0.92845 76 0.00 27731 424.75 1.6767
0 0.0010101 194.54 0.94378 78 0.00 28620 430.30 1 .6925
2 0.0010196 198.74 0.95912 80 0.0029 481 435.59 1.7075
4 0.001 0294 202,99 0.97449 82 0.0030315 440.64 1.7 218
6 0.0010397 207.27 0.98989 84 0.0031125 445.49 1.7354
8 0.0010505 211.60 1.0053 86 0.0031911 450.1 5 1.7484
10 0,001 0617 215.97 1.0208 88 0.0032 676 454.65 1.7609
12 0.001 0734 220.40 1.0364 90 0.0033421 459.00 1.7729
14 0.0010857 224.87 1.0521 92 0.0034 1 47 463.21 1.7845
1 6 0.0010987 229.41 1.0678 94 0.0034856 467.30 1.7957
1 8 0.0011124 234.01 1.0836 96 0.0035549 471.27 1.8065
20 0.0011268 238.68 1.0996 98 0.0036 227 475.15 1.81 69
22 0.0011422 243.43 1.11 58 100 0.0036890 47 8.93 1 .827 1

@¡¡qr
 Supercritical Properties of Carbon
D¡oxide (n -7 44],- Sl Units
Pressurc 140 bara (138.987 bargl Pressure 140 bara (138.987 barg)
Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg t<l/kg kJ/kg-K "C m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg-K
-52 0.00 084077 92.911 0.52812 26 0.0011613 251.80 1.1401
-50 0.00 084545 96.684 0.545 1 0 28 0.0011783 256.66 1.1 563
-48 0.00085020 100.46 0.56 1 95 30 0.0011965 261.62 1.1727
-46 0.00085506 104.24 0.57867 32 0.001 2159 266.69 1.1893
-44 0.00086000 108.03 0.59526 34 0.001 2368 271.87 1.2063
-42 0.00086505 111.82 0.61174 36 0.001 2593 277.17 1.2235
-40 0.00087019 115.62 0.628 1 0 38 0.001 2836 282.62 1.2410
-38 0.00 087545 119.42 0.64435 40 0.001 3102 288.21 1.2590
-36 0.00088082 123.24 0.66050 42 0.001 3391 293.98 1.2773
-34 0.00 088631 127.06 0.67655 44 0.001 3709 299.93 1.2961
-32 0.00089192 130.89 0.69251 46 0.0014059 306.08 1.31 55
-30 0.00089766 134.73 0.70838 48 0,001 4447 312.46 1.3354
-28 0.00090354 138.59 0.7 2416 50 0.001 4877 319.07 1.3559
-26 0.00090956 142.45 0.73986 52 0.0015355 325.91 1.3770
-24 0.00091573 146.33 0.75549 54 0.001 5884 332.99 1.3987
-22 0.00 092207 150.22 0.771 05 56 0.001 6469 340.28 1.4209
-20 0.00092856 154.13 0.78655 58 0.001 7113 347.76 1.4436
-18 0.00 093524 158.05 0.80199 60 0.001 7814 355.38 1.4665
-1 6 0.00094210 161.99 0.81737 62 0.001 8566 363.05 1.4895
-14 0.0009 4915 165.95 0.83271 64 0.0019362 370,68 1.5122
-12 0.00 095642 169.93 0.84800 66 0.0020191 378.20 1.5344
-10 0.00096390 173.93 0.86326 68 0.0021041 385.53 1.5560
-8 0.00 097162 177.95 o.ai\,+g 70 0.0021900 392.61 1,5767
-6 0.00097959 182.00 0.89369 72 0.0022760 399.41 1.5964
-4 0.00 098782 186.07 0.90887 74 0.0 023 612 405.92 1 .6152
-2 0.00099634 1 90.1 7 0.92404 76 0.0024452 412.15 1.6331
0 0.001 0052 194.30 0.93921 78 0.0025277 418.10 1.6501
2 0.0010143 198.46 0.95438 80 0.0026084 423.79 1.6663
4 0.001 0238 202.65 0.96956 82 0.0026873 429.25 1.6817
6 0.0010337 206.88 0.98476 84 0.0027643 434,48 1.6964
8 0.001 0439 211.14 0.99998 86 0.0028394 439.51 1.7104
10 0.0010546 215.45 1.0152 88 0.0029128 444.36 1.7239
12 0.0010658 219.79 1.0305 90 0.0029844 449.04 1.7368
14 0.001 0775 224.19 1.0459 92 0.0030543 453.56 1.7492
1 6 0.0010897 228.64 1.061 3 94 0.0031226 457.95 1.7612
18 0.0011025 233.14 1.0769 96 0.0031895 462.21 1.7728
20 0.00111 61 237.70 1.0925 98 0.003 2549 466.35 1.7840
22 0.0011 303 242.32 1.1082 100 0.0 033 90
1 47 0 .38 1 .7 948

¡¡qf @
 Supercritical Propertles of Carbon
D¡oxide (R -7 44]l Sl Units
PPressure 150 bara (1¿t8.987 barg) Pressure 150 bara (148.987 barg)
Temp Volume Enthalpy Entropy Ternp Volume Enthalpy Entropy
oc m'/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
l<l/kg_K "c m=/kg kJ/kg-K
-52 0.00 083947 93.242 0.52582 26 0.0011484 250.59 1.1322
-50 0.00084409 97.005 0.54276 28 0.0 01 1 641 255.31 1.1479
-48 0.00 084879 100.77 0.55956 30 0.0011807 260.10 1.1637
-46 0.00085359 104.54 0.57624 32 0.0011983 264.98 1.1798
-44 0.00 085847 108.32 0.59278 34 0.001 2170 269.95 1. 1960
-42 0.00086345 112.10 0.60921 36 0.001 2371 275.02 1.2125
-40 0.00086853 115.88 0.62552 38 0.0012586 280.19 1.2292
-38 0.00087371 11 9.68 0.64172 40 0.001 2817 285.48 1.2461
-36 0.00087900 123.48 0.6578 1 42 0.0013066 290.89 1.2633
-34 0.00088440 127.29 0.67380 44 0.0013335 296.44 1.2809
-32 0.00088993 1 31. 10 0.68969 46 0.001 3627 302.14 1.2988
-30 0.00089558 134.93 0.70550 48 0.001 3944 307.99 1.317 0
-28 0.00090135 138.77 0.72121 50 0.001 4291 314.00 1.3357
-26 0.00 090727 142.61 0.73684 52 0.0014669 320.19 1.3548
-24 0.00091333 146.47 0.75240 54 0.0015082 326.54 1.3743
-22 0.00091953 150.35 0.76788 56 0.001 5532 333.06 1.3941
-20 0.00 092590 154.23 0.78329 58 0.001 6022 339.73 1.4143
-18 0.00 093243 1 58.1 3 0.79864 60 0.001 6554 346.54 1.4348
-16 0.00093914 162.05 , ,,0.81393 62 0.001 7127 353.45 1.4555
-14 0.00 094604 165.98 0.82917 64 0.0017739 360.43 1.4763
-12 0.0009531 3 169.94 o.á ¡o 66 0.0018387 367.41 1.497 0
-10 0.00 096042 173.91 0.85951 68 0.0019066 374.35 1.5174
-8 0.00096794 177.90 'o'.,Biilaz 70 0.0019768 381.20 1.5374
-6 0.00097569 181.91 0.88970 72 0.0020 487 387.90 1.5568
-4 0.00098368 185.95 0.90475 74 0.0021216 394.43 1.5757
-2 0.00099193 190.01 0.91978 76 0.0021950 400.76 1.5939
0 0.0010005 1 94.1 0 0.93480 78 0.0022683 406.88 1 .6114
2 0.0010093 198.21 0.9498 1 80 0.0023411 412.79 1,6281
4 0.001 0184 202.35 0.96481 82 0.0024131 418.49 1.6442
6 0.001 0279 206.53 0.97983 84 0.0024842 423.99 1.6597
8 0.0010378 210.74 0.99485 86 0.002 5541 429.29 1.6745
10 0.0010480 214.98 1.0099 88 0.002 6228 434.41 1.6887
12 0.0010587 219.27 1.0250 90 0.0026903 439.36 1 .7 024
14 0.0010698 223.59 1.0401 92 0.0027 565 444.15 1.7155
16 0.001 0814 227.96 1.0552 94 0.0 028 21 4 448.80 1.7282
18 0.0010935 232.38 1.0705 96 0.0028851 453.31 1.7405
20 0.0011062 236.84 1.0857 98 0.0029 476 457.69 1.7523
22 0.0011196 241.36 1. 1011 100 0.0030089 461.95 1.7638

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THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTB¡AL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

¡¡qr.E
 *2ü0 -150 -100 *50 100 150 wü 25ü 3üü 35ü 4ü0 45ü 5üü 550 6ü0 650 7üü
2ü. 2ü.

R-744
{carbon dioxide}
reference state;
h = 20ü.0 kJ/kg, s = X "ü0 kJl{kg.K)
for saturated liquid at 0 "C

10. 10.

B. B.

6.

,r+.
(§
n_
§
\¡r¡U
q)
L-
¿
-a
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m
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n_

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0.6 0.6

0.4

ü.2
*2ü0 *150 -100 -50 s 5ü 1ü0 150 i00 250 300 35ü 4ü0 45ü 5üü 55ü 6üü S5ü 70S
based on formulation of: R. Span & W. Wagner
FJ computed usinü NI§T REFPRüP, vs.1 finthalpy {kJlkg} J. . Gfisrn. Hef. Daia 25:1509-159§ {19S6}
§oiid data apBr*ximat*C {r*rn Plank and Kupriannff
CHAPTER THREE

3 0 Source References for Figures

gures 3.1. and 3.2 were compiled by Bruce
I. Nelson, P.E. of Colmac Coil Manufacturirrg
Co. using NIST REFPROP Version 9.0, which
sourced data as referenced below:
Carbon Dioxide (R-744) - CO,
CAS#: 124-38-9
Molar mass: 44.01, lbm/lbmol
Triple point temperature: -69.804 "F
Normal sublimation point
temperature : -1.09.24 "F
Critical point temperature : 87 .7 61 oF
Critical point pressure: 1070.0 psia
Critical point density: 29.1,9I lbmlft3
Gas phase dipole at NBP: 0.0 debye
Acentric factor : 0.22394
Equation of State
Equation type: Helmholtz energy
Limits: -69.804 oF ro 31,40.3 'R 116030.0 psia,
102.31. lbm/ft3
Span, R. and'§7agner,'§(/'., "A New Equation of
State for Carbon Dioxide Coverirg the Fluid
Region from the
Triple-Point Temperature to 1 100 K at Pressures
up to 800 MPa, " J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
25 (6):1509-15 96, 1996 .
At pressures up to 30 MPa and temperatures up
to 523 K, the estimated uncertainry ranges from
0.03"A to 0.05"A ín densiry, 0.03"/o (in the vapor)
to I% in the speed of sound (0.5 "A in the liquid)
the dilute gas near room temperature to 5"A at
the highest pressures.
Thermal Conductivity
Limits: -69.826 oF to 31,40.3 "R 116030.0 psia,
102.3 L lbm/ft3
Vesovic, V.,'§7akeham,'§(/'.A., OlchowI, G.A.,
'W'atsofl,
Sengers, J.V., J.TR., and Millat, J., "The
transport properties of carbon dioxide, " J. Phys.
Chem. Ref. Data, 19:763-808,1990.
Note: Vesovic et al. use a crossover equation of
state to compute derivatives in the critical region;
the default
EOS is used here. Also, their " simplified " critical
enhancement for thermal conductivity is used.
The uncertainty in thermal conductivity is less
than 5oA.
Surface Tension
Limits: -69.826 oF to 87.764 "F
Rathjen,'§7. and Straub, J., "Temperature
dependence of sur face tension, coexistence curve
and vapor pressure of CO, CC1F3, CBrF3, and
SF6, " Chapter 18 in He at Transfer in Boiling,
New York, Academic
Press, pp . 425-451,, 1977.
Melting Line
Limits: -69.804 oF ro 1520.3 "F
'§7agner, '§7.,
Span, R. and " A New Equation of

and 0.L 5% (in the vapor) to 1,.5"/o (in the liquid)
in heat capacity. Special interest has been focused
on the description of the critical region and the
extrapolation behavior of the formulation (to the
limits of chemical stabiliry).
State for Carbon Dioxide Coverirg the Fluid
Region from the
Triple-Point Temperature to 1 100 K at Pressures
up to 800 MPa, " J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
25 (6):15 09- 1 59 6, 199 6 .

Viscosity Sublimation Line

oF Limits: -69.804 "F ro -69.804 "F
Limits: -69.804 to 3140.3 "R 116030.0 psia,
'§7agner,
1,02.31 lbm/ft3 Span, R. and W., " A New Equation of
Fenghour, A.,'§Takehamr'§(/.A., Vesovic, V., " The State for Carbon Dioxide Coverirrg the Fluid
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxid., " J. Phys. Chem. Region from the
Ref. Data, Tiiple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures
27:31,-44, !998. up to 800 MPa, " J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
The uncertainty in viscosity ranges from 0.3"/" in 25 (6):1,509- 1,596, 1996.

¡¡qf E
 Thermophysical Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (R-7 44]lat Saturation lP Unrts
-
-60 94.57 79.88 0.4703 0.2257 0.1003 0.006637 0.s653 0.02721 0.001083
-58 98.97 84.27 0.4711 0.2275 0.0995 0.006694 0.5547 0.02735 0.001064
-56 103.51 88.81 0.4720 0.2294 0.0986 0.006752 0.5443 0.02750 0.001046
-54 108.21 93.51 0.4729 0.2314 0.0978 0.006811 0.5341 0.02765 0.001027
-52 113.06 98.36 0.4739 0.2335 0.0970 0.006870 0.5242 0.02780 0.001009
-50 118.08 103.38 0.4749 0.2355 0.0962 0.006931 0.5144 0.02795 0.000990
-48 123.26 108.56 0.4760 0.2377 0.0954 0.006993 0.5049 0.02810 0.000972
-46 128.61 113.91 0.4771 0.2399 0.0945 0.007056 0.4956 0.02825 0.000953
-44 134.13 119.43 0.4783 0.2422 0.0937 0.007119 0.4864 0.02840 0.000935
-42 139.82 125.12 0.4795 0.2445 0.0929 0.007184 0.4775 0.02856 0.00091 7
-40 145.69 130.99 0.4808 0.2470 0.0921 0.007251 0.4687 0.02871 0.000899
-38 151.74 137.04 0.4822 0.2495 0.091 3 0.00731 8 0.4601 0.02887 0.000881
-36 157.98 143.28 0.4836 0.2520 0.0905 0.007387 0.4517 0.02902 0.000863
-34 164.40 149.70 0.4851 0.2547 0.0897 0.007457 0.4435 0.0291 8 0.000845
-32 171.02 156.32 0.4866 0.2574 0.0889 0.007528 0.4354 0.02934 0.000828
-30 177.83 163.13 0.4882 0.2603 0.0881 0.007601 0.4275 0.02950 0.000810
-28 184.83 170.13 0.4899 0.2632 0.0873 0.007676 0.4197 0.02966 0.000792
-26 192.04 177.34 0.4917 0.2662 0.0865 0.007752 0.4121 0.02982 0.000775
-24 199.46 184.76 0.4935 0.2694 0.0857 0.007830 0.4046 0.02999 0.000758
-22 207.08 192.38 0.4955 0.2726 0.0849 0.007910 0.3973 0.03015 0.000740
-20 214.91 200.21 0.4975 0.2760 0.0841 0.007991 0.3901 0.03032 0.000723
-18 222.97 208.27 0.4996 0.2795 0.0833 0.008075 0.3830 0.03049 0.000706
-16 231.24 216.54 0.5018 0.2831 0.0825 0.008161 0.3761 0.03066 0.000689
-14 239.73 225.03 0.5042 0.2869 0.0818 0.008248 0.3693 0.03083 0.000672
-12 249.45 233,75 0.5066 0.2908 0.0810 0.0 08339 0.3626 0.03101 0.000655
-10 257.40 242.70 0.5091 0.2949 0.0802 0.008432 0.3560 0.03118 0.000638
-8 266.58 251.88 0.5118 0.2991 0.0794 0.008527 0.3496 0.03136 0.000622
-6 276.01 261.31 0.5146 0.3035 0.0786 0.008625 0.3433 0.031 54 0.000605
-4 285.67 270.97 0.5175 0.3082 0.0778 0.008726 0.3371 0.03173 0.000589
-2 295.58 280.88 0.5206 0.3130 0.0771 0.008831 0.3309 0.03191 0.000572
0 305.74 291,04 0.5238 0.3180 0.0763 0.008938 0.3249 0.03210 0.000556
2 31 6. 1 5 301 .45 0.5272 0.3233 0.0755 0.009050 0.3190 0.03230 0.000540
4 326.82 312,12 0.5307 0.3288 0.0747 0.0091 65 0.3132 0.03249 0.000524
6 337.75 323.05 0.5345 0.3346 0.0740 0.009284 0.3075 0.03269 0.000508
8 348.94 334.24 0.5384 0.3406 0.0732 0.009407 0.3019 0.03290 0.000492

E¡¡qf
 Thermophysica I Properties of Carbon
Dioxide (n-7 44) at Saturation lP Units
Temperature Pressuie (psi) Specific Heat (Btu/b--'R) Thermal Conduct¡vity (Btu/h-ft-'R) V¡scosity (lb#/ft-h) Surface Tens¡on
( "F) Absolute Gauge L¡qu¡d Vapór Liqu¡d Vapor Liqu¡d vapor (lvft,
10 360.41 345.71 0.543 0.347 0.07240 0.009535 0.2963 0.03311 0.0004762
12 372.14 357.44 0.547 0.354 0.07163 0.009668 0.2909 0.03332 0.0004606
14 384.16 369.46 0.551 0.361 0.07085 0.009806 0.2855 0.03354 0.00044s 1

16 396.45 381.75 0.556 0.368 0.07008 0.009950 0.2802 0.03376 0.0004297

18 409.03 394.33 0.561 0.376 0.06930 0.010100 0.2750 0.03399 0.0004144
20 421.91 407.21 0.567 0.384 0.06852 0.010257 0.2699 0.03422 0.0003993
22 435.07 420.37 0.573 0.393 0.06774 0.010421 0.2648 0.03446 0.0003842
24 448.54 433.84 0.579 0.402 0.06697 0.010593 0.2598 0.03471 0.0003694
26 462.31 447.61 0.585 0.412 0.06619 0.010774 0.2549 0.03496 0.00 03546
28 476.38 461.68 0.592 0.422 0.06541 0.010963 0.2500 0.03522 0.0003400
30 490.77 476.07 0.60 0 0.434 0.06463 0.011163 0.2452 0.03549 0.0003255
32 505.48 490.78 0.608 0.446 0.06385 0.011373 0.2404 0.03577 0.0003111
34 520.51 505.81 0.616 0.459 0.06306 0.011596 0.2358 0.03606 0.0002969
36 535.86 521.16 0.625 0.472 0.06228 0.011832 0.2311 0.03636 0.0002828
38 551.55 536.85 0.635 0.487 0.06149 0.01 2083 0.2265 0.03667 0.0002689
40 567.58 552.88 0.646 0.504 0.06070 0.01 2349 0.2220 0.03699 0.0002552
42 583.95 569.25 0.658 0.521 0.05991 0.012634 0.2174 0.03733 0,0002416
44 600.67 585.97 0.670 0.541 0.05912 0.012938 0.21 30 0.03768 0,0002281
46 617.7 5 603.05 0.684 0.562 0.05833 0.013264 0.2085 0.03805 0.00021 49
48 635.18 620.48 0.700 0.585 0,05753 0.013616 0.2041 0.03844 0.0002018
50 652.99 638.29 0.716 0.611 0.05673 0.013995 0. 1 997 0.03885 0.0001889
52 671.16 656.46 0.735 0.640 0.05593 0.01 4406 0.1 953 0.03928 0.0001762
54 689.72 675.02 0.7 56 0.673 0.05513 0.01 4854 0.1 91 0 0.03973 0.0001 637
56 708.67 693.97 0.780 0.709 0.05432 0.01 5342 0.1 866 0.04022 0.0001514
58 728.01 713.31 0.806 0.751 0.05352 0.015878 0.1 823 0.04074 0.0 0 01 393
60 747.75 733.05 0.837 0.798 0.05271 0.016470 0.1779 0.04129 0.0001 274
62 767.91 753.21 0.872 0.854 0.05191 0.017126 0.1 735 0.04189 0.0001158
64 788.48 773.78 0.913 0.919 0.05111 0.017860 0.1 690 0.04253 0.0001044
66 809.48 794.78 0.961 0.996 0.05032 0.018686 0. 646
1 0.04323 0.0000933
68 830.93 816.23 1.019 1.090 0.04954 0.019625 0.1 600 0.04400 0.0000825
70 852.82 838.12 1.090 1.205 0.04879 0.0207 04 0.1 554 0 .04484 0. 0 0 0 07 19
72 875.18 860.48 1.178 1.351 0.04808 0.021961 0.1 506 0.04579 0.000061 7
74 898.02 883.32 1.292 1.541 0.04744 0.023449 0.1 458 0.04686 0.0000519
76 921.35 906.65 1.446 1.797 0.04691 0.025253 0.1407 0.04808 0.0000424
78 945.20 930.50 1.666 2.163 0.04657 0.027508 0.1 353 0.04950 0.0000334
80 969.57 954.87 2.005 2.726 0.04655 0.030459 0.1 295 0.05122 0.0000249

¡¡qrE
 t

Thermophysica I Properties of Carbon

Dioxide (R-7 44]lat Saturation Sl Units
Temperature Pressure (bar) Specific Heat (kJlkg-K)
-
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-lQ Viscosity (cPoise) Surface Tension
( "c) Absolute Gauge Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (dYn/cm)
-50 6.8234 5.810 1.971 0 .952 0 .17 206 0.011 58 0.22930 0.01131 15.5320
-49 7.1049 6.092 1.97 5 0.959 0.17076 0.01167 0.22543 0.01136 15.287 0
-48 7.3949 6.382 1.978 0.967 0.1 6948 0.011 76 0.22163 0.01142 15.0430
-47 7.6937 6.680 1.982 0 .974 0, 681 9
1 0.011 85 0.21791 0.01147 14.8000
-46 8.0015 6.988 1.985 0.982 0.1 6691 0.01195 0.21426 0.011 53 14.5570
-45 8.3 84
1 7.305 1.989 0.990 0.16563 0.01 204 0.21068 0.01159 14.3160
-44 8.6445 7.631 1.993 0.998 0.16436 0.01 214 0.20716 0.01164 14.0750
-43 8.9800 7.967 1.998 1.007 0.16309 0.01 224 0.20372 0.01170 13.8350
-42 9.3252 8.312 2.002 1.01 5 0.16182 0.01 234 0.20033 0.01175 13.5960
-41 9.6801 8.667 2.007 1.024 0.16056 0.01 244 0.19701 0.01181 13.3580
-40 10.045 9.032 2.012 1.033 0.1 5930 0.01 254 0.19375 0.011 87 13.1210
-39 10.420 9.407 2.017 1.043 0.15804 0.01265 0.19056 0.01193 1 2.88s0
-38 10.805 9.792 2.022 1.052 0.1 5679 0.01275 0.18741 0.01199 1 2.6500
-37 11.201 10. 188 2.028 1.062 0.15554 0.01286 0.18433 0.01 204 12.4150
-36 11.607 10.594 2.033 1.073 0.15429 0.01297 0.18130 0.01210 12.1820
-35 12.024 11.011 2.039 1.083 0.1 5304 0.01 308 0.17833 0.01 216 11.9500
-34 12.452 11.439 2.046 1.094 0.1 51 80 0.01 320 0.17541 0.01222 11.7 180
-33 12.891 11.878 2.052 1.105 0.15056 0.01332 0.17253 0.01 228 11 .4880
-32 13.342 12.329 2 .059 1.117 0.14932 0.01343 0.1 6971 0.01234 11.2590
-31 13.804 12.791 2.066 1.128 0.14809 0.01356 0.16694 0.01 240 1 1 .0300
-30 14.278 13.265 2.073 1.141 0.14686 0.01368 0.16422 0.01 246 1 0.8030
-29 14.763 13.750 2.081 L 1 53 0.1 4563 0.01 381 0.161 54 0.01 253 10 .577 0

-28 15.261 14.248 2.089 1.1 66 0.14440 0.01394 0.1 5890 0.01 259 1 0.3 520
-27 15.770 14.757 2.097 1.180 0.14317 0.01407 0.1 5631 0.01265 10.1280
-26 16.293 15.280 2.106 1.194 0.14195 0.01421 0.15377 0.01272 9.9046
-25 16.827 15.814 2.115 1.208 0.14073 0.01 434 0.15126 0.01 278 9.6826
-24 17.375 16.362 2.124 1.223 0.13951 0 .01449 0.14880 0.01 285 9.461 8
-23 17.935 16.922 2.134 1.239 0.13829 0.01 463 0.14637 0.01291 9.2420
-22 18.509 17.496 2.144 1.255 0 .137 07 0 .01 47I 0.14399 0.01 298 9.0235
-21 19.096 8.083
1 2.154 1.272 0.13586 0.01 494 0.14164 0.01 305 8.8060
-20 19.696 18.683 2.165 1.289 0.13464 0.01 509 0. 3933 0.01312
1 8.5898
-19 20.310 19.297 2.177 1.308 0.1 3343 0.01 s26 0.13705 0.01319 8.3747
-18 20.938 19.925 2.189 1.326 0.13222 0.01542 0.13481 0.01326 8. 1 608
-17 21.581 20.568 2.201 1,346 0.13101 0.01 559 0.13260 0.01333 7.9481
-16 22.237 21.224 2.215 1.366 0.12980 0.01577 0.13043 0.01340 7.7367
-15 22.908 21.895 2.228 1.388 0.12859 0.01 595 0.12829 0.01347 7.5265
-14 23.593 22.580 2.243 1.410 0.12738 0.01 614 0.12617 0.01355 7.3176
-13 24.294 23.281 2.258 1.433 0.12617 0.01 634 0.12409 0.01 363 7.1101
-12 25.010 23.997 2.273 1.457 0.12496 0.01 654 0.12204 0.01370 6,9038
-11 25.740 24.727 2.290 1.483 0.12375 0.01 675 0.12002 0.01378 6.6988

Eiiqr,
 T

Thermophysica I Properties of Carbon

Dioxide (R-7 44) at Saturation SI Units
Temperature Pressure (bar) Specific Heat (kJlkg-K) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Viscosity (cPoise) Surface Tension
('c) Absolute Gauge Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (dyn/cm)
-10 26.487 25.474 2.307 1.509 0.12254 0,01 696 0.11 802 0.01386 6.4953
-9 27.249 26.236 2.325 1.537 0 .12134 0.01 7 8 1 0.11605 0.01395 6.2931
-8 28.027 27.014 2.345 1.566 0.12013 0.01742 0.11411 0.01403 6.0923
-7 28.821 27.808 2.365 1.597 0.11892 0.01766 0.11219 0.01412 5.8929
-6 29.632 28.619 2.386 1.629 0.11771 0.01791 0.11030 0.01421 5.695 1

-5 30.459 29.446 2.409 1.663 0.11650 0.01817 0.10842 0.01430 5.4987

-4 31.303 30.290 2.432 1.699 0.11 529 0.01845 0.10658 0.01439 5.3038
-3 32.164 31. 1 51 2.457 1.737 0.11407 0.01 873 0.10475 0.01 448 5. 11 05
-2 33.042 32.029 2.484 1.777 0.11286 0.01903 0.10295 0.01458 4.9188
-1 33.938 32.925 2.512 1.819 0.11164 0.01934 0.1011 6 0.01468 4.7287
0 34.851 33.838 2.542 1.865 0.11043 0.01967 0.09939 0.01 479 4.5403
1 35.783 34.77 0 2.574 1.913 0.10921 0.02002 0.09765 0.01489 4.3535
2 36.733 35.720 2.609 1.965 0.10799 0.02038 0.09592 0.01500 4.1 685
3 01 36.688
37.7 2.645 2.020 0.10676 0.02077 0.09420 0 .01512 3.9853
4 38.688 37.675 2.685 2.080 10554 0 .02117
0. 0.09250 0.01 524 3.8039
5 39.695 38.682 2.727 2.144 0.10431 0.02160 0.09082 0.01536 3.6243
6 40.720 39.707 2.772 2.213 0,10308 0.02206 0.08914 0.01 549 3.4467
7 41.765 40.752 2.822 2.289 0.10184 0.02254 0.08748 0.01562 3.2711
8 42.831 41.818 2.875 2.370 0.10060 0.02306 0.08583 0.01576 3.0975
9 43.916 42.903 2.934 2.460 0.09936 0.02361 0.08419 0.01 591 2.9260
10 45.022 44.009 2.998 2,558 0.09812 0.02421 0.08256 0.01606 2.7567
11 46.149 45.136 3.068 2.666 0,09687 0.02484 0.08093 0.01 622 2.5896
12 47.297 46.284 3.145 2.786 0.09562 0.02553 0.07930 0.01639 2.4249
13 48.466 47.453 3.232 2.919 0.09437 0 .02627 0.07768 0.01656 2.2626
14 49.658 48.645 3.328 3.068 0.09312 0.02708 0.07606 0.01 675 2.1028
15 50.871 49.858 3.436 3.237 0.09186 0.02796 0.07443 0.01695 1.9456
16 52.108 51.095 3.558 3.429 0.09061 0,02893 0.07280 0 .01717 1.7911
17 53.368 52.355 3.698 3.649 0.08936 0.02999 0.07116 0.01739 1.639s
18 54.651 53.638 3.858 3.905 0.08812 0.03116 0.06951 0.01764 1.4909
19 55.958 54.945 4.044 4.204 0.08689 0.03247 0.06784 0.01790 1.3455
20 57.291 56.278 4.264 4.560 0.08568 0.03394 0.06615 0.01819 1.2034
21 58.648 57.635 4.526 4.990 0.08451 0.03561 0.06443 0.01850 1.0649
22 60.031 59.018 4.846 5.519 0.08340 0.03752 0.06267 0.01 885 0.9303
23 61.440 60.427 5.248 6. 85 1 0.08236 0.03974 0.06087 0.01923 0,7998
24 62.877 61.864 5.767 7.049 0.08147 0.04235 0.05900 0.01966 0.6738
25 64.342 63.329 6.467 8.212 0.08079 0.04551 0.05705 0.02016 0.5528
26 65.837 64.824 7.460 9.862 0.08045 0.04944 0.05498 0.02073 0.4373
27 67.361 66.348 8.973 12.380 0.08068 0.05456 0.05276 0.02142 0.3282
28 68.918 67.905 11.s49 16.691 0.08189 0.06173 0.05030 0.02227 0.2266
29 70.509 69.496 16.946 25.739 0.08517 0.07319 0.04745 0.02341 0.1342
30 72.137 71.124 35.338 55.822 0.09536 0.09802 0.04377 0.02517 0.0545

i¡qf E

CO, is neither more nor less safe than other
refrigerants, it but does have some unique
advantages and disadvantages. Like all
refrigerants, the k.y to a safe system is to
design, install and operate the system with
all safety concerns recog nized, evaluated and
incorp orated, including well-trained and
competent operators.
In some applications, CO, ir used as a
consumable refrigerant where liquid CO, is
sprayed directly onto product. The liquid
immediately turns to a solid (called snow) and
refrigerates the product as it sublimates to a gas.
The gas then dissipates into the atmosphere. The
main hazard associated with this process is the
possibiliry of producing lethal concentrations of
CO, within a confined space. The room should
be adequately ventilated and have gas monitoring
to determine the CO, and o>qFgen levels so that
personnel can be alerted of an increase of CO,
concentration and evacuate the area if necessary.
This CO, handbook only applies to closed
circuit system desigr, where the CO, stays
within the system and, depending on the system
design, is condensed or re-compressed and
condensed again after it has been expanded and
evaporated. F{owever, regardless of whether the
system is direct spray oÍ a closed circuit design,
the safety issues of elevated CO, concentrations
in the immediate afea aÍe still relevant.
This chapter addresses CO, safety with eleven
main areas of concern:
o Basic Safety Principles
o Physiologic al Effects on Humans
o Vapor Detection
o Pressure and T.-perature
o 'Water in CO, Systems
o Corrosion due to '§7ater Contamination
o Hydrates in CO,
o Chemical Reaction
with Ammonia
o Materials and Components Selection
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERAT¡ON HANDBOOK
I
o Safe Maintenance
. Typical Safety Data Sheet for Carbon Dioxide
BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Basic safety guidelines common to all
refrigeration systems include:
1,. Avoid hydraulic shock
2. Prevent liquid from reachirrg the compressor.
3. Provide relief valves for over pressure
protection.
4. Prevent excessive vibration.
5. Support pipe independently from the
equipment to which it is artached and ensure
proper alignment to avoid connection stress.
6. Protect external surfaces from corrosion.
7. Ensure sufficient ventilation in non-
refrigerated areas
8. Take precautions to avoid liquid refrigerant
coming into skin contact due to risk of frost
burn.
9 . Provide and administer adequ ate training to
assure competency of personnel
CO, has certain unique physical properries
that require additional specific safety
consideratiorls.
Solid CO, is commercially avallable in the
form of dry ice or snow and can cause severe
frost burn if not handled with care and the use
of suitable personal protective equipment.
Liquid CO, has a very high coefficient of
thermal expansion. Consequently caÍe must be
taken to ensure that liquid CO, is not rrapped in
pipelines benveen shut off devices. An increase
in the temperature of trapped liquid will cause
hydrostatic expansion that readily generates
pressures adequate to rupture the refrigerant
pressure containment components. The diagram
in figure 4.1, shows the relative liquid volume
change for three refrig.rants (CO2, NH3,
and R-134a). As shown, liquid CO, expands
¡¡qr.E
 T

which may contain carbon dioxide in any state,

Relative Liquid Volume whether solid, liquid or vapor.
Reference: -40 ['C] / ['F]
If a portion of a CO, system needs to be
100
warmed, consideration should be given to using
90

80
warm CO, vapor in lieu of external heat.
F' 70
C¡)
(f) PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT ON HUMANS
C 60
CO
-C
C)
50 ASHRAE Standard 34-2010 lists CO, as
q)
E
40 a class A1 refrigetatrt, which is a low
E= 30
toxicity (A) refrigerant with no flame
20

10
propagation characteristics (1 ). A different
0 way of classifying refrtgerants is based
-40 -20 0 20 40 ["c] upon human reaction by way of smell and
-40 -4 32 68 104 ["F]
Tem peratu re physiologic al effects on the body. The three
classes are as follows.
Refrigerants with a strong, distinct odor and an
Relative Vapor Volume acute toxic effect:
o Arnmonia
CO, gas "trapped at 0 oQ
o Sulfur Dioxide
o Methyl Chloride
E Refrigerants with no distinct smell or taste
E30 and no short term toxic effects:
o)
e20
a o Flourocarbons
(¡)
o-
t-
10
o Hydrocarbons
0 o Nitrogen
-10 10 30 50

Temperature [ "C] Refrigerants which ate directly involved in

much more than NH, and R-1 34a, especi ally
when the temperature approaches the critical
point for COr.
NOTE Although trapped vapor is normally not
= parts of the air that we breathe due to the law
considered a safety aspect in most refrigeration systems,
it mustto be taken into consideration in C0rsystems
on account of the relatively high thermal coefficient
expansion for C0rvapor as shown in Figure
Compared to NH, and R-134a, CO, has a
much higher density at the same temperature
and the main neason for its high AP/AT
value at a given temperature. Figure4.2
indicates the pressure of "trapped" CO, vapor
increases by ,pproximately 116 psi (S bar) for
a 54 "F (30 "C) rise in temperature, whereas
the pressure of NH, and R- 1 34a increases
approximately 7 psi (0.5 bar) for the same
temperature rise.
Heating or welding should not be permitted on
any refrigeration system, piping or component
the respiratory process:
o Carbon Dioxide
CO, is unique in its physiologic al affect on
hurnans. §7hilst it displaces other component
of p artial pressures, it is the percentage of CO,
in the air that alters our respiration process.
of
The normal make-up of the air that we breathe
4.2.
is comprised of approximately 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0.04% CO, and the
remainder is trace amounts of neon, methane
and helium plus water vapor.
CO, is naturally present in the atmosphere at
approximately 397 ppm but levels of carbon
dioxide in occupied spaces can be much higher
as a result of respiration.
CO, has a threshold limit value (TLV)
of 5,000 pp- (0.5 %) whereas ammonia
has a TLV of 25 ppm. This is the highest
concentration th at a worker can safely be
exposed to for up to eight hours.

@¡¡CIr THE GARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

 It has been reported that CO2 levels of 20,000
ppm (2.0%) do not cause harmful effects. The
NIOSH IDLH limit for CO, is 40,000 ppm (4.0"/o)
and the equivalent for ammonia is 300 ppm.
Exposure to carbon dioxide, at levels greater
than 3%, cduses progressively increasirrg
discom fofi, which includes difficulty in
breathing, accelerated pulse rate, h.adache,
dtzztness, sweating and disorientatiorl.
As we inhale, our lungs absorb oxygen,
passing it into the bloodstream to be
carried through the arteries to cells to fuel
the breakdown of carbohydrates, which
release energy for muscle movement. The
caÍbohydrate breakdown process generates
CO, which is carried by the blood in the veins
back to the lungs to be released as we exhale.
Simply reducing the amount of oxygen by
displacement with another gas is compensated
for by harder breathirrg. Brisk exercise at a high
elevation is a similar analo gy, where it takes
more breaths than at sea level to absorb the
equivalent amount of oxygen.
The amount of CO, in our bloodstream is
controlled by the medulla oblongata gland
to control the pH level of the blood supply
to 7.4 + 0.05 for the brain. As CO, increases
in the bloodstream, our body's reaction is
to breathe harder to flush the CO, from the
blood stream. This is termed hyperventilation
which starts when the CO, level in the air
exceeds 3% (30,000 PPM as compared to rhe
normal 397 PPM). At this concentration, CO,
starts to impart a slightly acidic rasre. '§7hen
hyperventilation does not correct the CO, level,
narcosis, which is a dtzztness, or numbness, sets
in at about 5% CO, in the aír. Still higher levels
of CO, will disrupt ihe breathirg pro..ss, which
is hypoventilation. This is followed by coma ar
concentrations above L0% CO, in the ^air, and
ultimately death at concentrations over 30"A.
The AGA gas handbook presents rhe
followirrg data for adults in good health:
0.04"/o Concentration of CO, in air
2% 50% increase in breathirrg rate
3% 10 minute short term exposure limit;
100% increase in breathit g nate
s% 300% increase in breathing rate,
headache and sweating may begin
after about an hour. (tolerable
-
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
but physically drainirg)
8% Short time exposure limit
8-10% Headache after 10-15 minutes.
Dtzzyness , buzzirrg in the ears, blood
pressure increase, high pulse rate,
excitation and nausea
10-18% After a few minutes, cramps similar
to epileptic fits, loss of consciousness
and shock (sharp drop in blood
pressure). A quick recovery in fresh
air is possible.
1,8-20% Sy-ptoms similar to
those of a stroke.
Fortunatel¡ if a person exposed to a high
level of CO, ir moved into fresh air before loss
of consciousness, they will return to normal
breathirg and recover. CO2, is not a cumulative
poison, and is similar to NH, in that respect.
It has been reported that the effect of carbon
dioxide becomes more pronounced when
affected individuals are engaged in heavy work.
The percentage atmospheric concentrations
cited here afe indicative of this effect, but the
actual effect of CO, varies from person to
person depending on their physi cal condition
and their recent exposure. A slow rise in CO,
concentration can be better tolerated than a
sudden rise, ás the body has time to adjust.
Simila rly, people with poor lung functiotr, such
as heavy smokers ) are far more tolerant of
elevated CO, levels.
In sum many, CO, is not more or less safe than
other refrigerants. '§fhile it is a non-odorous
"displacement gas" like nitrogen and R- 134,
it uniquely has the additional effect of altering
the respiratory process with bodily reacrions
that can be rec ognized with appropriate and
adequ ate training.
VAPOR DETECTION
§7hile CO, seems safer than ammonia, it can
still be lethal. The advantage of ammonia is
that its noxious odor provides an alarm, and a
person will not consciously stay in a room where
the ammonia concentration is harmful. CO, is
odorless and colorless, so the concentration levels
could be high without someone being aw are of
the danger unless there is detection equipment
to alert them. To ensure the environment is
safe, any location that uses CO, must have
¡iqf @
monitoring equipment if the charge concentration
in the location could exceed the refrige rant
concentration limit deemed appropriate for that
locatiorl. This could yany from the PEL of 5,000
PPM (0.5%) as a minimum to the IDLH of
40,000 PPM (4.0%) as a maximum.
At atmospheric pressure, CO, is 1.5 times
heavier than air so it tends to sink, settle and
stradfy close to the floor. Therefore, the best
location for CO, detectors is approxim ately 4'
(I.2m) above the floor, which is just below the
'§7hen
Ieve I
where most people are breathirrg.
detectors sense a dangerous level of CO , ín a
room, an alarm system should be energized and
the room evacu ated.
Because CO, settles to the lowes t avatlable
elevation, special precautions should be taken
to avoid or adequ ately protect pits or confined
spaces that could retain a build.rp of CO,
without someone realizing it. An example of
this possibility is a relief valve located nea Í a
courtyard. If the valve opens, the gas could
fall and concentrate in the courtyard, causing a
potential risk. Another example is a CO, pump
located in a lower level anea within a machine
room. This low level area) or pit, could have
a very high concentration of CO, and no one
would know it until they entered the area to
inspect or repair the pump.
Experience has determined that ínfuared-
style CO, detectors aÍe the most accur ate,
reliable and robust. False alarms aÍe rare with
infr ared detectors.
These characteristics of carbon dioxide must
be included in refrigeration sysrem designs
so that CO2 levels aÍe accurately monitored
and harmful concentration levels detected in
enclosed spaces. CO, detection systems must be
used in conjunction with adequare venrilation of
non-refrigerated spaces to protect workers from
harmful concentrations of the gas.
PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE IN CO, SYSTEMS
CO, is a high pressure fluid requiring a
containment envelope with a much higher
design pressu re ratirrg than ammonia or R- 1,34.
This requires special consideration for all of the
components of the system. Including but not
limited to; pipe thickness schedules, vessel and
heat exchanger designs, compressor designs,
valves and transducers.
@¡¡qr.
Figure 4.3 highlights the typical pressures
encountered in CO , refríqeration systems.
The followirrg complete Mollier diagram for
CO2, Figure 4.4, demonstrates a number of points.
1) CO, differs from ammonia in that the base
of the dome below (7 5.1,3 psia) (5.18 bara)
reflects the solid phase with a gneater latent
heat content than liquid.
2) The red line and the area to the right of
it indicates the relatively benign effect of
droppit g the pressure on saturated or
superheated CO, vapor, it stays in the gaseous
state.
3) The blue line is for a CO, liquid and vapor
rnixture when reduced in pressure. The liquid
present will turn into a solid that is light and
fluffy due to the presence of CO, vapor.
4) The black line reflecti,rg a low vapor qualiry
Z-phase mixture will gener ate a significant
amount of solid CO, upon expansion.
WATER tN CO, SYSTEMS
Because CO, systems aÍe always in a positive
pressure, they aÍe less susceptible to intrusion
of rnost contaminants. However, water may be
introduced during construction, commissioning
or rnaintenance and creates two serious
problems: ice formation in control valves , and
corrosion.
Figure 4.5 shows the solubility of water in
CO, systems to be much lower than in other
cornmon refrigerants.
Figure 4.6 shows the solubiliry of water in both
liquid and vapor phases of CO, as a function of
temperature. The solubility in the liquid phase
is much higher than in the vapor phase. Below
these levels, water remains dissolved in the
refrigerant and does not harm the system. Above
these levels, the HrO molecules precipitate out of
the solution into droplets.
Due to the large difference between rhe
maximum solubility in the vapor and the liquid
phase (139 I 6.5 - 20), warer will tend to
concentrate in the liquid phase. Consequenrl¡
liquid CO2, point A in Figur e 4.7 , from the
separator to the evaporators will contain
approximately 20 times more water than the
CO, vapor (C) in the compressor suction line.
The potential risk for water in CO, ir highest in
the evapo ratof loop (A-B), and water will always
 Design Pressure in C0, Systems

2030psi / 140 bar: "Practical" pressure limit Expansion

devices
120 bar. Minimum for gas
cooler
control
Transcritica! CO2systems

Semi-hermetic
GOmpressofs,
1305 lbs / 90 bar:
Maximum pressure for electronic
Subcritical CO2 expansion
subcrilicat co, systems :#ru;r;.:controtor
valves, ball
needed)
valves

52 bar: Minimum pressure (temperature) for hot gas defrosting

46 bar
42 bar
Commercial 7

migrate to the coldest part of the system. Figure
4.8 is a list of CO z grades available and their
specified purity and water concentratiorr.
CORROSION DUE TO WATER CONTAMINATION:
§7hi1e water may be below the maximum
solubility limit in the liquid phase, when the
refrigerant is evaporated, the water does not
evapo rate. The solubility of water in liquid CO,
is approxim ately 20 ttmes that of warer in CO,
vapor. This causes the water to drop out of
solution, forming either ice, or acid, or both.
Carbonic acid is formed when CO, is added
to FIrO to form F{rCO3.
\üZhen additional free water is added, then
HrO and HrCO, combine to form HCO3- and
HrO+, a hydronium ion, and the acid becomes
corrosive.
Additionall¡ lubricants used in CO, systems
can, in the presence of free water, form acids
leading to corrosion.
o Mine ral lubricant and O, = Organic acid
and water
o Ester lubricant and HrO = Organic acid
and alcohol
o Anti-w ear additives and HrO = Phosphoric
acid and alkanol
As with carbonic acid, the addition of free
water forms hydronium ions, which then makes
these acids more corrosive as well.
Corrosion is not a risk if there is no " free
water" in the system. Free water is water content
in excess of what can be dissolved in COr.
HYDRATES IN CO, SYSTEMS
Moisture in CO, can be present as:
o Liquid water
o Ice
o Hydrates
Information about water and ice is widely
avallable. Flowever, little is known about
hydrates, and the effect of moisture in CO,
is therefore the subject of recent research
activities.

¡¡qrE
 Hydrates (also called clathrates) are crystalline
solids which look like ice and have a cage-like
structure of water molecules around a smaller
"trapped" gas molecule; in this case COr.
The density of hydrates is betwe en 62.43 lblft3
(1,000 kd-') and 70.79 lblft3 (1,134 kglm3).
Thermal conductivity (f ) of an hydrate =
0.289 BTU/ (hr"ft'" 'F) (0.5 WmK), compared
to the thermal conductivity (f) of Ice =1.271.
BTIJ/(hr"ft" "F) (2.2 '§7/mK).
Theoretically, 5 to 6 water molecules form
a cage around COr. However, experiments
have shown that there are rather 6 to 7 water
molecules, creating different size crystals.
Hydrates and ice tend to adhere to surfaces,
particularly to steel, but coatings may help to
reduce this adherence. Particular caf e should
be exercised when taking samples to test the
water content of the refrigerant. It is advisable
to warm up the location where the sample
is taken to atleast +50 oF (10 "C). This will
dissolve any water that adheres to the surfaces,
allowirrg the water content to be measured.
The conditions under which ice and hydrates
aÍe forme d are shown in figure 4.8.
For refrigeration systems, ice and hydrates are
possible on the low pressure side, e .8. upstreáffi,
of the expansion devices, in low pressure
receivers, puffips and evaporators. Hydrates
afe most likely to form if water-contaminated
carbon dioxide liquid is significantly subcooled
at chill conditions such as with a pump oÍ a
subcooler. It is believed that hydrates, as well as
ice, may block valves or filters and may cause
further damage to equipment. Referring to
intersections Q1 and Q2 in Figure 4.8, a rise in
pressure or a drop in temperature from either
point will favor the formation of hydrates.
Current knowledg. assumes that there will
be no ice or hydrate formation, if the moisture
content in CO, systems is kept below 10 ppm.
F{owever, further research regardit g this
subject is necessary. Hydrate formation is not
possible at temperatures above 54 "F (1,2 "C).
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
WITH AMMONIA
The result of combining CO, and ammonia in
either the liquid or gaseous state is the formation
of ammonium carbamate. If there is water
present, then ammonium carbonate is formed.
Ttr¡iqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTB¡At REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
Arnmonium carbamate is a hard, solid white
crystal that will clog strainers, pressure taps,
relief valve ports and other small passages.
Because the CO, pressure is almost always
higher than the adiacent ammonia pressure in
a CO rlammonia cascade system, the CO, will
leak into and contaminate the ammonia system.
Chapter 6.5 offers methods of detectit g CO, i,
the ammonia system.
'§7'hen
ammonia carbamate is heated to 140 "F
(60 "C) in fresh air, it will break down back into
ammonia and COr. It can also be washed out with
hot water. In addition to choking small passages in
an ammonia system, the presence of ammonium
carbamate accelerates steel corrosion. Therefore,
any leak should be corrected and the system
cleaned as soon as possible.
Note that a leak from the CO, side to the
ammonia side of a cascade system also has the
potential to over-pressure the ammonia side. A
higher pressure design or automatic isolation
should be considered. This is covered in more
detail in Chapter 9 - Condensers.
MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS SELECTION
Earlier in this chapter, the high pressure
characteristics of CO, were discussed. Combining
higher pressures with lower temperatures may
make the grades of carbon steel commonly
used for ammonia unsuitable for use with COr.
Stainless steel may be a cost effective alternative
to ASTM A333 Gr 6 carbon steel.
CO, is very dry as compared to other
refrigerants. This may cause problems for some
plastic materials.
Ball valves:
o Petro-chemical and cryogenic industry
equipment avatlable and typically suitable
o Floating ball design is necessary
o Cavity relief is required
o Glass fiber reinforcement of the seat material
is preferred
o Avoid graphite reinforcement of PTFE
o Specify for dty CO,
Globe and angle refrigeration valves:
o High pressure designs for CO ., are
widely aYailable
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-60 -40 -20 020 40 60 ["F]
-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 ['c]
Temperature

o Smaller valves generally have higher pressure
ratings than larger valves
o Seal caps afe recommended to prevent stem
leakage due to the higher system pressures
SAFE MAINTENANCE
CO, is unique in regards to safety relief
valves venting to atmosphere. At atmospheric
pressure, CO, exists as a solid. §7hen a relief
valve is vented to atmosphere, any entrained
liquid will turn to a solid as the pressure drops
to atmospheric. The outlet piping of the relief
valve must be short enough to prevent cloggirrg
with solid CO, or snow. Additionall¡ the ouder
piping must be designed for -109 "F (-78.3 'C)
The same dynamic applies ro a sysrem that is
opened to atmosphere to eliminate the refrige tant.
Any residual liquid in the sysrem that is not
evaporated in the blow down process prior to
the pressure dropping below 60.4 psig (s.18 bar
I 51'8kPa) -69.9 oF (-56.6 oc) will solidify, then
sublime at -109 "F (-78.3 oC) when the pressure
has dropped to atmospheric. This will rypically
be far below the temperarure and coincidental
pressure rating of many of the system components.
The pressure reduced CO, can also cause
whippirrg of charging hoses and cause dry ice
plugs to be formed and ejecte d at high velociries.
openirg a system that could possibly contain
solid Co, can be quite dangerous for the above
reasons. Additionally, solid CO, will extracr
(condense) water vapor from the air and draw
water into the system where it will cause
corrosion if not removed prior to the system or
sub-system being placed back in service.
Like ammonia, CO, liquid when trapped in
a pipe will expand, creating excessive internal
pressures. In additiotr, CO, vapor can also rise
in pressure when ffapped and heated by ambient
air.87 'F (31 "C) will generate vapor pressures
of 1045 psig (72.0 bar g,72O5mPa), which may
exceed the design working pressure of the system.
If liquid CO, exisrs in a syste that has to
be opened up for maintenance, t is best to use
co, vapor to push the liquid inro a different
part of the system.
If liquid CO, is to be vented to atmosphere,
then a regulating valve ser ar 75 psig (517
kPa) must be fitted to the end of the blow off
line to prevent the formation of solid CO, i,

Etri¡CTf
 Water Solubility in C0,

1 000 L iquid
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-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 ["C]
Temperature

Water Distribution in C0,

Pump Circulating Systems

Compressor

CO" receiver

Evaporator

¡¡qf E
 '!

the system. Caution - dry ice at -109 oF (-78.3
"C) will spray out of the regulating valve outlet.
Beware of anythirg in the discharge path.
Install a gauge in the vent line to ensure that it
has not been blocked with solid CO, build-up.
It is recommended to have a second gauge installed
on the top, where there is sure to be CO, in the
vapor state, of any component being vented, to
pressures can result, which could rupture
components. Let the blocked are a watm up
slowly by the heat in the ambient air.
Proper system chargirg procedures ane covered
in detail in Chapter 1,7 - Chargirg.
REFERENCES
l. "Refrigeration Utilities" (RefUtilexe| This program can be downloaded free

we b. m e k. dtu. d A C o o I p a c A U l(/ d ow n I o a d. htm I

confirm the release of all CO, in a safe manner. f r o m : http l/wvtut. e t.

Should the vent line become clogged with solid 2. ASHRAE Handbook: "Fundamentals." Atlanta, GA: American Society of

CO2, do not heat the block ed area. Extreme Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

3. Ullrich, A.; Eggers, R. "Hydrate Formation during Pressure Release of Wet

C0, View - Cell 0bservations," Chemical Engineering TechnoloOV 2OOl¡,
27, No. 5
Grades of C0, 4. Datebook from: Agelko Kohlensaüre lndustrie Dusseldorf

Grades Purity (%) Water Concentrations (ppm) 5. Pearson, Andy PowerPoint Presentation to llAR March 2013

Scientific 99.95 3-5

Ref rigera nt 99.9 10

C ryog e n ic 99.9 20

Beverage 99.9 20

ln d ustria I 99.8 50

Phase Ch arccteristics C0 z N H,
temperature, K
220 240 260

LH-: water-rich liquid phase

Lcozr COz-rich liquid phase 120
R

V: CO¡rich vapour phase ) I

h
C)

JI
C) 100
H: hydrate phase I
'6 L

o. l: water ice 80 §ñ
LHzo'Lcoz
o
¡- 1 000 S: sol¡d Co2-rich phase o
b
= 5
a
u»
60 a
a
o
¡- o
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40

20

0 0
-100 -50 0

temperature, oF

@¡¡or THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTR¡AL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
(United States Reference)
NOTE: SDS is also known as '6Material Safety Data Sheet" (MSDS)

1. CHEMICALPRODUCTIDENTIFICATION
ProductName: Carbon dioxide refrigerated liquid
Chemical Name: Carbon Dioxide
CAS #: 124-38-9 (Chemical Abstracts Service, United States)
EC Number (EINECS): 204-696-9 (European Inventory of Existing Commercial
Substances)
Synonyms: Carbon Dioxide (cryogenic liquid) LCOZ,liquefied CO2
Chemical Family: Acid anhydride
Product Grades: Scientific, Refrigerant, Cryogenic, Beverage, Industrial
Telephone: Emergencies: 1-800-645-4633*
CHEMTREC: l-800-424-9300* (CHEMical TRansportation
Emergency Center, United States) www.chemtrec.com
* Emergency call numbers 24 hours a day only for spills, leaks,
fire, exposure, or accidents involving this product (United
States).

2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
WARNING! Cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
Can increase respiration and heartrate.
May cause nervous system damage.
May cause frostbite.
May cause dizziness and drowsiness.
Self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing may be required by rescue
workers.
This product is a colorless, odorless liquid that transforms to white crystalline
particles when discharge from its container. The gas is slightly acidic and may be felt
to have a slight, pungent odor and biting taste.

OSHA Regulatory Status: This material is consideredhazardous by the OSHA Hazard

Communications Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS:

Effects of a Single (Acute) Overexposure -
Inhalation: Carbon dioxide gas is an asphyxiant with effects due to the lack of
oxygen. It is also physiologically active, affecting circulation
and breathing. Moderate
concentrations may cause headache, drowsiness, dizziness, stinging of the nose and

i¡qr"Etr
 throat, excitation, rapid breathing and heart rate, excess salivation, vomiting, and
unconsciousness. Lack of oxygen can kill.
Skin Contact: No harm expected from vapor. Prolonged contact with carbon dioxide
crystals (snow) could cause frostbite. Cold gas, or liquid or solid carbon dioxide may
cause severe frostbite.
Swallowing: An unlikely route of exposure. This is a gas at normal temperature and
pressure. Severe frostbite of the lips and mouth may result from contact with the liquid
or solid.
Eye Contact: No harm expected from vapor. Cold gas, or liquid or solid carbon
dioxide may cause severe frostbite.
Notes to Physician:
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overexposure should be directed at the
control of symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient.
Effects of Repeated (Chronic) Overexposure: No harm expected to healthy individuals.
Where competent medical authority deems that such illness would be aggravated by
exposure to carbon dioxide, persons ill should be restricted from working with or handling
this product.
Other Effects of Overexposure: Damage to retinal or ganglion cells and central nervous
system may occur.
Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure: The toxicology and the physical and
chemical properties of carbon dioxide suggest that overexposure is unlikely to aggravate
existing medical conditions.
Carcinogenicity: Carbon dioxide is not listed by NTP (National Toxicology Program,
United States), OSHA, or IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World
Health Or ganization, UN).
Potential Environmental Effects: None known. For funher information, see section 12,
Ecological Information.

3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATIONONINGREDIENTS
See section 16 for important information about mixtures.

Component CAS Number EC Number Concentration

Dioxide
Carbon 124-38-9 204-696-9 >99o/o

4. FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation: Immediately remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, qualified personnel may give oxygen. Call a physician.
Skin Contact: For exposure to cold liquid, vapor, or solid: immediately wañn frostbite
area with warrn water not to exceed 105 "F (41 'C). In case of massive exposure, remove
contaminated clothing while showering with warm water. Call a physician.
Swallowing: An unlikely route of exposure. This product is a gas at normal temperature
and pressure.

@¡¡Crf
 Eye Contact: For exposure to cold liquid, vapor, or solid: immediately flush eyes
thoroughly with warm water for at least 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids open and away from
the eyeballs to ensure that all surfaces are flushed thoroughly. See a physician, preferably
an ophthalmologist, immediately.

Notes To Physician:
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overexposure should be directed at the control
of symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient.

5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Flammable Properties: Nonflammable.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide cannot catch f,rre. Use media appropriate
for surrounding fire.
Products Of Combustion: Not applicable
Protection Of Firefighters: CAUTION! Cold liquid and gas under pressure. Evacuate
all personnel form danger area. Immediately spray containers with water from maximum
distance until cool, taking care not to direct spray onto vents on top of container. Do not
discharge sprays into liquid carbon dioxide, which will freeze water rapidly. When
containers have cooled, move them away from fire area if without risk. Self-contained
breathing apparatus and protective clothing may be required by rescue workers. On-site
fire brigades must comply with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156.
Specific Physical And ChemicalHazards: Heat of fire can build pressure in cylinder and
cause it to rupture. No part of container should be subjected to a temperature higher than
125 "F (52 'C). Liquid carbon dioxide containers are equipped with a pressure relief
device (exceptions may exist where authorized by DOT (Department of Transportation,
United States)).
Protective Equipment And Precautions For Firefighters: Firefighters should wear
appropriate gear for surrounding fire.

6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Steps To Be Taken If Material Is Released Or Spilled:
CAUTION! Cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Personal Precautions: Carbon Dioxide gas is an asphyxiant. Lack of oxygen can kill.
Evacuate all personnel from danger area. Use self-contained breathing apparatus and
protective clothing where needed. Liquid carbon dioxide will not "spill." Flakes of solid
carbon dioxide will form at pressures below 67 psig (461.95 Lüa; 4.6 Barg) and fall as
snow. Shut off leak if possible to do so without risk. Ventilate area or move container to a
well-ventilated area. Test for suff,rcient oxygen, especially in confined spaces, before
allowing reentry.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent waste from contaminating the surrounding
environment. Keep personnel away. Discard any product, residue, disposable container, or
liner in an environmentally acceptable manner, in full compliance with federal, state, and
local regulations. If necessary, call your local supplier for assistance.

¡¡cll(@
 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Precautions To Be Taken In Handling: Never allow any unprotected part of the body to
touch uninsulated pipes or vessels containing refrigerated liquids. Flesh will stick to the
extremely cold metal and tears when trying to pull free. Use suitable hand truck to move
containers. Containers must be handled and stored in an upright position and protected
from damage. Do not drop or tip containers, or roll them on their sides. If valve is hard to
open, discontinue use and contact supplier. Never apply flame or localized heat directly to
any part of the container. For other precautions in using carbon dioxide, see Section 16.
Precautions To Be Taken In Storage: Gas can cause rapid suffocation due to oxygen
deficiency. Store and use with adequate ventilation. Do not store in confined space.
Carbon dioxide is heavier than air. It tends to accumulate near the floor of an enclosed
space, displacing air and pushing it upward. This creates an oxygen-deficient atmosphere
near the
Floor. Ventilate space before entry.Verify sufficient oxygen concentration. Close container
valve after each use; keep closed even when empty. Storage ages should be clean and dry,
free of oils and dust. These collect on condensing coils and impair their efficiency.
Temperatures should not exceed 125 "F (51.1 'C). Cryogenic containers are equipped with
a pressure relief device and a pressure-controlling valve. Under normal conditions, these
containers periodically vent product to control internal pressure. Use adequate pressure
relief devices in systems and piping to prevent pressure buildup; entrapped liquid can
generate extremely high pressures.

Recommended Publications: Request further recommended information on storage,

handling, and use from the CO2 supplier.

8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION

Component OSHA PEL ACGIH TL\'-TIVA (2009)
Carbon dioxide 5,000 ppm 5,000 ppm; 30,000 ppm l5min STEL**
* ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
*+ STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit
- defined by ACGIH
TLV-TWA's (Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average) should be used as a guide
in the control of health hazards and not as fine Iines between safe and dangerous
concentrations.
IDLH:40,000 ppm
Engineering Controls -
Local Exhaust: Use a local exhaust system, if necessary, to keep the concentration of
carbon dioxide below all applicable exposure limits in the worker's breathing zone.
Mechanical (General): Under certain conditions, general exhaust ventilation may be
acceptable to keep carbon dioxide below the exposure limit.
Special: None
Other: None

@¡¡crf
 .!

Personal Protective Equipment -

Skin Protection: Wear insulated neoprene gloves and metatarsal shoes for cylinder
handling. Wear protective clothing where needed. Cuffless trousers should be worn
outside shoes. Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 and 1910.133.
Regardless of protective equipment, never touch live electrical parts.
Eye/Face Protection: Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133.
Respiratory Protection: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR
19I0.I34, ANSI 288.2, or MSHA (Mine Safety and Health Administration, United
States) 30 CFR 72.710 (where applicable) requirements must be followed whenever
workplace conditions warrant respirator use. Use an air-supplied or air-purifying
cartridge if the action level is exceeded. Ensure the respirator has the appropriate
protection factor for the exposure level. Ifcartridge type respirators are used, the
cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure (e.g., an organic vapor
cartridge). For emergencies or instances with unknown exposure levels, use a self-
contained breathing apparatus.

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Odorless. Felt by sorne to have a slight,
pungent odor and biting taste.
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
Physical State: Not avallable
pH: 3.7 (for carbonic acid)
Sublimation Point at I atm: 109.3 "F (-79.5 "C)
Boiling Point at I atm: Not applicable
Flash Point (test method): Not applicable
Evaporation Rate (Butyl Acetate : 1) High
Flammability: Non-flammable
Flammable Limits in Air, %by volume: Lower: Not applicable
Upper: Not applicable
Vapor Pressure at 70 'F (21 .l oC): 838 psig (577 8 kPa; 57 .8 Barg)
Liquid Density (saturated) at70 "F (2 1.1 'C) 47 .6 lblft' g ez kg/m3)
and 1 atm:
Specific Gravity (HzO: 1) at 19.4 'F (-7 "C) t.22
Specific Gravity (Air - 1) at 70 'F (21 .2 "C) and r.52
l atm:
Solubility in Water vol/vol at 68 'F (20 "C) and 0.90
l atm:
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Autoignition Temperation : Not aYarlable
Decomposition Temperature : Not avallable
Percent Volatiles by Volume: 100
Molecular Weight: 44.01
Molecular Formula: cC2

¡¡qrf @
 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Chemical stability: Stable

Conditions To Avoid: Contact with incompatible materials, exposure to electrical
discharges, andlor high temperatures as state below.
Incompatible Materials: Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metal acetylides,
chromium, titanium above 1022 "F (550 "C), uranium above 1382 'F (750 "C), magnesium
above 1427 'F (775 "C).
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Electrical discharges and high temperatures
decompose carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen.
Possibility Of Hazardous Reactions: May occur.
Decomposition into: toxic, flammable, and lor oxidizing materials may occur under
above-stated conditions.

11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Acute Dose Effects: Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant. It initially stimulates respiration and
then causes respiratory depression. High concentrations result in narcosis. Symptoms in
humans are as follows:

EFFECT CONCENTRATION
Breathirg rate increases slightly. r%
Breathing rate increases to 50% above norrnal level. Prolonged 2%
exposure can cause headache, tiredness.
Breathing increases to twice norrnal rate and becomes labored. Weak 3%
narcotic effect. Impaired hearin g, headache, increased blood pressure
and pulse rate.
Breathing increases to approximately four times norrnal rate, 4-s%
symptoms of intoxication become evident, and slight choking may be
felt.
Characteristic sharp order noticeable. Very labored breathing, s-t0%
headache, visual impairment, and ringing in the ears. Judgment may
be impaired, followed within minutes by loss of consciousness.
Unconsciousness occurs more rapidly above l0% level. Prolonged 10 - r00%
exposure to high concentrations may eventu ally result in death from
asphyxiation.

Reproductive Effects: A single study has shown an increase in heart defects in rats
exposed to 6Yo carbon dioxide in air for 24 hours at different times during gestation. There
is no evidence that carbon dioxide is teratogenic in humans.

12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Ecotoxicity: No adverse ecological effects expected.

@¡¡CIr.
 T

Other Adverse Effects: Carbon dioxide does not contact any Class I or Class II ozone-
depleting chemicals.

13. DISPOSALCONSIDERATION
Waste Disposal Method: Do not attempt to dispose of residual or unused quantities.
Retum cylinder to supplier.

14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION

DOT/IMO* Shipping Name: Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid
Hazard Class: Packing Grouplzone: Identification Number: Product RQ:
2.2 Irlot applicable uN2 r87 None
Shipping Label: Nonflammable gas
Placard (when required): Nonflammable gas
x IMO: International Maritime Organization
Special Shipping Information: Cylinders should be transported in a secure position, in a
well-ventilated vehicle. Cylinders transported in an enclosed, non-ventilated compartment
of a vehicle can present serious safety hazards. Shipment of compressed gas cylinders that
were filled without the owner's consent is a violation of federal law [49 CFR 173.301(b)].
Marine Pollutants: carbon dioxide is not listed as a marine pollutant by DOT.

15. UNITED STATES REGULATORY INFORMATION

The following selected regulatory requirements may apply to this product. Not all such
requirements are identified. Users of this product are solely responsible for compliance
with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations.
U.S. Federal Regulations -
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) :
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act of 1980 (40 CFR Parts ll7 and302):
Reportable Quantity (RQ): None
SARA: Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act:
Sections 3021304: Require emergency planning based on Threshold Planning
Quantity (TPQ and release reporting based on Reportable Quantities (RQ) of
Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) (40 CFR Part 355):
TPQ: None
EHS RQ (40 CFR 355): None
Sections 3lll312: Require submission of SDSs and reporting of chemical
inventories with identification of EPA hazard categories. The hazard categories
for this product are as follows:
Immediate: Yes Pressure: Yes
Delayed: No Reactivity: No
Fire: No

¡¡crf @
 Section 313: Requires submission of annual reports of release of toxic
chemicals that appear in 40 CFR part372.
Carbon dioxide is not subject to reporting under Section 313.
40 CFR 68: Risk Management Program For Chemical Accidental Release Prevention:
Requires development and implementation of risk management programs at facilities
that manufacture, use, store, or otherwise handle regulated substances in quantities that
exceed specifi ed thresholds.
Carbon dioxide is not listed as a regulated substance.
TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act): Carbon dioxide is listed on the TSCA
inventory.
OSHA: 29 CFR 1910. 119 - Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous
Chemicals: Requires facilities to develop a process safety management program based
on Threshold Quantities (TQ) of highly hazardous chemicals.
Carbon dioxide is not listed in Appendix A as a highly hazardous chemical.
U.S. State Regulations -
California: Carbon dioxide is not listed by California under the safe drinking water
and toxic enforcement act of 1986 (Proposition 65).
Pennsylvania: Carbon dioxide is subject to the Pennsylvania Worker and Community
right-to-know act (35 P.S. Sections 7301-7320).

16. OTHER INFORMATION

Be sure to read and understand all labels and instructions supplied with all containers
of this product.
Other Hazardous Conditions Of Handling, Storage And Use: Cold liquid and gas
under pressure. Contact may cause frostbite. Use piping and equipment adequately
designed to withstand pressures to be encountered. Use a backflow prevention device in
any piping. Avoid materials incompatible with cryogenic use; some metals such as carbon
steel may fracture easily at low temperature. Never work on a pressurized system. If there
is a leak, close the container valve. Blow the system down in a safe and environmentally
sound manner in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws; then repair the leak.
Never place a compressed gas cylinder where it may become part of an electrical circuit.
Mixtures: When two or more chemicals are mixed additional and unexpected hazards can
be created. Obtain and evaluate the safety information for each component before creating
the mixture. Consult an industrial hygienist or other trained person when evaluating the end
product. Remember, chemicals have properties that can cause serious injury or death.
Hazard Rating Systems:
NFPA* ratings: HMIS** ratings:
Health -3 Health -3
Flammability 0 Flammability - 0
Instability 0 Physi cal Hazard - 3
Special SA (CGA recommends this to designate Simple Asphyxiant.

@¡¡crf
 * NFPA: National Fire Protection Association, United States
x* HMIS: Hazardous Materials Identification System, United States
Standard Valve Connections for U.S. and Canada -
Threaded: CGA-320 (Compressed Gas Association)
CGA-320 for withdrawal of refrigerated liquid
Pin-indexed yoke: Not applicable.
Ultra-high-integrity connection: Notapplicable.
Use the proper CGA connections. DO NOT USE ADAPTERS. Additional limited-
standard connections may apply. See CGA pamphlet V-1 listed below. Ask the carbon
dioxide supplier about the availability of additional safety literature referred to in this SDS
and on the label for the product. Further information can be found in the materials listed
below published by the Compressed Gas Association, Inc (CGA),422I Walney Road, 5th
Floor, Chantilly, VA 2015l-2923, Telephone (703) 788-2100,
http ://www. cganet. com/Publication. asp.
AV-l Safe handling and storage of compressed gases
AV-7 Characteristics and safe handling of carbon dioxide
G-6 Carbon Dioxide
G-6.1 Standard for low pressure carbon dioxide systems at customer sites
G-6.2 Commodity specification for carbon dioxide
P-l Safe handling of compressed gases in containers
P-2 Characteristics and safe handling of medical gases
SB-2 Oxygen-deficient atmospheres
V-1 Compressed gas cylinder valve inlet and outlet connections
- Handbook of compressed gases, fourth edition
Study this SDS and become aware of product hazards and safety information. To promote
safe use of this production, a user should:
(1) Notify employees, agents, and contractors of the information in this SDS and of
any other known product hazards and safety information.
(2) Furnish this information to each purchaser of the product.
(3) Ask each purchaser to notify its employees and customers of the product hazards
and safety information.
The information herein has been provided by qualified experts and is believed to be current
as of the date of this CO2 Handbook. Since the use of this information and the conditions
of use of the product are not within the control of IIAR it is the user's obligation to
determine the conditions of safe use of the product.

¡iqÍ@
 S
INTRODUCTION
CO, is a high pressure refrigerant with a
relatively low critical point. Because of this, a
refrigeration cycle using CO z may be subcritical
or transcritical. Each cycle has its unique
characteristics.
This chapter is comprised of four sections:
o Subcritical systems, with compression
o Subcritical systems, volatile brine
. Transcritical systems
o Steering the reader towards the proper system
for their application
As noted elsewhere in this handbook, open
systems where the liquid CO, is sprayed on the
product directly or snow "dry ice" is created
and compressed into blocks or briquettes are not
covered by this handbook.
System Types: Subcritical
w¡th CO, Compression
Subcritical CO, systems oper ate with the complete
refrigeration cycle occurring above the triple
point 7 5 .1. psia (5 .2 bar I 520kPa) and below the
critical point 1067 psia (73.6 bar I 7,360 kPa) as
displayed in figure 5 .1,.1,. This is the classic single
stage refrigeration cycle commonly used with NH,
and halocarbon refrigerants.
The evaporating temperature(s) in a subcritical
system can exist from a low of -69.8 oF (-56.6 'C)
which is the triple point, below which, solid CO,
starts to form. It is prudent to design systems with
the evaporating temperature 2-4 "R ( 1-2 K) above
this point to allow for the lrg in control response
and the overshooting that invariably occurs.
Referring to the triple point line 60.4 psig (5.18
barl51,8 kPa) in Figure 5.1 .2, it is apparent that
any liquid droppirrg below critical pressure on the
left hand side of the PH dome will convert to a
mixture of solid and vapor, as opposed to a pure
solid, if reduced in pressure below the triple point.
This phenomenon prevents immediate clogging of
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGEBATION HANDBOOK
pipes when the evaporating pressure drops below
the triple point. However, solid CO, will obstruct
the flow through the evapo rator, thus reducing its
performance. The example shown drops -22 "F
(-30 'C) liquid to 58 psig (4 barl400 kPa), which
generates about 47% solid CO, by mass.
The upper limit of evaporatirrg tempe Íature in a
subcritical cycle is governed by either; the pressure
rating of the evapo rator, or the maximum suction
pressu re ratirrg of the compressor. The latter can
be overcome with a pressure regulating valve in
the compressor suction line, although that will
decrease system efficiency.
Compression is the typical isentropic process
found in most refrigeration cycles. As with any
refrigeration systeffi, a suction trap, accumulator
or recirculator is required to ensure that only
dry gas reaches the compressor. The heat of
compression with CO, is less than ammonia,
allowirrg for mode rate discharge temperatures,
but greater than R-507 which prefers some
degree of suction superheat to ensure dry
compression.
Subcritical systems may have one of two types
of condensing or rejectirg heat; the first and
simplest is heat rejection directly to an ambient
heat sink such as cool sea water or cold ambient
air temperature, the second type uses a casc ade
heat exchanger and the heat is rejected to
another, higher temperature, refrigeration cycle.
The first type is called a single stage cycle, the
second type is called a cascade cycle.
SINGLE STAGE CONDENSING
§7ith a critical point of 8 7 .8 "F, a relatively cold
heat sink is required to condense CO, and stay
below the critical point. Consider an example of
a water cooled condenser with a 10 "R (5 K) rise
and a 5 oR (2.8 K) approach temperature plus a
15% safety margin; it will require a maximum
supply water temperature of 60 "F (15.6 "C) to
condense CO, at 75 "F (23.8 "C). There ate few
places on earth that can supply 60 "F (15.6 "C)
maximum cooling water throughout the yean.
¡¡qrE
 In the early 1,900's, CO, system design
pressures were sufficient to allow systems to go
transcritical in the summer months or in tropical
waters. At which point the CO, charge was
increased to elevate the discharge pressure into a
more efficie nt transcritical range.
Referring to Figure 5.1.3, the theoretical
system efficiency, denoted as COR can be
improved significantly by reducing the condensing
temperature. Then the leaving liquid CO, enthalpy
is reduced, providing a gfeater net refrigeration
effect with less power consumed. Note the COP
reduction from 3.9 to 2.8 in Figure 5.1.3 due to a
higher condensing temperature.
Our forefathers recog nízed this and some
systems from the early 1900's used a double
acting compressor and flash cooled the
condensed CO, to a lower level and injected this
flash gas into the main compression stroke. The
same system effect can be accomplished today
on larger systems by usirrg a dedicated high
temperature compressor for the flash gas from
the liquid cooling. This is shown in figure 5 .L.4,
which shows the cycle schematic.
The theory is similar to a single stage,
econo mized ammonia cycle. The side port of the
CO, screw compressor or one dedicated cylinder
on a reciprocating compressor could be used for
this process, subject to manufacturer approval
and rating.
CASCADE CONDENSING
Figure 5 .\.6 is for a simple cascade system with
a CO, low temperature system and an ammonia
high temperature system. The high temperature
system could utilize a different refrigerant such
as a halocarbon or a hydrocarbon. However, the
basic cycle remains the same.
By rejecting heat to a higher temperature
refrigeration system, the temperature level of the
cascade heat exchanger can be varied to optimíze

Subcritical C0zCycle
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 1 86.1 279.1 558.2 651.3

2000.

6.9.2
1000. /ag
800. u%u

600. oZ,

(ú
(ú (ú
'6 400 ,.%, m
o_ (ú
o o-
l<
)
a o
a
o f
a
o- a
200 tZo o)
o-

.69 -t
1 00. /a.g
80. u%.u

60. %,

40.
-120 40 80 120 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

E¡¡qf
 1

the system performance. There ane a number of system, the larger swept volume requirements of
items that factor into this decision such as: an ammonia compressor favor using a smaller
o Design swept volume CO, compressor and the extra
working pressure of the components
expense of a cascade heat exchanger.
o A temperature level required for production
o The capacity of an existing high
System Types: Subcr¡tical
temperature system Systems Volatile Brine
Another variant on a cascade system is to
o The size of the high temperature compressor
elimin ate the CO, compressor and use the high
o The power limitations of the CO? compressor temperature system to regulate the CO, at one
o The surfac or more temperature levels. This is called a
e area of the cascade condenser
"Volatile Brine" system as shown in Figure 5 .2.1,.
The system designer has to consider each one In this system, liquid CO, is pumped or gravity
of these and determine a casc ade temperature circulated to the evaporator(s) and the returnirrg
that is the best compromise for all of the above CO? vapor is condensed and drained back into
considerations. the recirculating system by gravity. This type of
As ev aporator temperatures drop below -40 system is generally used at higher temperatures,
"F (-40'C) in a typical ammonia refrigeration where there would otherwise be a minimal
system, two-stage compression is typically used compression ratio for a CO, compressor and the
for optimum efficiency. However in a cascade CO, side is lubricant free.

Sol¡d C0, Formation

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 -209.3 186.1 279.1 558.2 651.3

2000.

6.9.2
1 000. /ag
800. u%u

600. oh,
(ú
(§
'6 400 ,.%, (ú
c0
o- E
o o-
)
@
i<
o
o
o =
a
o- a
200 tZo o
o-

1 00. u%.n

80. u%u

60.
oh,

40.
-120 280
%,

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qrE

 Tiaditionally secondary refrigeration circuits
in industrial systems used water, glycol or brine.
Proprietary synthetic heat transfer fluids aÍe
avatlable and have also been used.
At temperatures above fteezíng, inhibited water
is typically the secon dary refrigerant of choice.
Aqueous propylene glycol is frequently used
at temperatures below fueezing in food indus try
applications bec use it is non-toxic, is classified
as food grade, is suitable for temperatures below
freezing and when properly inhibited, is not
corrosive. However, lower operating temperatures
require higher glycol to wa ter Íatios to prevent
freezing. As the glycol to water ratio increases,
the mixture visc sity increases exponentially.
Consequently the economically practical
minimum loop temperature for propylene glycol is
approximately 0 oF (-17.7 oC).
CO, has a low viscosity and is extremely
economical to circulate when used as a volatile brine
so it is eminently suitable as a heat transfer fluid
over a wide range of temperatures. It can effectively
be used for low temperatures that approach the
triple point. The practical upper temperature limit is
governed by the pressure rating of the components
commercially avallable for the CO, loop.
HEAT TRANSFER
The starting point in any refrigerating system
is the heat gain from the space or product
being refrigerated. This typically occurs in the
evaporator.
The performance of a traditional evaporator
that is circuited for propylene glycol is dependent
upon the turbulence of the glycol flow through
the tubes. This turbulence is typically derived

Condensing Pressure Effects 0n COP

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 -209.3 186.1 279.1 558.2 651.3

2000.

1 000. u%n

800. u%

600. o%,

(ú
(§ (ú
'6 400 ,.%, m
o- E
o o-
il
J
a o
a f
o a
o- a
tZo o
200
o-

100 u%n

80 u%.u

60.
oh,

40.
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 1zo ' toó
I
280
GoP= 84 =z.B Enthalpy (BTU/Ib)
30
.a,h
GoP= 94 -g.g
84
=
24 h=94 24

E¡¡qT THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAT REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

 'l

from the velocity within the tube, with more
velocity creating higher turbulence and a higher
heat transfer coefficient. However, the glycol
pressure drop increases with the square of the
velocity and quickly becomes impractical due to
the pumpirrg power required. Additionally, glycol
absorbs sensible heat and rises in temperature
which reduces the LMTD across the heat transfer
surface. 'W'hen CO, is used as a volatile brine,
liquid CO, is pumped into the evaporator. It
then boils at its saturated temperature. Boiling
heat transfer is significantly greater than forced
convection heat transfer mechanism. The
boiling process occurs at a relatively constant
temperature, with a slight increase due to
pressure drop. At 20 oF (-6.7 "C), a 3 psi (0.2
bar) internal pressure drop results in a minor, 0.5
"R (0.27 K) rise in evaporatirrg temperature.
The heat transfer equation Q=U"A" LMTD
reflects that heat transfer is directly proportional
to the LMTD. The following table illustrates the
20% LMTD gain by switchirg from the sensible
heat gain of glycol to the latent heat gain of COr.
The followirrg example for a Z-fan evaporator
demonstrates the relative capacit¡ fluid flow
and cost of glycol feed, CO, feed and glycol feed
with internal enhancement. In all three instances,
the room temperature is 28 oF (-2.2 "C) and the
ammonia temperature cooling the glycol or CO,
is held at 18 oF (-7.7 "C) for all three examples.
Therefore, the specific ener gy of the brine loop is
the only variable.
PUMPING POWER
The next consideration is the pumpirrg power.
The fluid flows of the example above ate

CPR Cycle Enhancement

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 186.1 279.1 558.2 651.3

2000.

1 000.
u'%n

800. u%u

600. oh,
(ú
'6
(ú
400 ,.%, (ú
m
o- h
o o-
l¿
f,
q o
o
o a
o- a
o
o-

100 u%.n

80 u%u

60
%,

40.
-120 40 B0 12O i 280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)-)r/
GOP =

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFBIGEBAT¡ON HANDBOOK ¡¡qf E

 '!

System Schematic CO.-NH^ Cascade System

for Fig. 5.1 .4 W¡th CO, Compression

H IGH
PRESS U RE
CONDENSER
E
É o
o
a
o
i, (t

21x FLow
o tr)
<G -'fr
2f
):o Jo.
*E
o E
C) o
o
FLASH VESSEL
É,
INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE o
o
zq, CASCADE
<E CONDENSER
>3
o
o

É,
o
th
EVAPORATOR a
^*l¡¡
Uf
o
=
o

compared in the followit g table with 200

equivalent feet of pipit g.
It should be worth noting that the CO,
pumpirrg power is approximately 25% of the
glycol pumping power or 11% on a per ton
(k§f) basis. In addition, the CO, return flow
is not pump dependent. The effect on the
compressor power is a minor loss of 0.66 psi.
In addition to less expensive, smaller pipirg, the
insulation costs will be less as well.
The heat absorbed by the brine loop must be
CASCADE 1X
transferred to the ammonia system. A glycol
loop would typically utihze a plate and frame
heat exchanger for this duty. For the higher
pressures of the CO, loop, a plate and shell
would be the typical choice.
The same LMTD comparison that applies
to the aír side evapo f ator also applies to the
cascade condenser. Therefore, the extra expense
of a higher pressure rated CO, heat exchanger is
offset by greater LMTD.
^
Glycol loops will always require a pump(s) to recirculator pumps at each load point. This
circul ate the glycol. They ate used in a variety is dependent upon the degree of control and
of manners such as a single pump for the entire sophistication the cooling load demands.
loop, a pump for the heat exchanger and a CO, loops can be designed like a thermosiphon
second pump for the loads and finally individual lubricant cooling system using the density

E¡¡qf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAT BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 little subcooling. Therefore, the pump suction
design is critical. Refer to Chapter 8.2
C02-N H3 Cascade
for more information.
- Pumps
System Volatile Brine
CONTROL
Temperature control in a glycol loop can be as
simple as an onloff flow solenoid, a regulating
Z-way valve oÍ a 3-way valve with a bypass line
CO NDENSER

E and possibly a circulating pump around the

o
o evapo Íatof. The ultimate temperature control is
lll
+'-^c¡)
2X a function of restricting the flow to reduce the
o
= heat transfe r rate and LMTD or keeping the flow
o
rate const ant and blendirrg warm and cold glycol
streams to adiust the LMTD.
CASCADE
CONDENSER §7ith CO2, a simple pressure control valve
on the CO, outlet will raise and lower the CO,
evaporatrng temperature and corresponding
LMTD. The flow rate will remain relatively
EVA PO RATO R constant and amount of CO, evaporation will
vary. At 20 oF (-6.7 "C) the 2 psi (0.14 bar)
iL_¡ t-. '
pressure penal ty of a self actuating control valve
-r!F___.:
oPTtoNAL CO, PUMP is only a 0.5 oR (0.28 K) temperature penalty.
Conversel¡ a 12.8 psi (0.88 bar) change is
required for a 2 "R (1.1 K) temperature change,
NH3 P
so control can be very precise. Altern ately,
the CO, feed can be controlled with a pulsirrg
solenoid to limit the refrigerant flow into the
evapo rator, thus limiting its performance by
controlling the amount of wetted hea t transfer
co, P
surface or suction superheat.
FOULING
CASCADE 1X
A volatile brine CO, loop without CO2
compression is lubricant free so a foulirrg factor
is not required on the CO, side of the cascade
condenser.
However, where a volatile brine CO, loop is
part of a common CO, system that also utilizes
lubricated CO, compression then lubricant
fouling has to be considered on the CO, side of
all the associated heat exchangers. Additionally,
if the evaporators are not defrosted with a
reverse flow of hot gas, there is no regular
process to warm and sweep any accumulated
difference between the supply and return flows lubricant from the evaporator circuits and
as the flow driver. Or, they may use a pump in the lubric ant film on the evaporator heat
the same manner as an ammonia recirculation transfer surface will gradu ally build until it is
system. One note of caution, CO, liquid static in an equilibrium state with the ability of the
head in the pump suction drop leg produces very circulating CO, to absorb lubricant.

¡¡crÍ@
 REFERENCES
1. Colmac Coil Company - Comparative Evaporator ratings

LMTD Comparison 2. Hernan Hildago & Anatolii Mikhailov, Danfoss System Design for C0,
Secondary Coolant Based System. llAB 2012 Milwaukee Wl
Gf CO,
Air
Temp On 28 28
5.3 System Types:
Temp off 25.2 23.1 Transcr¡tical Systems
Brine Transcritical systems, like subcritical systems,
Temp on 18 evapo rate CO, below the critical point. Flowever,
temp off 23.2 in transcritical systems, the compressor discharge
pressure is very high (above 1069 psial73.7
A1 7.2 5.1
L2 4.8 9.5
Bara) and above the critical point where the CO
exists with no clear distinction between liquid
LMTD 5.9 7,1
and vapor. Consequentl¡ the superheated fluid
lmprovement -> 20%
must be continuously cooled in a gas cooler,
rather than desuperheated and condensed into a
SUMMARY liquid, 2s in a subcritical cycle. The compressed
CO, when used as a volatile, or boiling brine is and cooled fluid is then reduced in pressure
much more efficient than either water or glycol in below the critical point whe te a portion of the
terms of heat transfer, pumpirrg cost and pipe size. fluid condenses to a liquid and is fed into the

Evaporator Feed Comp ari son

Common Elements
OF
Air OnTemperature 28
o/
Relative Humidity 85 /o

Air Flow 17791 ft3/min

Face Velocity 502.1 ft/min
Rows Deep 8

Fins/ in 3
OF
Brine On Temperature 18

I ndividual Performance
Units 307o PG 30% PG CO,
Standard Enhanced Vol. Bñne
Tube Material CU Plain CU Enhanced SS Plain
Fin M ateria ! Alu minum Alu minum Alu min u m
Capacity tons 5.15 5.91 11.1 6
OF
Air OffTemperature 25.2 24.9 23.1

Moistu re Removal Ib/h r 7 10 29

oF
Brine OffTemperature 23.2 23.9 N/A
Flow Rate lb/h r 13,327 13,327 2,464
Pressure Drop PS¡ 5.58 4.31 NiA

Relative Cost 1.0 1.07 1.1 8

Relative Cost/Ion 100% 93% 54%

Ei¡o THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 evaporator. If the gas cooling heat sink is cold a pressure-enthalpy diagram. The heat from the gas
enough, the cycle could transition to subcritical cooler is rejected to a heat sink warmer than the
and some liquid condensarion would then take critical temperature. The critical point is marked
place in the gas cooler. This does not cause any with the letters CP. The supercritical region (gas) is
operational issues if the gas cooler outlet pressure salmon colored and bordered with a redline.
regulating valve is properly controlled. Ir should The example transcritical cycle process shown
be noted that that the term "critic al" does not begins with a single srage compression (1,2).
mean a serious or dangerous condition, but During this process, the temperature rises to a
rather, a specific point between refrigerant states. level of - 300 "F (149 "C)
Figure 5 .3.1, shows a basic transcritical system The heat rejection process 2, 3 occurs at
plotted in a PH dragram. Parrs of the cycle constant pressure (ideal sysrem) above the critical
process occur above the critical point and other point. The temperature varies as the refrigerant is
parts below the critical pressure. cooled in the gas cooler. The process as shown is
The terminology used for processes and indicative of warm summertime conditions. Heat
components in the transcritical system is almost rejection 2, 3 may also occur by condensirg,
the same except for the heat rejection parts. In below the critical point, in winter condirions.
the transcritical cycle process, the heat rejection The expansion process 3, 4 occurs at constant
takes place at pressure and temperatures above enthalpy. The inlet condition is supercritical while
the critical point. A condition in that region is the outlet is a two phase liquid-vapor mixture.
often called gas cooling and subsequently the Between po tnt 2 and the red supercritical border,
heat exchanger used is called a gas cooler. the fluid is neither liquid nor vapor. As the
Figure 5.3 .2 depicts a simplified, single-srage, pressure decreases through the expansion device,
transcritical refrigeration circuit super-imposed on the fluid pressure drops below the critical point
and crosses the dome down into the liquid vapor
region. The quality of the vapor in this area could
be about 0.4 depending on the initial pressure
Brine Piping and and temperature conditions before the motor ized
Power Comp ari son expansion valve. This large vapor quality will
substantially increase the compressor size when
Glycol Glyco!, E** CO,
compared to the vapor quantity generared solely
Pipe Supply NPS 2 2 3t4
from the evaporator heat load 4 11.
Pipe Return NPS 2 2 1.5
The evaporation process 4, 1 which is the
Flow Rate !b/h r 13327 13327 2464 main interest of the refrigeration cycle occurs at
Length ft 200 200 200 constant temperature. Slightly superheated or dry
Friction PD ps 2.01 2.01 3.83 vapor enters the compressor to complete the cycle.
Evaporator PD ps 5.58 4.31 5 Studies have shown that even in consideration
L¡ft* ft 20 20 20 of the higher discharge pressures and consequenr
Total PD ps 16.6 15.3 17.3 power consumption of transcritical compression,
these systems can operate more efficiently than
Pumping Power BHP 0.4 0.4 0.1
a conventional R-4 04a system in supermarket
Specif ic
Pumping Power BHP/Ion 0.08 0.07 0.01
applications. The world climate zone map,
* Assumes open tank Figure 5 .3.3, shows areas where cycles usirg
** Glycol, internally enhanced tube-side solely CO, as a refrigeranr can efficiently operare
Distribution orifice = 5 psi in CO, in the transcritical range.
Glycol Piping Sch.40 There are three maj or factors that contribute to
CO, Piping Sch, 80 transcritical cycle efficiency.
return piping = 0.66 ps¡/100' moved
90,gravlty The first is the optimization of compressor
by or compressor suction
discharge pressure as shown in Figure 5.3.4. \ü7hile
more compressor energy is required to achieve

¡¡qf E
 Transcritical C0, Cycle
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 651.3
2000.

u'%n
1000.

800. u%u

600.
oh,
(ú
(ú (§
'6 400 ,.%, m
o- (ú
o_
o l¿
a o
a
o =
a
o_ U'
o
200. o-

u%n
1 00.

80. u%u

oh,
60.

40.
80 120 280
%,
-120
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

higher discharge pressures, the enthalpy of the
cooled vapor is reduced, which increases the net
refrigeration effectresultirrg in a higher COP. Note
that the specific heat of supercritical CO, changes in
the upper left area above the dome and critical point.
This creates a "diminishing return" effect with
regards to higher discharge pressures, resulting in
an area of peak efficiency that is maintained with
an externally controlled pressure regulating valve
on the gas cooler outlet. The external control
setpoint is determined by an efficiency map that
considers a vaúety of factors such as ambient
temperature, evaporator 1o ad and water heating
requirement (if any). Unlike a subcritical system,
lower discharge pressures do not typically result
in the best system efficiency.
Based on the reference line 2-3 (nominal), the
effect of raisit g or lowering the gas cooler pressure
on the cycle performance can be seen. The gray
table within the figure shows values of COP with
changes of approximately +l- 5 bar (75 psi) in the
gas cooler pressure. The influence of those changes
is derived from the changes in the specific enthalpy.
The influence of gas cooler pressure in the
compressor power consumption can also be
observed by comparirrg the changes in the
specific enthalpy in the compressor. +l- 5 bar (75
psi) causes changes in the power consumption of
approximately +l- 10%
This indicates the need to find the optimal gas
cooler pressure to ma ximize the COP. If water
heating is desired, the discharge pressure may
be elevated above the optimum required for
refrigeration only.
The second factor is the use of multi-stage
compression with inter-cooling as opposed to single
stage compression. This can be either fwo-stage
compression as shown in Figure 5.3 .6 or a sepanate
compressor or cylinder dedicated to the flash gas
load from the controlled pressure receiver (CPR).

@¡¡qr THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGEBATIOI\I HANDBOOK

The method of compressing this flash gas will be
determined by the vapor quantity, CPR pressure and
the types of compressor(s) that are avallable and
suitable for that dury.
The third factor is the determination of the
receiver pressure by controllirrg the amount of
gas bypass as shown in figure 5.3.5 and 5.3.6.
The intermediate pressure section starts at the
outlet of the high pressure motorízed expansion
valve (4). Gas flows from a transcritical area into the
expansion device. At the outlet, a mix of liquid and
vapor enters the controlled pressure receiver (5).
The controlled pressure receiver separates the
two phases and the vapor flow is controlled
via a motorized or electronic valve (6). This is
known as gas byprss where the vapor undergoes
further expansion.
Liquid from the controlled pressure receiver can
now be expanded via valve (7) to the medium
temperature evaporators and valve (8 ) to the low
temperature evaporators. This implies that direct
expansion feed is used for this type of system.
Subsequentl¡ the gas from the medium
temperature evaporators (9) is mixed with the
discharge gas of the low temperature compressors
(11) and the gas bypass. A heat exchanger (3) is
used to de-superheat the mix before entering into
the high stage compressor (1) suction.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
System operating conditions ane usually
determined by the heat sink temperature and the
products and process to be refrigerated.
The high pressure system runs above the
critical point in the summer months in northern
countries. Therefore, this portion of the system
is typically running at a pressure of 1,232 to
I,305 psia (85 to 90 bar) and the high stage
compressor(s), gas cooler and motoúzed
expansion valves must be capable of handling
those pressures levels.
Currentl¡ as of January 20\4, ASHRAE
15 requires a D§fP of 20% higher than the
maximum pressure developed by the pressure-
imposirrg element. However, there is a proposed
change in ASHRAE 15 to lower the 20% margin
to 1,0% for the transcritical parts of the system.
PED and EN378 indicate that the system should
withstand 1,.43 X the Ps (system pressure).
The pressure for the CPR is constant regardless
of the ambient temperature. However, the flow
ratio berween the gas bypass and the liquid line
varies with the pressure and the outlet temperature
in the gas cooler. The controlled pressure receiver
also works as a liquid/vapor sep arator and should
be designed as a separation vessel per Chapter 1,L.
An observation of the right hand side of the PH
diagram dome in figure 5.3.7 shows that the CPR
Qcc
Com pressor
< entha lpy
Q.
¡¡qr.r
pressure must be kept as low as possible to reduce
the risk of liquid entering the compressor. If the gas
Ieaving the controlled pressure receiver is satu rated
it will still expand through the gas-bypass valve
with paftíal condensing. In other words, afÍer
expansion the fluid will fall below the saturated
vapor line into the wet area under the dome.
The use of an electronic valve controlling the
gas bypass flow offers flexibility and a rclatively
easy and cost effective operation though the gas
undergoes an expansion which in turn needs to
be recompressed. Alternativel¡ to increase the
efficiency and reduce energy consumption, it is
possible to install a small auxiliary compressor to
take in the gas separated in the controlled pressure
receiver and discharge it to the gas cooler.
Most systems are designed with a CPR pressure
benveen 435 to 507 psia (30 to 35 bar) as the liquid
fraction in the gas bypass is only 1 to 2% which
does not represent a practical problem. Figure 5 .3.7
shows the difference in the qualiry of the expanded
refrigerant at rwo different intermedi ate pressures as
indicated with the red and blue lines.
This also determines the D§7P of the
components in the low side portion of the
reftigeration system.
TRANSCRITICAL TO SUBCRITICAL
OPERATING CONDITIONS
This transition would occur typically in countries
with low winter ambient temperatures. As the
ambient temperature drops a few degrees below
87.8 "F (31.0 "C) the refrigerant begins to
condense. However, it is necessa y to establish
a control strategy to bridge the gap between
conventional subcritical systems and transcritical
control. Figure 5.3.8 shows a detail of the
transition between transcritical to subcritical.
Once the system runs in subcritical mode,
one of the strategies is to maintain a degree of
sub-cooling especially for systems where DX
evaporators aÍe used.
Chapter 14 - Controls will discuss controlling
the heat reclaim heat exchanger and gas cooler to
obtain a stable operating system.

Potential GIobal Distr¡but¡on

C0, - System Alternatives Energy
Gonsumption of TWO Stage Transcritical B00STER C0, Gompared to Single Stage R404A.

Legend:
Gentigrades of
Temperature
'60 - -50
I .so - -40

I .40 - -so
f .so - -20
.20 - -15

,, , ,, .15 - -10
- -5
.10
-5- 0
0- 5
5- 10
10- 15
I 15- zo
I 20- 2s
I zs- so

@¡¡qÍ THE GARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

WATER HEATING
An importanr economical benefit of the Discharge Pressure
transcritical cycle is the high quality heat that 0ptimization
is avatlable from the gas cooling segmenr of the tc c, our
cycle. Many heat pumps have been sold that
use Co, as the workirrg fluid for this reason. f-aar---a---r-
2H
In certain applications where heating demand
aPe
AP¿c
c
!r \3.I 2
2L
is high, systems may be set to operate in _1,
I
o
transcritical operating conditions regardless of at
f!
t'l
¡
I
t.,l
the ambient temperature. ¡-rJ
!
'V7ater -
L
L
I
heating is accomplished by addin g a tts
t¡
I
I
L
reclaim heat exchanger in series with the full r!
Rl
I
o I
size gas cooler. This is because the re are periods I¡
t.
o
when the full system heat of rejection may be t- 4 L
rá
UI
o Ór = tfi.Ah.r*
greater than the water heating requirement. tr
L
\,1, = rfi.Ah.o*,
Figure 5 .3.9 shows a dragram of a transcritical C OP = Ahrr^o /AhcoMD Ah,r^p Ahto
system with gas cooler and heat reclaim heat COPr = 1.8, ó, =
C OP = 2.6, Q-¡ =
exchangers. COPx = 2.5,ó, = 106 (h
Figure 5.3.1.0 shows the temperature process
Speciñc enthalpy
lines of heating warer from both the CO,

2-Stage Transcr¡tical Cycle with CPR

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
-279.1 -209.3
2000.

1 000. u'%n

800. u%u

600. o%,

(ú
(ú
'6 400. ,.%, (ú
o- c0
o to-
l<
=
a
a o
o
o- -)
@
a
200. 0)
o-

1 00. u%n

80. u%.u

60. oZ.,

40.
-120 80
%,
280
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

i¡qrr
condensing and the CO, gas cooling process.
'§7hen
the heat rejection does not involve System Schematic
condensing and there is no phase change, the
pressure and temperature become independent.
for Fig. 5.3.4
The lowest temperature difference between the
media and the refrigerant is at the inlet or in
the middle of the gas cooler, depending on the
conditions. As CO, is not changit.g phase, the
temperature continues to decrease as CO, flows
through the gas cooler.
Transcritical systems have mainly been used
in supermarkets up to this point in time due to
limitations in size lcapacity of equipment and
s
components having an adequ ate design workit g
pressure. However, the water heating benefits
for a food processing plant with large hot water
requirements should be obvious.
Unlike the rypical subcritical ammonia system
where less than 15% of the compressor discharge
heat can be captured at temperatures above 80 to 85
"F (26 to 30 'C), the entire gas cooling process of a
CO, transcritical cycle can produce L40 'F (60 "C),
or higher, water temperature which is suitable for
plant wash down without additional heating.
Figure 5 .3.11, shows an example of an
fr)
rr II

T
rrr-rrrJr -
anfangement of heat reclaim to obtain water at
131'F (55'C) from 59 oF (15 'C) at an ambient
temperature of 23 oF (-5 "C). Assuming a 9 "F (5
K) approach at the heat reclaim heat exch anger)
the temperature of the gas cooler is kept at 39.2
"F (*4 "C).
Under those conditions, discharge temperature
of the compressors is approximately 95 "F (35 (ü
'C) which would not be able to obtain water at
oF (55
1,31, 'C). As a result, the pressure of the
system is pushed upwards.
Since the heat output from the system varies with the
By increasing the pressure to 1160psig (80
pressure, it also interesting to examine the heating
bar), approximately 80% of the heat is reclaimed
COP of the system in figure 5 .3.1.4. The heating
at a cooling COP of 3.1.3 (to the point the gas
COP is calculated as the heatingcapaciry divided
temperature is about 68 "F (20'C)
by the extra energy consumed by the compressors.
Figure 5 .3.1.2 depicts the transcritical cycle
where 80% of the gas cooling heat is recovered (Extra energy from the initial condition of
(A-B) and the additional gas cooling (B-C) "optirnizedpressure" at 580 psig (40 barg)
improves the cycle efficiency by decreasing the The heating COP varies with the ambient
amount of flash vapor (D). temperature. At higher ambient temperatures the
Figure 5.3 .L3 depicts the desire for maximuffi, compressor work used for refrigeration is higher
100% heat reclaim (A-B). Consequentl¡ the and the compressor work for heating is lower. At
refrigerant cycle is less efficient due to gre ater flash lower ambient temperatures, the pressure cannot be
vapor generation (D). decreased which does not affect the heating COP.

@¡¡qr. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAT REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

 (ercg¡eil) ornssord

a?

LO
ÑNN o
@
C\I
(o

6R
l¿ \\

-l¿ \-o
l
F
-+r
qd o\/
m
r-@
*)
c o-
tu E
-+-C,
TU

ct)
t
-t
C,)
c/)
E c/)
o- ti
É,.CD r
o-E
cJ [J
R
o
N
Sq; oooo ocjo d I
O
o oooo
O@(o\f,
o@(o s
§l
(ersd) ornssord

¡¡qf r
 I
Figure 5.3.1-5 shows the results with ambient
temperature of 37.4 oF (3 'C) instea d of 23 "F
Critica I Zone Transition (-5 "C) for comparison purposes.
REFERENCES
l. Hidalgo, Hernan March 2013 llAB C0rWorkshop
2. Hind, David C0rin Supermarkets
l"6gMax. Ttr Min-

5.4 System Types: Appl¡cations

When, where and how should CO, be applied?
CO, use in a refrigeration cycle can and
will provide many benefits for an industrial
Trenr refrigeration system. Flowever, not all of them are
P-band economical. As noted in the previous sections of
this chapter, volatile brine and most subcritical
systerns require an extra stage of heat transfer in
the refrigeration cycle. Transcritical cycles require
more compression power, because of the pressure
Subood Transruon rone
rnode dH*ru*"r suhcriti'cel
elevation to above the critical pressure. This
unavoidably increases the temperature/pressure
differential and hence, the power required by the
compressors. Unless these inefficiencies are offset
elsewhere in the system, there will always be a

Heat Reclaim Partial Schematic

Tap Water Heat Reclaim

@¡iqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAT REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 theoretical energy pen alty when comp ared to an
ammonia cycle. This is well documenred in the
Heat Exchange 2009 IIAR technical paper, "Energy consumption
with CO, Cascade Systems" presented in Dallas,
Process Comp ari son
Texas by Mr. Joe Pillis of Frick Co.
A few of the k.y graphs are shown in their
respective figures.
Figure 5 .4.1, shows the overall energy
comparison of a CO, cascade system with a 5 oR
(2.7 K) approach temperature across the cascade
heat exchanger and acrual compressor ratings
with their inefficiencies reflected in the rarings.
'§7hen
the evaporating temperature reaches -50
"F (-45.5 "C), the efficiency gains of the CO, low
stage compressor versus an ammonia low stage
Heot re7'ectio n condenslng refrigerant compressor exceeds the losses of the cascade heat
exchanger and the system consumes less energy.
Figure 5 .4.2 shows that a two-stage ammonia
system provides the highest COP in the operating
range of -10 oF (-23.3 "C) down to -50 "F (-45.5
'C) evaporating temperature.
As stated above, CO, cascade systems can be
efficient if the overall system design is oprim ized
in other areas that contribute to energy use such
a piping and valve loss, defrost styles and control
strategies. This is reflective in the relative energy
Heot rejectio n - trdnscritlcal co2 use graph from a public cold sto nage operation
shown in Figure 5 .4.3.
Recognizing that there may be an energy
penalty incurred, what then ) are the reasons to use
CO, and which type of system should be utilized?
First and foremost, natur al refrigerants such as
Transcr¡tica I
NH, and CO, should be used for the long rerm
Heat Reclaim Water health of the environment. Most major food
IN OUT
Circu it II companies have officially adopted this stance as
of this writirrg in 201 3.
Gas Cooler
Once the decision to use natur al refrigerants is
confirmed, the question becomes; which natural
refrigerant and what portion of the refrigerarion
circuit shall they be used in? To answer rhar,
many factors need to be considered. Below is a
check list that will help determine the type of
system that best suits the application at hand. It is
worth noting, ás with any industrial refrigeration
Gas Pressure Co.
Recirculating Valve Compressor system, flo two systems are the same and there is
not a "one size fits all" answer to any particular
system type. An analysis must be performed for
every project for the best solutiorl.

¡¡qÍr
 Transcritical Cycle with B0% Heat Reclaim
Enthalpy (kJikg)

-2791 186 1 279 1 372.2 465.2

2000.

6.9.¿
1 000 /ag
5.5.¿
800 /ss

600.
oZ't

(ú
L
(ú
'-a 400 2.7.t §
o- (§
o-
o Y
a
U)
o)
L

o =
U)
o- o
1.4. I
200 4qd

69 ..
100 /a.g

80 55.2
/S.S
oh,
60

40
80 160 200 280
%,
-120
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

Transcritical Cycle w¡th 100% Heat Beclaim

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-2791 186 't 279 1 372 2 465.2

2000

u'%n
1000

800 u%u

600. 4.1.t
/41

G.
L
(ú
G
'6
o-
400 '%, e(§
o-
o)
5
a o
U)
o )
L

a
o- a
1.4,. I
200 /t¿ o-

100
u%,

80 u%u

oz.,
60

40
80 120 280
%,
-120
Enthalpy (BTU/!b)

@¡¡crf
 CHECKLIST:
oF §7hich refrigerant is allowed or desired in
1..
C0P at 23 occupied spaces ?
(-S oC) nmbient 2.'§7hat is (are) the evaporating remperarure(s)?
Cooler '§7hat
Gas COP coP 3. is the temperature range of the
(psig)
Pres. bar Refrigeration Ratio * Heating
condensing heat sink; dry bulb, wer bulb or
40 (580) a.a 0%
50 (725) s.z 0%
water temperature ?
60 (870) +.s 25% 2.6 4 . Is the re a requiremen t for heating water ?

70(1OlS) 3.6 40% '§7hat

3.1 5. level of technician training is expected
80 (1160) 3.1 80% 5.1
or aYailable?
80 (t160) 3.1 lOOoAx* 5.1 '§7hat
* Ratio Heat used / Maximum heat available 6. aÍe the risks to the surroundin g aÍea and
=
ie* Full bypass of the gas cooler
product, both on an d off site, in the event of a
release ?

7. Life cycle cost analysis, includirrg liabiliry

oF insurance and the refrigerant replacement cost
COP at 37 .4
due to leaks.
(+3 oC) nmbient
Further consideration of the above checklist is
Gas Cooler COP coP as follows:
Pres. bar (psig) Refrigeration Ratio * Heating
50 (7251 s.t o% Which refrigerant is allowed or desired in
60 (870) +.s 25% 5.6 occupied spaces?
70 (1Or S) 3.6 40% s Per ASHRAE 15, non-industrial occupied spaces
80(1roo) 3.1 80% 7.3
cannot be refrigerated directly with ammonia.
80 1t 0o )
( 3. 1 looo/"x * 7.3
This makes CO, an option, although at arf
* Ratio = Heat used / Maximum heat available
'*''É Ful!
bypass of the gas cooler conditioning temperatures, water or light glycol
may be the preferred non-volatile refrigerant.

Energy Comp ili son: Various Refrigerant 0ptions

3.6
9'R (5 K) approach
19,4 "F (-7 "C)
intermediate
NH, high stg.
No econ. on
cascade
or two stage
systems

,
o-
o
o

-37 -34 -32 -29 -26 [ "R

-35 -30 -25 -20 -rs ['GI
Euaporator Temperature

¡¡qf @
If space or pipe sizes aÍe a consideration, then
volatile CO, should be considered with proper Cold Storaqe
detection and ventilation installed in the occupied
'§fhile
Power Benóhmark
space. NH, ir allowed in industrial 3.5
workspaces, careful consideration should be
3
given to the escape time for a densely populated
2.5
aÍea. This is especially true in production areas
2
where there may be processing equipment forcirrg
f.5

0.5

CascadeTemp = 20 oF app. temp: 6 oF 0

(-6.67 "C) (3.33 "C) kwh/Ft3 CO2INH3 Cascade Locations NH, Locatlong

Energy Comparison: C 0 z/N H3 a circuitous route to the nearest exit. For low
temperature processing equipment located in the
Cascade to NH 3?-stage production atea) the high viscosity and increased
pumpi.g cost of propylene glycol will favor
volatile CO z 3s a rcfrigerant.
What is (are) the evaporating temperature(s)?
The evaporating temperature is a key
determinant of the refrigerant choice. Starting
with high evaporating temperatures for air
conditioning,45 to 55 oF (7.2 to 12.7 "C), or for
candy storage, 35 to 40 oF (1.7 to 4.4'C), water
or propylene glycol are the preferred choices
for secon dary brines. Food processing areas
that opera te at 4 5 "F or below quite often have
evaporating temperature at or below freezing
which forces the use of propylene glycol or
direct refrigerant. Evaporators that use glycol at
these temperatures can be up to double in size as
ciency Penalty for C0,
Eff¡ compared to direct refrigerant counterparts due
-10oo/.
Cascade to 2-stage NH, to a diminished internal heat transfer coefficient
and a reduced LMTD. Rooftop mounred process
air handlers pose less risk than ceiling hung
evaporators. An alternative would be ceiling
hung evaporators that operate on CO, along
+,
with a smaller rooftop unit supplying only the
E
tr make-up air requirement. '§7'hen the evaporating
o
IL
o.
temperature falls below 0 oF (-17.8'C), rhe
o viscosity of 40% propylene glycol exceeds 40
o
s
centipoise, significantly escalating pumpirrg
costs. Therefore, direct or recirculated ammonia
with proper risk evaluation, or CO, as a volatile
brine, aÍe the more efficient choices for a
refrigerant.'§7hen the evaporator temperatures
approach -50 "F (-45.5 'C), a cascade sysrem
EvaptempG with a CO, low stage and an ammonia high
@
stage compressor should be considered.

@¡¡oÍ
What is the temperature range of the
condensing heat sink, dry bulb, wet
bulb or water temperature?
Most industrial refrigeration sysrems in North
America use evaporative condensers because of
the large block of annual operating hours that
are optimal for heat rejection to rhe ambient wer
bulb temperature. rn Northern Europe there is a
heightened concern regarding legionella growrh,
water consumption and wastewater disposal which
places a favorable light on air cooled condensing.
Additionall¡ the extremely cold weather of
Canad a and the Scandinavian countries make
wintertime control of air cooled overcapaciry
difficult. Hence, air cooled is a common option in
'Water
some areas. cooled condensing incurs the
extra operating penalty of the loop pumpirg cosrs.
The water may be sourced from a pond or river,
however there are often environmental issues to
be dealt with. Sea water can be used, if avallable,
provided the condenser is constructed of titanium,
copper-nickel, adm íralty brass or other salt water
resistant alloy. Then there is the issue of clogging
from marine growth. The most common source for
cooling water is a coolirg tower(s). For industrial
refrigeration systems with yeair around operation
cooling towers aÍe rypically only used whe re a
minimal ammonia charge is of the highest priority.
This is due to the fact that systems with condensers
and cooling towers have lower COPs due to an
additional step of hear rransfer that is not presenr
with evaporative or air cooled condensers.
Is there a requirement for heating water?
Food processing facilities typically requir e a
Iarge amount of 140 oF (60 "C) hot warer for
sanitation. With ammonia or subcritical CO,
condensing, the latent heat occurs below 9s óF
(35 "c), which is nor sufficient for the required
water temperature. The heat content of the
superheated vapor is gene rally insufficient to
justify the capltal equipment cosr to capture
it. Rather than condensers , transcritical Co,
systems have gas coolers that oper ate with CO,
temperatures of 212 oF (100'C) down ro 104 oF
(40'c), which is ideal for creating hot warer.
compressor technology may nor be available
for a large transcritical system, however a portion
of a subcritical or cascade sysrem load could be
paralled through a transcritical system sized for
part or all of the hot water requirements.
what level of technician training is expected
or available?
CO, systems afe a small but growit g segment
of the industrial refrigerarion field. Because of
this, operation and maintenance trainirg for
co, systems and trained personnel ate limited
in availability. Provisions and budgering musr be
made for training of local personnel or relocation
of experienced technicians.
what are the risks to the surrounding area
and product, both on and off site, in the
event of a release?
In the event of arelease, where would it be prudent
to substitute the risk of a CO, release in place of
an ammonia release? Product exposure such as
nuts that might turn black if exposed to ammonia
or food packaged in cardboard that would absorb
ammonia vapor and render it unmarketable. If there
is refrigerant containing processing equipment on the
production floor and a large number of employees in
that atea without a rapid means of evacuation, CO,
should be considered. Eith er a volatile Co, brine
system or CO1 compression should be considered
in either of the above instances. For areas with high
exposure risk either on the facility properry such as
an office building or ourside the prope rty bounds
such as housing of a school, the size of the ammonia
charge should be minim tzed and the porential
risk analyzed. A CO, volatile brine or COrM,
cascade system will significantly reduce the ammonia
charge and ammonia conrent in pipes outside of
the machine room. A complete CO, system should
be considered if the heat sink is cool enough for
a subcritical system. A transcritical system can be
considered if suitable components are available and
the ambient temperature allows.
Life cycle cost analysis, including liability
insurance and the refrigerant reptacement
cost due to leaks.
Proper evaluation of any choice of refrigeration
systems should include the present value of the
ongoing costs such as ene ryy consumptron,
insurance, maintenance and refrigerant
replacement in addition to first cost. Comparison
factors should include sysrem efficiency over the
expected load profile, experienced technician
costs, liability insurance premiums, reciprocating
versus screw maintenance costs, natural versus
halocarbon refrigeranr cosrs ($ (€) per charge
volume, not mass ) and the additional losses due
to a non-odorus refrigerant.
¡¡qf E
6.0 System Design
This chapter outlines the design elements that
differ from a typical field erected, industrial
refrigeration system utilizing ammonia as the sole
refrigerant. Items such as pipe supports, insulation
and machine room layout that aÍe not influenced
by the type of refrigerant will not be covered.
GENERAL CO2 SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES
CO, has coincident pressures that afe
substantially higher than most refrigerants for
the same temperature. At -40 oF (-40'C), CO,
has a saturated pressure of L45.69 psia (10 bar)
and at 87.7 "F (30.9 'C) the saturated pressure
rises to 1069.9 psia (73.7 bar). Because the
pressures are so high, CO, piping design has
to be suitable for these higher pressures and
where relevant for a coincidental pressure /
temperature condition correspondit g to the
triple point at -69 .8 "F( -56.6 "C) at 7 5 .1, psia
(5.17 Bara). Additionally, when a section of a
CO, refrigeration system containing liquid is
opened to atmospheric pressure, the liquid CO,
will convert to a solid (dry ice) and sublim e at
-109.3 oF (-78.5 'C). This will chill the metal
to well below reasonable design parameters.
Administrative controls and procedures ate
outlined in Chap ter 21 Maintenance to properly
evacuate liquid with a minimum of 70 psig (4.8
barg) back pressure.
SYSTEM DESIGN PRESSURES
The first step in designing the system is
to determine the pertinent temperature
requirements. In most applications the desired
evaporating temperature(s) afe known. The
condensing temperature is determined by
meteorological conditions or cooling water
temperature at the plant locatior, as well as the
approach temperature of the condenser.
'§7hat
remains is to determine the inter-
stage saturated temperature if the system has
two stage CO, compression or, in a cascade
system, the condensing temperature of the
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERAT¡ON HANDBOOK
CO, and the evaporating temperature of the
NHr. In some applications, it may be feasible
for this intermediate temperature to also serve
a rcfrigeration load, which then dictates the
intermediate temperature. Thus, for each
system, the temperatures and pressures can
vary widely. This requires equipment selection
and overall system analysis to determine the
most economical, energy-efficient system for the
particular application.
For a conventional rwo-stage compression systeffi,
the theoretical optimal intermediate pressure P (psia/
Bara) is determined by equation 6.1:
Equation 6.1. P,={(P. x P.)
where:
P. = Condensing pressure [psia I Bara]
P. = Evaporatit g pressure [psia I Bara]
As an example, for a two-stage ammonia plant
with a -40 "F (-40'C) I 10.5 psia (0.724 Bar I
72.4 kPa) evaporatirrg temperature and a 95
"F (35 "C) / 195.9 psia (13.5 bar) condensing
temperature, the optimal intermediate pressure
P would be {(10.5 x 195.9) - 45.4 psia, which
corresponds to a 17.5 "F [-8 "C] saturated
intermediate temperature.
Similarly, for a rwo-stage trans-critical plant with
a -40 "F ( -40 "C)/ 145.7 psia (10.04 Baru I 1004kPa)
evaporating temperature and a 1500 psia (103.4
bar I 1,0.3 mPa) gas cooling pressure, the optimal
intermediate pressure P would be { Í45.7 x 1500)
oC]
=467.5 psia, which corresponds to a 27 "F l-2.8
saturated intermediate temperature.
For a casc ade system, two different refrigerants
ane compressed. Because the pressure /
temperature relationship of NH, and CO,
differ greatly, Equation 6.1, cannot be used. A
complex equation that allows for the different
compression characteristics of NH, and CO,
could be developed. However, there af e many
other decidit g factors as outlined below.
¡¡CIrE
 Figur e 6.1. shows that for a -40 "F (-40 'C) low
stage evaporating temperature and increasing
intermediate temperatures, the low stage
compressor COP for both systems decreases
while the high stage compressor COP increases.
As with ammonia low stage compressors, it is
generally beneficial to operate the low stage
discharge or cascade CO, pressure as high as
practical. In most instances, unless pressure
limited, it is more economical to increase
the power of the low stage compressors to
accommodate higher pressures than to bry larger
high stage compressors.
oF (-40
Figur e 6.2 shows for a -40 "C) low
stage evaporating temperature system, the total
COP (low plus high stage) at various high stage
evaporating temperatures. The cascade system
exhibits optimal performance when the high
stage evapo raton temperature is between 12 "F
(-11.1 'C) and 16 oF (-8.89 "C), corresponding
to an optimal CO, condensing temperature of
oF (-6.L1, "C) and 25 oF (-3.8 9 "C).
betwe en 21
At these temperatures, saturated pressures for
COP Low- and High-Stage Compressors
7
6
\
5 -¿
4
a
o
CJ
3 --\lI
0
-10-505101520253035
High süage
+G0P-[I-1{H3 + G0P-HT
E¡¡qf
CO, afe 4L2.8 psig (28.5 bar) and 440.7 psig
(30.38 bar), respectively. For the two-stage
ammonia system, the optimal intermedi ate
temperature is approximately 20 oF (-6.67 "C), in
close correspondence with the theoretical optimal
value. Low stage evaporating temperatures other
than -40 "F (-40'C) rill produce slightly different
results with similar trends.
In Figure 6.2, the curve for the cascade system
also shows that the power consumption is
relatively sensitive to changes in intermediate
temperature, 2S the system COP decreases
quickly on either side of the optimal intermedi ate
'Whereas,
temperature. the curve for the two-
stage ammonia system is much flatter around
the optimal temperature and as a result, two-
stage ammonra power consumption is much
less sensitive to the choice of intermediate
temperature. As outlined earlier, from an overall
system design standpoint, there ane drivers to
push the intermediate pressure up.
A srnall temperature difference across the
cascade condenser will improve the overall
- Emponüon ['Fl
-+G0P-LT-G02
 lotal COP vs H igh-Stage Evaporating Temperature

1,900

1.790

1.760

1.74{)

1.720
r
o
cJ
r,zoo

1.690

1,660

1,640

1.620
-10 10 20 30
High Stage Euaporating Temperaturc

G0P-Gasc -+ GOP-Il,uoSt

coefficient of performance (COP) for the

system and may require slightly smaller NH,
Optimal Condensing compressors. However, it will also require more
heat exchanger surfac e anea. As the temperature
Tem peratu re, Fi rst Cost difference on the cascade heat exchanger increases,
350000 the overall efficiency of the refrigerarion sysrem
goes down because either the CO, compressor
300000
discharge has to go higher, rhe ammonia
250000 compressor suction has to go lower, or both. The
followirg examples are based on generali zed data
2ooooo
E and each system should be analyzed based upon
150000 the relevant cost for that system.
Figur e 6.3 illustrates the effect of differenr
1 00000 intermediate pressure combinations on the
500000
first cost of the compressor and cascade heat
exchanger. At low temperature differentials
0 (AT), the cascade heat exchanger is larger and
0 10 20 more expensive while the ammonia compressor
IIT TFI is smaller and less expensive. Ar high AT, the
opposite occurs. Adding the two curves together
-+ Gascade cooler +Compressor + SUM
yields the total first cosr of the capital invesrmenr
(i.e., the part of the sysrem affected by the choice

¡¡qf ra
of AT). The minimum total capital investment
occurs at approximately 1,1 oF (6.1J "C).
Figur e 6.4 incorporates the investment cost
calculated above into a financial analysis that
also includes the total electrical cost (net present
value) for running the compressors. These two
curves afe added together to yield the total
financial investment. At a AT of about 7 "F
(3.89 'C), the total investment is a minimuffi,
representing the optimal choice. Many plants aÍe
designed with a 9 "F (5 'C) AT, which balances
the optimal tot aI frnancial investment with the
minimum first cost.
The avallable pressure ratings of compressors,
valves and cascade heat exchangers will be the
ultim ate decider of CO, discharge pressures. It is
worth noting that the life expectancy of rotating
mechanical parts may be diminished at higher
workirg pressures.
§íith the desired casc adelcondensirg
temperature established for the CO, system, the
design workirrg pressure (D§7P) of the system
can be determined. For installations in the United
States, ASHRAE 15 is the governing stand ard.
0ptimal Condensing Temperature, 0perating Cost
300000
250000 \
2fxxtoo ,att,-t'
t- f U
g rsoooo
100000
500000 \
10
DT tFl
EI¡¡qf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
The 201,0 edition states:
9.2.6 '§fhen a refrigeration system utilizes
carbon dioxide (P.-744) as the heat transfer fluid,
the minimum design pressure for the system
components shall comply with the following:
9 .2.6.1, In a circuit without a compressor, the
design pressure shall be at least 20oA higher than
the saturation pressure corresponding to the
warmest location in the circuit.
9 .2.6.2 In a cascade refrigeratit g system, the
highside design pressure shall be at least 20%
higher than the maximum pressure developed by
the pressure-imposing element, and the lowside
pressure shall be at least 20% higher than the
saturation pressure corresponding to the warmest
location in the circuit.
ASHRAE 15 section 9.2.6 specifically addresses
cascade CO, systems that ane sub-critical or
trans-critical. Sectio n 9 .z.Lwhich applies to all
refrigerating systems (in essence: 80 'F (26.7 "C)
lowside which corresponds to a CO, pressure of 955
psig (65.8 Barg) and ambient condensing conditions
for the highside which could reach 2,030 psig (140
Barg) in a trans-critical CO, system).
-L---^
+ Gapital cost
+ Electrical Gost
+SUM
15 20
 The followirg steps aÍe offered to determine
the suitable cascade pressures:
1,. Is there an evapo raton load that could feed
into the NH, suction pressure?
2. Is there an evapo rator load that could feed
into the CO, cascade condensirrg temperature
3. Is the ne available cap acity in an existing NH,
system?
4.'§7hat is the maximum avallable D§7P of the
CO, components ? Is this 20% greater than the
corresponding pressure(s) of steps 1,2 Sc 3?
5. Failing the above, consider a single stage, NH,
high temperature system operating with a 20
"F (-6 .7 " C) saturated suction temperature or
lower. (positive suction pressure, economical
first cost and performance, compatible with
600 psig (40 barg) CO, components).
6. Select a 7 "F (4 K) or greater temperature
difference for the cascade heat exchanger.
7.Is a large enough CO, compressor(s) available
that can operate from the required CO,
suction pressure to a saturated discharge
temperature of 20 oF (-6.7 "C) plus the cascade
heat exchanger temperature difference ?
8. Failing the above, lower the NH, suction
temperature, consider a single staged
economized (suction pressure above a vacuum)
or, if necessary, a two stage NH, system
and revisit the CO, compressor, component
avatlability andlor adjust the cascade heat
exchanger temperature difference.
6.1 Pipe Materials and Strengths
MATERIALS
Carbon steel is the most prevalent pipe material
for industrial refrtgeration systems utilizing
ammonia as the refrigerant although low
temperature applications have been installed using
stainless steel pipe to avoid the low temperature
strength degrudation of carbon steel and for
additional corrosion resistance. Depending upon
current price levels, there may not be a significant
price premium to use stainless steel in lieu of
carbon steel due to the use of a thinner pipe wall.
Copper pipe cannot be used in ammonia systems
due to chemical incom patability.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
CO, piping systems can and may use carbon
steel, stainless steel and copper with the
followirrg considerations :
General
o Although CO, is non-toxic, threaded joints
?
should be avoided due to the higher pressures
and greater potential for leaks. The exceptions
ane for tubing connectrons on equipment
and for instru entation connections where
schedule 80 Pipe and or 3,000 psi fittings 3/q"
(DN 20)or les in size ane recommended.
Carbon Stee!
o Unlike ammo ia, úace amounts of water in
CO, can and will corrode the inside of pipes.
A corrosion allowance on the inside and the
outside of carbon Steel CO, pipes should be
considered . 1,1!6" (1 .6 mmi totrl corrosion is
allowed in Figure 6.L.L.
o CO, systems typically opera te at low side
temperatures below -20 oF (-28.9 'C) therefore,
pipe contraction stresses should be accounted
for in the system design.
o Carbon steel has a thermal contraction of 0 .84
in/100 ft from 70 oF
to -50 "F (0.70 mm/m
from 21 "C to -46'C) per ASME B 31.5.
o Many CO, systems oper ate below -20 "F ( -28.9
'C), therefore ASTM A53 and A1 06 carbon steel
will require additional considerations to comply
with ASME B 31.5 Section 523 and application
of the allowable stress reduction curve for
MDMT for applications below -20 "F (-28.9 "C).
That curve is not reflected in figure 6.L.1,.
o Pipe strength calculations for ASTM A333
carbon steel are included in figure 6.1..1 for
application down to -50 oF (-45.6 oC).
. Note that ASME B31.5 Section 505. L.1. limits
the use of Type oF (furnace welded) pipe to
water based secon dary coolants only with a
system D§fP not exceeding 150 psig (10.3
bargll034kP ag). Thus prohibiting its use in
CO, systems.
Stainless Steel
o ASTM A3 12 Type 304 & 304L stainless steel
pipes af e suitable for applications down to
-425 oF (-253 oC).
¡¡ctf E
o Because of the higher tensile strength and for in the system design. Stainless steel has a
minimal corrosion issues smaller pipe wall thermal contraction of 1,.24 in/100 ft from 70
oC to -46
thickness, as compared to carbon steel, may be "F to -50 oF (1.03 mm/m fuom 21 "C)
used for a material cost savings. per ASME B 3L.5.
o Internal and external pipe corrosion concerns Copper
are minim tzed depending upon the type of o '§(/hile copper is suitable for use with carbon
insulation used. Therefore, no corrosion dioxide, brazed or soldered fittings require the
allowance is included in Figure 6.L.2. use of annealed pressure ratings.
o CO, systems typically opera te at low side o A limited number of manufacturers have
temperatures below -20 "F (-28.9 "C) therefore developed tubing up to I 318" diameter rated
pipe contraction stresses should be accounted for 600 psig D§fP and higher. Consequently

Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel
Pipe Strength Table Maximum lnternal Design Pressure, Psig
ASTM A53 & A106 Gr. B Seamless - Allowable Stress :17,1 O0 psi
-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule 40 1?19 1449 1?73 il9t 1066 ',r4r5 1?73 1130 1028 953 887 833 800 798 817 831 796 783
Schedule 80 2490 2597 2?70 ?126 1930 ??41 2048 1842 1698 1693 154',1 1??7 1498 1501 1495 1491 1486 1480
ASTM A53 & A106 Gr. A Seamless - Allowable Stress = 1 3,700 psi
-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule 40 976 1161 1020 954 854 1134 1020 905 8?3 77? 711 667 641 639 654 666 638 6?7
Schedule 80 1995 2080 1819 1703 1545 1795 1641 '147613601357 1234 983 1200 1203 1198 1194 1190 1186
ASTM A53 Gr. B ERW - Allowable Stress = 14,600 psi
-20 and above
F
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule 40 1040 1237 1087 10',17 910 1208 1087 965 877 8?3 758 71',t 683 681 697 71O 680 668
Schedule 80 ?1?6 2?17 1938 t8'15 1648 1913 1749 ',]573 1450 1446 1315 1048 1?79 1282 1277 1273 1?6a 1264
ASTM A53 Gr. A ERW - Allowable Stress = 1 1,700 psi
-20 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule 40 834 991 871 81 5 730 968 871 773 703 659 607 570 547 546 559 569 545 536
Schedule 80 1553 1454 1321 r533 ',r401 1260 1',t62 1159 1054 840 1025 1027 10?3 1020 r017 1013
1704 1777

ASTM 4333 Type 6 Seamless - Allowable Stress = 1 7,1 00 psi

-50 and above
F
Nom. Pipe S¡ze
Schedule40 1219 1449 1?73 1191 1066 1415 1273 '1130 1028 963 887 833 800 798 817 831 796 783
Schedule 80 Z49O 2597 2270 2126 1930 2241 2048 1842 1698 1693 1541 1227 1498 1501 1495 1491 1486 '1480
ASTM A333 Type 1 Seamless - Allowable Stress = 15,700 psi
-50 and above
F
Nom. Pipe S¡ze
Schedule40 1119 1330 1169 1094 979 1299 '1169 1038 944 884 815 765 734 733 750 763 731 719
ScheduleS0 ?286 ?384 2084 195? 1772 2057 1880 1691 1559 1555 1414 1127 1375 1378 1373 1369 1364'1359
ASTM A333 Type 5 ERW - Allowable Stress = 1 4,600
-50 and above
F
Nom. Pipe S¡ze
Schedule 40 1O4O 1237 1087 1017 910 1208 1087 965 877 823 758 711 683 681 697 710 680 658
Schedule 80 2126 2217 1938 'l
8'l 5 1648 '1913 1749 'l 573 145O 1446 'l 3'l 5 1048 1279 128? 1277 1?73 1268 1264

ASTM A333 Type 1 ERW- Allowable Stress = 13,400 psi

-50 and above
F
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule40 9s5 1135 998 933 836 1109 997 886 805 755 695 653 6?7 625 640 65? 6?4 6'13
Schedule80 1952 20351779 1666 1513 1756 1605 1444 13301327 1207 96? 1174 1177 1172'l'168 1164 1'160
Max¡mum internal design pressure per AS¡,IE 831.5 Section 504.'1.2
P=25r/(Do-zyt) P= lnternal Psig, S = Allowable Stress per table 502.3.'1, Do & t are standard pipe dimensions, y=0.4
No Thread allowance included for any sizes
Mill tolerance of -'l 2.5% included
Corrosion allowance of 1 /1 6" included
 pressu ne ratings for annealed copper pipe larger is not repeated in this handbook. However,
than L" should be verified prior to sourcirrg sizing guidelines and tables as well as an Excel
and installation. spreadsheet for CO, flow in pipes are provided.
o Notwithstanding the avatlability of suitable Guidelines
strength copper tubing in small sizes, it is not Unless all of the economic factors of pipe
recommended in field erected, industrial CO2 installation and operation such as, ye arly load
systems due to the need for dissim tlar metal profiIe, installation cost, lifetime energy cost
joints and its lower structural strength requiring and maintenance cost af e known up front,
additional attention to support and protection. it is impossible to size pipes based purely on
Figur e 6.L.1. and 6.L.2 show the maximum economics. Therefore, this text will offer velocity
calculated internal pressures per ASME B 31-.5 and pressure drop guidelines for the different
section 5 04.1,.2 based upon hoop stress and segments of pipe in a typical refrigeration system
corrosion allowance where stated. Note that using CO, as the refrigerant.
other stresses imposed upon the piping system An Excel spreadsheet is avallable for download
from vibration, thermal contractiofl, wind from the members section of the IIAR website.
loading, hydraulic shock and seismic forces The spreadsheet covers subcritical systems only.
must be considered where applicable when The discharge piping of transcritical systems
determining the appropriate pipe thickness. will require specific calculations using the
supercritical properties of COr.
6.2 Piping: Pipe Sizing Because this spreadsheet is avatlable to all
Piping: Pipe Sizing who read this handbook, capacity tables are
Fluid flow in pipes is a well documented topic not included. Instead, the reader is encou raged
and explained thoroughly as it applies to to utihze the spreadsheets and produce a design
refrigeration systems in Chapter l of the IIAR that exactly fits the stated criteria rather than to
Ammonia Refrigeration Piping Handbook. It adjust for foot-noted assumptions.

Sta in less Stee I

Stainless Stee!
Pipe Strength Table Maximum lnternal Design Pressure, Psig

-425 F and above

Nom. Pipe Size
schedulelos ?929 3o8o ?4o9 2o9? 1660 1505 1230 951 858 718 608 543 499 474 41S 368 384 367
Schedule 40S 4074 3810 3137 ?822 ?377 2600 2258 19',14 1678 1524 1342 1217 1051 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
ASTM A3I 2 TP304L Seamless - Allowable Strength = 1 6,700 psi
-425 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size
Schedule l0S 2445 2572 ?O11 1747 1386 1257 1027 794 716 600 s08 453 417 396 346 3Oi 3zi 3O7
Schedule 40S 3401 3181 ?619 2356 1985 2171 1885 1598 r401 1273 11ZO 1016 878 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
ASTM A3 l 2 TP 304 ERW - Allowable Strength = 1 7,000 ps¡
-425 F and above
Nom. Pipe S¡ze
Schedulel0S 2489 ?61g 2048 1778 1411 '1279 1045 808 729 610 517 462 424 403 352 313 {zt ZU
Schedule 40S 3463 3238 2666 2399 2021 2210 ',]919 1627 1426 1296 1140 1035 893 N,/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

ASTM A312 TP304L ERW - Allowable Strength -'l4,2OO

-425 F and above
Nom. Pipe Size
schedulel0S 2079 ?187 1710 ',r485 1178 1068 873 675 609 510 432 386 354 337 29. 261 273 2ü
Schedule 40S 2892 2705 ?227 2003 1688 1846 1603 ',1359 1191 1082 953 864 746N/A N,/A N/A N/A N/A

Max¡mum ¡nternal design pressure per ASME 831.5 Sect¡on 504.1.2

P=2St/(Do-2yt) P= lnternal Psig, S = Allowable Stress per table 502.3.1, Do & t are standard pipe dimensions, y-0.4
No Thread allowance included for any sizes
Mill tolerance of -1 2.5% included
No corros¡on allowance

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK ffi

 The previous Section 6.1. discusses pipe
strength and wall thicknesses at length. The
referenced spreadsheet is based upon carbon
steel schedule 40 pipe up to 5 " (DN 125) and
schedule 80 for 6" (DN 150) pipe and above.
There is a sepa rate spreadsheet for stainless steel
that is based schedule 10S pipe up to 5" (DN
125) and schedule 40S for 6" (DN 150) pipe and
above. The thermal properties temperature limits
of the spreadsheet are -65 "F ro +60 oF (-53.9 oC
to +1.5.6 "C).
Liquid Lines
Liquid lines have minim al effect on system
power consumption. Design concerns aÍe vapor
and liquid locking, flash gas generation, pipe
hammer and lor movement and pump suction
line cavitation balanced agaínst the costs and
additional refrigerant charge of larger piping.
Condenser drain lines af e governed by sewer
flow rules to allow gravity draining from the
condenser to the receiver or high side float valve
without backing liquid into the condenser. Table
6.2.L is for sewer flow pipe capacities.
The P-trap rules of ammonia condenser piping
also apply to CO, condenser piping. The pressure
drop of the CO, condenser or cascade condenser
plus a 5 0% safety factor must be converted to
feet (rneters) of CO, liquid head to determine the
drop l.g depth. Refer to figure 6.2.2.
Liquid feed to the plant, (non pumped,
saturated) - 3.3 to 4.5 ftlsec (L.0 to 1..4 rn/s)
Liquid feed to plant, (pu-ped, subcooled) - 5.4
to 7.5 ftlsec (1.6 to 2.3 m/s) Note: if there ane
solenoids branch fed from this line, the velocity
limit should be reduced to <4 ftlsec (1.2 m/s) to
avoid pipe hammer and movement.
Branch Liquid Lines to a single device, - 3-4 ftl
sec (0.9127 (m/s)
Purnp Suction Lines, <1.0 ftlsec (0.3 m/s)
Note CO, generates very little subcooling
from static head. A 4' column of -40 oF/"C CO,
only provides 0.64 oF (0.35 K) of subcooling.
This leaves little margin for pipe suction piping
pressure drop.
Defrost relief lines, - 4 ftlsec (1 .2 m/s)

Manning Sewer Flow C0, Condenser Drain Lines

30 'F C02 Liquid Density, 58.3 lb/ff n=0.0080 for liquid C0, in steel pipes

omrna n
Diameter Schedule Vented
in (DN) 25Yo Fu I I 50% Full 25Yo Fu I I 50% Full
3t4 20 Sch . 40 3.1 11 0.02 0.09
125 Sch . 40 5.9 22 0.04 0.1 6
1-1t4 32 Sch . 40 12 45 0.09 0.34
1-1t2 40 Sch . 40 19 68 0.14 0.51
250 Sch . 40 36 132 0.27 0.99
2-1t2 65 Sch . 40 58 211 0.44 1.60
380 Sch . 40 103 377 0.78 2.85
4 100 Sch . 40 213 777 1.61 5.87
5 125 Sch . 40 390 1,422 2.95 10.75
6 150 Sch. 80 555 2,024 4.19 15.30
8 200 Sch. 80 1 ,172 4,275 8.86 32.32
10 250 Sch. 80 2,141 7,816 1 6.18 59.08
12 300 Sch. 80 3,401 12,416 25.71 93.85
14 350 Sch. 80 4,373 15,971 33.06 120.72
16 400 Sch. 80 6,276 22,912 47.44 173.18
18 450 Sch. 80 8,624 31 ,484 65.1 I 237.97
20 500 Sch. 80 11,461 41 ,843 86.63 316.28
24 600 Sch. 80 18,718 68,345 141.48 516.59

ruiiqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTR¡AL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

DRY VAPOR LINES
Vapor lines have a direct influence on system
power consumption as their friction pressure
drops reduce the required compressor suction
pressure and raise the required compressor
discharge pressure. Minimtzing the pressure
drops of these lines by using the largest pipe
diameters that can be afforded will reduce the
power consumption over the life of the plant.
The only exception to this aÍe the pipes
that return a miscible lubric ant film from the
evaporators, in which case a minimum velocity is
required regardless of pressure drop.
Because of the pressure/temperature
relationship of CO , a 6 psi pressure drop in a
-40 oF (-40 "C) suction line will only raise the
evaporating temperature to -38 "F (-38.8 "C),
as compared to -24 "F (-31.1 "C) for ammonia,
there is a temptation to undersize the line.
However, the compressor must still overcome
the pressure loss requiri.g extra powe r and lost
efficiency over the life of the system. This also
applies to the discharge piping.
Compressor Suction Lines - Desigr,. to less than
a 2 psi (0.1,4 bar) total pressure drop from the
compressor to the suction vessel.
Compressor Disch arge lines - Design to less
than a 2 psi (0.1,4 bar) total pressure drop from
the compressor to the condenser inlet.
Dry Evapo rator Suction Lines - Design to less
than a 2 psi (0.14 bar) total pressure drop from
the evaporator to the suction vessel.
Condenser Equal rzing line - Design to 0 .25
psig (0.02 bar) total pressure drop. Equalizing
line flow can be estimated by using the total
system flow multiplied by the density of the
vapor and divided by the density of the liquid,
both at condensing temperature.
TWO.PHASE SUCT¡ON LINES
Unlike ammonia, the liquid CO, content in a two
phase suction line is considerably greater.
As an example:
The cross sectional area of a -40 oF (-40'C)
3:1 recirculated suction line for NH, is 9 9 .81%
vapor and 0. L 9% liquid.
'§7hereas,
the cross sectional aÍea of a -40
oF (-40
"C) 3:1, recirculated suction line for
CO, is 95.5% vapor and 4.5"/o liquid. That is
considerably more liquid for the vapor to drag
through the pipe which adds to the pressure drop
increase relative to a dry vapor line.
Ammonia rwo phase suction line pressure drop
is, at best, an inexact science with various methods
of pressure drop calculations avatlable. However,
the accuracy of these equations has never been
documented for pipes larger than 2" (DN 50) . One
commonly used "rule of thumb is to size the line

Becommended C0, Condenser Trap Depth

Gondenser Equivalent Feet (No Safety margin) Gondenser lent Meters (No Safety margin)
Pressure Drop G0, Temperature Pressure Drop

psi 60'F 30 "F 00F -30 "F -60 "F kPa 15.5
0C
-1 "C -17.9 oc -34.4 0C -51.1 0C
0.5 1.4 1,2 1.1 1.1 1.0 3.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 6.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6
2 5.7 4.9 4.5 4,2 4.0 13.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
3 8.5 7.4 6.8 6.3 6.0 20.7 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8
4 11.3 9.9 9.0 8.4 8.0 27.6 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4
5 14.1 12.3 11.3 10.5 10.0 34.5 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.0
6 17.0 14.9 13.6 12.6 11.9 41.4 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.6
7 19.8 17.3 15.8 14.8 13.9 48.3 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.2
8 22.6 19.8 18.1 16.9 15.9 55.2 6.9 6.0 5.5 5.1 4.9
I 25.4 22.2 20.3 19.0 17.9 62.0 7.8 6.8 6.2 5.8 5.5
10 28.3 24.7 22.6 21.1 19.9 68.9 8.6 7.5 6.9 6.4 6.1

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK

¡¡qf E
for dry vapor onl¡ then increase one pipe size to
accommodate the overfed liquid".
§7hi1e this method may work, there is no
means to determine the actual pressure drop.
Additionall¡ there is more liquid volume to allow
for in CO, recirculated systems. The accompanying
spreadsheát and tables in this chapter were
developed with the Beattie method, which uses
a homogeneous avefage of the liquid and vapor
densities in the Darcy-§Teisbach equation.
A sewer flow analysis of long two-phase
suction lines should be completed to ensure that
there is sufficient slope to keep the pipe drained
during periods of low or no \rapor load (flow).
6.3 Piping: Defrost
Finned Coil Evaporators
Efficient defrost requires the accumulated frost
to be removed from a finned coil evaporator in
a timely manner using a heat source suitable for
the evapo rator duty and application.
The various methods of defrost can be divided
according their respective piping affansements
into three groups:
L. Defrost using external heat - coil suction open
to the system and the internal evaporator
pressure held to the prevailing system suction
pressure.
2. Defrost using heat from the air circulated
over the evapo raton - coil suction control
valve closed and the internal evaporator
pressure held to a preset value with a pressure
regulating valve relievirrg to the system suction
3. Defrost using condensing refrigerant vapor
- coil suction control valve closed and the
intern al evaporator pressure governed by
the incomirrg hot gas vapor pressure in
combination with the condensed vapor relief
mechanism.
As with any refrigeration system
component, inlet and out isolation valves
and a valved connection for pump-out to
the system ate good practice. Due to the
solidification issues with pressure reduction
to atmospheric it is also good practice to
have a high point valve for pres surization I
evacuation and a low point valve to drain
liquid under. pressure.
@¡¡qÍ
GROUP ONE
. Electric defrost - Consists of electric heating
elements embedded in, or on the face of the
coil block and drain pan. A high temperature
safety thermostat is recommended. It is also
more energy effrcient to stage the elements
with the lower elements energizing first. A coil
temperature sensor typically terminates the
defrost process with a timed over ride. A liquid
solenoid valve is required to shut off the liquid
supply prior to and during defrost.
. Water defrost - Consists of a water distribution
tray or spray header above the coil block that
washes the frost off of the coil with a deluge of
oC to 15.5 "C)
clean warm 40 "F to 60 "F (4.4
water. A reservoir, or high flow Íatq of warm
water must be available as we[[ as a place that
is above fre ezing to direct the drain water. Due
to the Large water flow rate, a slow opening
water solenoid valve is recommended. Freezer
evaporators may be water defrosted if proper
design details aÍe used to avoid supply and
drain line fteezíng during normal operation.
A liquid solenoid valve is required to shut off
the liquid supply prior to and during defrost.
This technology is proven as water defrost is
cornmonly used in: the apple storage industry
with evapo raton coils operating on ammonia at
or slightly below 32 "F (0 'C) air temperature;
and production spiral or tunnel freezers that
might require coil washing in addition to
defrosting at the end of a production shift.
. lnterlaced glycol (or alternate heat transfer fluid)
defrost - The coil block must be 10-15% larger
than normal to accommodate the additional
tubes required for the defrost heatirrg circuit.
During defrost warm glycol is circul ated
through the heating tubes to transfer heat to
the adjacent portions of the coil block. After
defrost, the glycol is left in the circuit and
chilled to the coil operating temperature. This
requires high glycol concentrations or alternate
heat transfer fluids in freezer applications.
Typically the glycol is heated in the machine
room and a supply and return set of glycol
headers are required along with the branch piping
and control valves. '§7hile, the heat for the glycol
may be free from the lubricant cooler or condenser
load, there is a considerable capital outlay to
utilize it. A liquid solenoid valve is required on the
coil liquid inlet as well as a solenoid valve on the
glycol inlet. The glycol outlet must be left open ro
accommodate expansion and contraction with the
temperature change.
For any of the above three defrost methods the
evapo natoÍ coil is pumped down and left open to
the main refrigerant circuit during defrost. Refer
to Figure 6.3.1,. This ensures that the pressure
within the coil does not rise above the system
suction pressure.
The graph shown in Figur e 6.3.2 is an
example of the constant CO, evapo rator and
recirculator suction pressure that is maintained
when the evapo rator is pumped free of CO,
prior to applying defrost heat. In this case the
defrost heat source was water. Flowever the
results would be the same for the other methods
outlined above. fn jurisdictions where ASFIRAE
Stand ard 15 applies Paragraphs 9 .2.6.1. and
9.2.6.2 would reference the suction pressure
(temperature) as the warmest point in the CO,
circuit for establishing the system low side and
evaporator(s) D'§fP.
GROUP TWO
. Air defrost - By closing the liquid supply and
suction control valves and venting back to
suction through a pressure regulating valve,
the cold residual liquid refrigerant will
be subcooled and rise to approxim ate the
temperature of the room air. If this air is above
34-36 oF (1-2.2 "C) (higher is preferable) the
accumulated frost will readily melt. In areas
where the ambient is always above 36 oF
(2.2'C) it is possible to isolate rhe coil from
the freezer with dampers and duct in filtered
outdoor air for defrost.
The defrost pressure regulating valve may
be a part of the suction control valve oÍ a
separate valve installed in parallel to a sucrion
solenoid valve.
The defrost pressure regulation should be set
slightly higher than the room air temperarure
so that continued evaporation does not
take place during defrost. In jurisdictions
where ASHRAE Stand ard 15 applies
Paragraphs 9 .2.6.L and 9 .2.6.2 reference
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
0pen Suctron During Defrost
the room temperature (saturated pressure)
as the warmest point in the CO, circuit for
establishing D§7P for the evaporator(s)
and associated valves and controls and also
potentially the system low-side D'§fP.
GROUP THREE
. Hot gas defrost - As stated above, the saturated
CO, pressure at 45 oF (7.2'C) is 595 psig
(41 Barg). This high pressure will usually
be above the CO, cascade pressure and it
therefore becomes the highest pressure point
in the circuit. It jurisdictions where ASFIRAE
Stand ard 15 applies
Paragraphs 9 .2.6.L and 9 .2.6.2 reference
the evapo rator defrost pressure (temperature)
as the warmest point in the CO, circuit for
establishing the D§7P for the evaporator(s)
and associated valves and controls and also
potentially the system low side D'§fP.
Additionall¡ the system CO, compressors
are discharging at cascade levels, therefore
there is no motive force to create 595 psig (41
Barg) vapor to defrost with. One approach
is to have a dedicated defrost compressor to
create the required high pressure vapor. See
Figure 6.3.4.
It may be piped to draw on the CO, system
suction for a higher system efficiency or rhe
CO, system discharge pressure depending upon
the suitability of the compressor.
Alternatel¡ there is a proprietary design from
Europe that uses a pump to raise the liquid
pressure to the desired level, then heat is added
to vap orize and superheat it. See Figure 6.3.5.
The heat required is approximately 3X the
evaporating capacity of the coil and is typically
extracted from the ammonia circuit lubricant
'§7arm
coolers or compressor discharge vapor.
CO, liquid could be utilized.
¡¡qrE
 C0, Pressure and Defrost Water Temperature
psrg barg ["c] [ "F]
s80 40 20 68.0

18 64.4
507

16 60.8
425
I 14 57.2
Ll,¡
IJJ É,
É, 362.5 25
f
12 53.6
f,
(¡) kE
CN
IJJ
290.1 20 10 50.0 l¡J
CE o-
I

o-
217.5
8 46.4 IJJ
15
F
6 42.8 "F
145.0 10

4 39.2'F

2 35.6'F

0 0 32.0 "F
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

TIME (h:min)

cooling. In many CO z pf ojects, there ane

Regulated Defrost Pressure production fueezers with internally circuited
REG/W¡de ElecOpening aluminum plates that freeze product by contact
VENT/PRESSURE rather than att.
These units can be configured in horizontal or
vertical plates. The former is usually for boxed
product like ice cream or frozen meals, the latter
is typically used for unwrapped products like
fish or meat and poultry trimmings. Defrosring
BY-PASS REG plate freezers is a precise process, where the plate
VENT/PRESSURE
surface must rise above fueezing and "release" the
SUCTION product but not overh eat and soften the product.
Because of this precise requirement, hot gas is the
preferred of defrosting plate freezers and due to
the frequency of defrost in production, vap orízed,
pumped liquid is the most viable. In jurisdictions
where ASHRAE Standard 15 applies Paragraphs
9.2.6.1, and 9.2.6.2 reference the plate freezer
However, the latent heat of CO, dt 45F is
defrost pressure (temperature) as the warmest point
89 .9 Btu/lb as compared ro a 10 d.g sensible
in the CO, circuit for establishing the D§7P for the
heat change of 6.1 Btu/lb making rhe mass flow
plate fueeier(s) and associated valves and controls
reduction for hot gas vapor defrost obvious.
and also potentially the system low side D§fP.
PLATE FREEZERS
REFERENCES
All of the above information is in reference l. Pearson, A.B Pearson "Defrost 0ptions for
to finned coil evaporators circulating air for carbon Dioxide, llAB, Beno, NV 2006

@¡¡qÍ THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFB!GERATION HANOBOOI(

 Hot Gas Defrost Using Gas
from a C0, Compressor
2. Kawamura, Design Considerations for a NHSSystem
utilizing C0ras a Secondary Befrigerant" llAB,2M8
3, Colmac Coil Company, Water Defrosting at Freezer
Temperatures, Bruce Nelson, 2009 Website post
6.4 Piping. Lubricant
(oil) Management
CO, compressors may use a variety of lubricants,
some are miscible with CO, while others afe
immiscible. lubricant management is required
in all field erected CO , refrigeration systems
with lubricated CO, compressors to minim ize
lubricant fouling of the evaporators.
Liquid CO, has a density range of 58.3 lblft3 at
30 "F to 73.57 lblft3 at -69.8 oF (933.8 kg/m3 at
-1.3 oC to 1,178.4 kg/m3 at -5 6.5 'C) this density
range is generally comparable to most synthetic
lubricants which have densities ranging from 60
to 62.8 lblft3 (961 to 1005 kg/m3).
Immiscible lubricants such as Napthenic
and Paraffrnic mineral oils, alkylbenzene and
polyalphaolefins (PAO ) are lighter than liquid
CO, and float on top of COr. To retrieve these
lubricants, skim points must be located along the
side of any low side vessel that maintains a level
of liquid COr.
The skim point then drains the lubric ant rich
liquid CO, into a heated and vented lubric ant
pot for distillation to mostly pure lubricant. This
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
Hot Gas Defrost Using Gas
from a Flashed C0, Liqu¡d
lubricant may be returned to the compressor if it is
filtered and free of any contaminants such as water.
The followirrg dragram is an example of a lubricant
distillation system for immiscible lubricants.
A few design notes:
o Mount the skim point selection valves at
least 2' below the skim point's static head to
overcome the valve pressure drop.
o A vessel with a regulated, const ant level may
use a single skim point, located at the bottom
of the vessel.
o A mo torized valve is recommended for
minimal pressure drop into the distillation heat
exchanger.
o By mounting the heat exchanger at a 45 d.g
angle a temperature sensor at the midpoint of
the heat exchanger tube length will indicate
lubricant accumulation as opposed to boiling
cold COr.
Miscible lubricants such as poly-alkylene
glycols (PAG), polyol esters (POE) and
polyvinyl ether (PVE) by their very nature are
homogeneously blended in the condensed liquid
CO, stream. To retrieve this lubricant a branch
line off from a low side pumped liquid supply
line is routed to a distillation vessel.
¡¡qr@
 If pumped liquid is not avallable, then a skim
point from the bottom of the vessel with a
motorized valve in lieu of a solenoid valve may
be used. At low lubricant concentrations, the
CO zllubricant mixture is homogeneous and there
is no need to skim from just below the liquid
CO, surface.
This vessel is typically a shell and tube heat
exchanger that uses sensible heat from the CO,
liquid to evaporate the CO2, leaving the lubricant
behind. This lubricant could be returned to
the compressor if it is filtered and free of any
contaminants such as water.
The followit g figure 6.4.3 demonstrates that
allowirg the lubricant concentration in the low
side to rise to 0.25"/" and rectifyirrg 1% of the
system flow rate will outpa ce a 10 PPM lubricant
carry over nate from the compressors with a
slight subcooling of the warm liquid flow. 0.25%
was not arbitr arily chosen, test have shown
that a 0.5"A PAG lubricant content will reduce
the heat transfer coefficient of an ev aporator
by 7 -10%. The table also provides the steps
to determine the heat [oad, flow rates and
temperatures that the rectification heat exchanger
and associated piping must be designed for.
Altern ately, the distilled oil may be drawn back
into the compressor through the compressor
suction piping if it is designed to allow free
oil movement into the compressor. This direct
oil return without filters assumes that the
commissionirrg process resulted in an intern ally
clean system.
6.5 System Design
Water Management
As outlined earlier in Chapter 4-System
Safet¡ water has a deleterious effect on CO,
refrigeration systems due to potential ice
formation and corrosion. Even though CO,
systems operate at a positive pressure, water
may be introduced during construction,
comrnissioning or maintenance. To recap, the
solubility of water in CO, ir much lower than for
other refrigerants, especially ammonia which has

RETURN
IMMISCIBLE VAPOR

Lubricant Collect¡on RECIRCULATOR

',. L¡OUID
o MAKEUP
-_
SKI M
POINTS
NORMAL LIOUID CO,
OP ERAT¡NG RANG E

PUMP NOT
SHOWN
@
SUBCOOLED
Ltou tD co, To

LOW SIZE
LOA DS

co, vAPoR
OPTIONAL
REGULAT¡NG
( orsr¡LLAT¡oN
VA LVE ]_:
(orr-
HIGH TEMP LIOUID
FROM CONDENSER OR
CASCADE HEAT EXCHANGE

@¡iqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

a high affinity for water. The solubility level for
water in liquid CO, is much higher than for CO,
vapor. Once the solrbility level is exceeded , free
water is then present in the COr.
Figure 6.5 .1" shows the solubility of water in
both liquid and vapor phases of CO, as a function
of temperature. The solubility in the liquid phase
is much higher than in the vapor phase. Below
these levels, water remains dissolved in the
refrigerant and does not harm the system. Above
these levels, the HrO molecules precipitate out of
the solution into droplets.
Due to the large difference between the
maximum solubility in the vapor and the liquid
phase (139 I 6.5 = 20), water will tend to
concentrate in the liquid phase. Referring to
Figure 6.5.2 then consequently liquid CO, (A)
from the separator to the evaporators will contain
approximately 20 times more water than the CO,
vapor ("C) in the compressor suction line.
The potential risk for water in CO, is highest
in the evapo ratof loop (A-B) and water will
always migrate to the coldest part of the system.
The recommended goal is to keep the water
concentration at or near the 10 ppm level of the
initial charge.
'§7hen
vapor is generated, water levels above
50 - 100 ppm are cause for corrective action.
On direct expansion freezerc, 10 ppm is the
upper limit, with leeway to 30 ppm on medium
temperature applications.
CORROSION DUE TO WATER CONTAMINATION:
§7hi1e water may be below the maximum
solubility limit in the liquid phase, when the
refrigerant is evaporated, the water does not
evapo rate. The solubility of water in liquid CO,
ís 20 times that of water in CO? vapor. This
causes the water to drop out of solution, forming
either ice or acid or both.
Carbonic acid is formed when CO, is added to
HrO to form HrCOr.
'§7hen
additional free water is added, then HrO
and H2CO3 combine to form HCO3- and HrO *, d
hydronium ion, and the acid becomes corrosive.

VAPOR
RETURN
MISCIBLE
Lubricant Collect¡on RECIRCULATOR
Low rEMr=TAruRE o
@
co, MAKE-UP
NORMAL LtOUtD CO2
OPERAT¡NG RANGE

i6
¡¡F SUBCOOLED
l.( co, Ltou¡D
REGULATING 1 X{ rvt
TO LOWS¡DE
=5
Oo- LOADS
-tq
6)llJ
¡¡
o-g
>F
rS (orsrrLLATIoN

(orr-
HIGH TEMP L¡oU¡D @
FROM COND ENSER OR
CASCADE HEAT EXCHANGE

THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qf @

 0 il Rectifi cation Ca lcu lator
Ref. # NOTES
Capacity 100 to ns 351.7 kW G iven
1 EvapTemp -40 Deg oF -40.0 0c Given
Vapor Enthalpy 138.7 Btu/lb 322.6 kJ/ks From CO, tables
CondTemp 30 Deg oF -1.1 0C
Given
Liqu¡d Enthalpy 36.3 Btu/lb 84.4 kJ/ks From CO, tables
2 CO, Mass Flow 195.3 lb/min 5315.6 kg/sec Capacity/(hg- hl)
Oil Loss 10 PPM 1O.O PPM x/1 ,000,000
2 O¡! Mass FIow 0.00195 Ib/min 0.1 kg/sec Flow * PPM/1 ,000,000
3 Steady State Iubricant Conc. 0.25 % 0.25 % Desig ners choice
3 Sampling Rate 1.0 % 1.0 % Designers choice
3 Rectifier CO, Flow 1.95 lb/min 53.2 kg/sec CO, mass Flow * Sampling rate
4 Oil Recovery Rate 0.00488 Ib/min 0.1 kg/sec Rectiflier Flow * Steady State lubricant Conc.
1 Rectif ierTem p -40 Deg oF -40.0 0c Designers choice
CO, Latent Heat 138.7 Btu/lb 322.6 kJ/kg From CO, tables
7 Heat Requirement 2703 Btu/min 4.8 kJ/sec Rect. Flow * Latent Heat
Warm Liquid
5 ln letTemp 30 Deg oF -1.1 0C
Same as CondTemp
5 !nlet Entalphy 36.3 Btu/lb 84,4 kJ/kg From CO, tables
5 Flow Rate 193.4 Ib/m in 5262.4 kg/sec CO, Mass Flow - Sample Flow
Enthapy Reduction 1.40 Btu/lb 3.3 kJ/ks Heat Requirement / Flow rate
6 Outlet Entalphy 34.90 Btu/lb 81.2 kJ/ks lnlet Entalphy - Entalphy Reduction
6 OutletTeffiF, approx. 27.5 Deg "F -2.5 0C From CO, tables

Ref # refers to the coffesponding points on Figures 6.4.1 and 6.4.2

Additionall¡ lubricants used in CO, systems
can in the presence of free water can form acids
leading to corrosion
Mine ral oil and OZ = Organic acid and water
Ester oil and H,O = Organic acid and alcohol
Anti-w eaÍ additives and HrO = Phosphoric acid
and alkanol
As with carbonic acid, the addition of free
water forms hydronium ions which then makes
these acids more corrosive as well.
Corrosion is not a risk if there is no " free
water" in the system. Free water is water content
in excess of wh at can be dissolved in the COr.
WATER REMOVAL
The first step in water removal is to keep the
water out of the system in the first place. Chapter
16 - Evacuation, Chapter 17 - Chargirg,
and Chapter 19 Maintenance will provide
techniques to mi nimize water intrusion.
Filter driers that use molecular sieve technology
have proven very effective at removing water
from COr. It is recommended that every CO,
refrigeration system has at least one, preferably
two filter driers installed in parallel with block
valves. It is recommended that they be installed
in a pumped liquid line either in a slip stream
configuration or full flow if the flow rate of the
filter drier permits it.
If there is no pumped CO, liquid line in the
system, then they should be installed in the liquid
line leaving the condenser or cascade condenser
prior to the expansion devise.
A low valved drain point as well as a high
point for pressu rízatíon should be provided for
proper element change out.
WATER DETECTION
As stated above, cold CO, liquid is the optimum
location to detect water in COr. However, This
is also an area of piping that will frost and ice
making the visibility of a moisture indicating
sight glass difficult if not impossible. It is
recommended that the facility obtain a portable

@¡iqf
 Water Solubility in C0,

1 000 Liquid
+,
-C
.?
o 1

= ,- z ,- -
tro- 100
Vap our
.q 7
-1
,- -a
::
+-,
/ -
b -1
6a= 10 ¿ /1 -
E --
=
E J7 -l
'x
(§

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 ['F]

-51 -40 -29 -18 -7 4 16 ['C]
Temperature

Water Distribution in C0, Pump Circulating Systems

Compressor

Heat exchange
CO" receiver (condenser)

Ev aporator Liquid

¡¡qf @
CO, dew point tester and periodically test for
water and take corrective action if high water
levels af e measured. Should the facility elect not
to have an in house dew point tester, then the
a CO, sample should be periodically tested for
water and other contaminants as outlined in
Chapter 1,9 - Maintenance.
Sources of CO, Dew Point Testing Equipment
L. http :l lwww.haffmans.nlEngineeredProduct
P_D ew_Point_Te ster. a spx
2. http :l lwww.asc oco2.com/en/products/
C Or-testing-equipment/C O, -dew-point-tester/
6.6 Piping: Safety Relief
Valves and Piping
CO? systems like all refrigeration systems require
safety relief valves per ASHRAE 15 and EN-
131,36. The safety valves are of the same design
as those for ammonia system, although designed
for higher relief pressures.

F¡lter Drier Placement

EVAPORATOR
co, REclRcuLAToR

ALTERNATE
LOCATION
S¡NGLE _
PREFERRED FLOW THROUGH
LOCATION

F¡LTER DRIER

PRESSURIZATION/ DRAIN
EVACUATION PORT
t¡ ,/

FILTER DRIER

FILTER DRIER

DUAL WITH
SLIPSTREAM

@¡¡CI
 The principle difference with safery relief systems
of CO, ir the possible formation of solid CO, i,
the downstream piping. This requires a different
approach to the piping layout and design. The
ASHRAE-15 formula sizing for safety relief valves is:
c=/DL
\ü/here C air flow cap acíty in #/min (kg/s)at
=
the desired set pressure
the gas factor, it is 1.0 (0.082) for CO,
D- the vessel diameter in feet (meters)
L = the vessel overall length in feet (meters)
Figure 6.6.1. illustrates what happens when
CO, at various states is reduced to atmospheric
pressure. Liquid CO, will form a considerable
amount of solid CO, whereas CO, vapor will
gener ate less solid COr. In either case, outlet pipe
cloggirrg with solid CO, can occur. Because of this
outlet piping on CO, safety relief valves should be
avoided if at all possible. An exception is made for
compressor lubricant separators that will always
be relieving superheated vapor which will not
solidify *hen reduced to atmospheric pressure.
DESIGN GUIDEL!NES
Safety Relief Valves installed in any pipe, vessel
or component that will pass liquid into the valve
cannot relieve to atmosphere or any pressure below
the triple point which is 75.1 psia (5 .2 Bara).
Safety Relief Valves installed in any pipe, vessel
or component that will only pass vapor into the
valve, ffiáy relieve directly to atmosphere with no
outlet piping. Consideration should be given to
weather protection of the valve internals. Such as
sprayirg into the outlet port with Boeshield T-9
protectant or sim tlar product, or utilizing a safety
relief valve with stainless steel components in
the exposed areas. A weather flap or conformal
Crp plug is not recommended as it may jam or
foul with solid CO, and create an excessive back
pressure on the value prior to or during release.
Safety Relief Valves installed in any pipe, vessel
or component that will only pass superheated
vapor into the valve, such as a compressor
lubricant separ ator, may relieve directly to
atmosphere through an outlet piping or a header.
ASHRAE-15 Para. 9.4.8 states "Pressure relief
devices shall be connected directly to the pressure
vessel or other parts of the system protected
thereby." Para. 9.7.6 states "Al1 pipe and fittings
between the pressure-relief valve and the parts of
the system it protects shall have at least the area
of the pressure-relief valve inlet afea" which is
consistent with UG-135(b) of the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code. This particular section
of the ASME B6cPV Code further requires " [t]
he ch af acteristics of this upstream system shall
be such that the pressure drop will not reduce
the relievirrg capacity below that required or
adversely affect the proper operation of the
pressure reli ef valve. "
In the context of a refrigeration system, this
necessitates that the inlet pressure loss due to
piping and other components (such as three-way
valves) must not diminish the valve's cap acíty
below the minimum required capacity for the
attached component. Furthermore, excessive
inlet pressure losses can lead to unstable valve
operation known as "chatter" when the inlet
pressure loss exceeds the valve's blowdown.
Designers need to exercise caÍe when considering
long inlets to pressure relief devices to ensure
these criteria arc satisfied.
ASHRAE- 15 Para. 9 .7 .8 .t requires that systems
with over 110 lb (50 kg) of a class A1 (CO, is
class A1) refrigerant be designed to discharge
outside of a building at a height "not less than 15
ft ( 4.57 m) above the adjoining ground level. " In
additior, the point of vent disch arge cannot be
closer than 20 ft (6.1 m) from building ventilation
openings, pedestrian walkwáys, building exits,
below-grade walkwáys, entrances (e.g. pits or
ramps) or courtyard areas íf a release of the entire
system charge into such a space would yield a CO,
concentration in excess of 40,000 pp-.
Sectio n 9 .7 .9 .3 .2 of ASHRAE 1,5 -2013
(Addendum a) requires the relief vent pipe to be
sized large enough to prevent the back pressure
on the relief device from exceeding the maximum
limit for the relief valve. The maximum allowable
back pressure for conventional pressure relief
valves is 15% of the valve's set pressure.
In most instances, the system designer will find
it prudent to mi nimize the use of atmospheric
relief valves and when their use is necessary,
mount them as shown in Figur e 6.6.2. CO, vapor
discharging from a relief valve is heavier than air.
Because of this, consideration should be given
to areas around the location of the relief valve
where CO, could settle and build to a dangerous
¡¡qf @
 Safety Valves in C0, Systems
Pressure
psi bar +31 "C [87.9 'F]

1450 100 Supercritical

Vapou r
50 ba r 1725 psil
Liquíd
Liquid Va pou r
35 bar [5OZ psi]
2O bar [290 ps¡]

Sol¡d - Liquid
Liquid - vapour
0% solid CO, at
145 78o/osolid CO, at the triple point
Solid the triple point
-56.6 "C [-Og.g "F]
-5.2bar-a 175.1 psi-al

Solid 5% solid CO, at

the triple poi nt

Vapour
-78.4 "C [-109.1 "F]
14.5 1

Enthalpy (J)
Flow in downstream lines from safety valves

concentratiotr, such as an enclosed courtyard or

roofs with parapet walls. Roof Penetrations
6.7 Piping: Charg¡ng Connections
CO, systems must be pre-pressurizedwith CO,
Dedicated Relief
vapor prior to injecting CO, liquid inro the system.
Pipe Mounted on
The reason for this is to ensure that the liquid CO,
Extended Connection
will not evaponate at a saturated pressure and
corresponding temperature below the mean design
metal temperature (MDMT).a pressure of 200 psig
(13 .7 Barg) corresponds to -20'F (-28.8'C). Liquid
Co, will solidify during chargirrg ar pressures below
the triple point of 60.4 psig (4.2 Barg).
For a field erected, stationary system it is
recommended that a permanent charging station is
situated within easy and close access to rhe delivery
tanker. This chargirg station can be located outside
of the machine room either exposed, enclosed in
a locked box, or just inside of a machine room
doorw ay for additional securiry.
The CO, vapor line should be connected ro
CO, VESSEL
the top of the vessel that will hold the bulk of
the CO, liquid. This will most likely be the CO,
recirculator vessel.

@¡¡qf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTR¡AL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 The CO, liquid line should also be connected
to the top of the same vessel. It should be
situated, directed or baffled is such a way as to
prevent liquid CO, entrainment into the main
CO, vapor outlet. The reason for top filling the
CO, liquid is to allow this line to eventually
evapo nate dry of liquid.
After chargirg, the lower portion of this
line will sweat while the residual CO, liquid
evaporates. For this reason, it is recommended
that stainless steel is used for the piping material
to resist corrosion.
Shortly after charging, when these chargirrg
lines ane devoid of liquid, there will be minimal
heat transfer due to the internal vapor. Therefore
it is only necessary to insulate the first 2 ft (0.6
m) of length leaving the vessel.
C0, Ch arging Station
co, REctRcuLAToR
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
The connection end of the chargirrg lines
should be terminated at an easy workirrg height
from the floor and securely anchored to the wall
to resist any pull from the chargirg hoses.
They shall be fitted with stop valves and purge
valves. The openings shall be suitably plugged.
The vapor line shall have a valved gauge with a
range from zeÍo pressure to at least the design
workirrg pressure of the system. An additional
gauge on the vessel receiving the charge can be a
good indicator of a clogged charging line.
Each line shall be cle arly labeled "Vapor" and
"Liquid. "
A safety warning sign should be posted that
reads "Refrigerant Grade (.10 PPM H,O) CO,
only" and "200 psig (13 .7 Barg) vapor pressure
must exist prior to chargirrg liquid CO,."
2\ rlr¡
I \
I t
I Co, I
t I
\
rtaorE
z-I
VAPOR LIOUID
co, CHARGtNG STATTON
¡¡qr.E
 Evaporators
INTRODUCTION
The process of selectirrg air cooling evaporators
to operate in a CO, refrigeration system is very
similar to selectirg evaporators for ammonia.
Evaporator manufacturers typically require the
same input data such as; capacit¡ temperatures
and physical characteristics for both refrigerants
and likewise display performance and selection
data in the same way.
To the uninitiated, the above may imply that
CO? evaporators and ammonia evaporators
aÍe interchangeable and essentially the same
animal. However, CO, evaporators af e very
different in a number of respects that aÍe
i*portant for refrigeration designers and
operating engineers to understand.
GENERAL
Most commonly used CO, liquid feed methods are:
o Pumped Liquid, and
o Direct Expansion
with
§7hi1e gravíq flooded feed is very effective
ammonia, it is not commonly used with CO, due to:
L. CO, liquid has a higher density than
ammonia. However, this higher density
liquid column is not sufficient to produce the
velocities required for a suitable mass flux
(density X velocity). This results in low boiling
heat transfer coefficients.
2. The higher pressure rating required for the
surge drum.
Ammonia evaporators aÍe satisfactorily
defrosted by air, water, or hot gas. Electric
defrost is not commonly used.
CO2, on the other hand, is commonly defrosted
by; ar\ water, and electric resistance heating.
However, hot gas defrosting is not as common
because of the high gas pressures required. Electric
defrost is very effective and is widely used with
CO, due to its simplicity and low first cost.
THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
Notwithstanding the many similarities in
evapo rator rating methods and construction,
however, the very different thermodynamic and
chemical characteristics of CO, compared to
ammonia require spec tal attention with regard to;
material compatibilit¡ pressure and heat transfer.
MATERIAL COM PATI BI LITY
Unlike ammonia, CO, can be used safely with
copper and copper-bearitg alloys. Actually, dty CO,
is quite inert and can be used with all commonly
used base metals; copp€r, carbon steel, stainless
steel, and alumirlum. Care must be taken to select
materials with sufficient strength to withstand the
higher MA§7P required for COr. This normally rules
out the use of aluminum with COr.
For many years, ammonia evaporators have
been made of carbon steel tubes and fins hot
'§7hi1e
dip galvantzed after fabrication. this type
of construction is corrosion resistant and has
sufficient strength to perform well in most ammonia
refrigeration systems, carbon steel is not an ideal
material to use with carbon dioxrde for rwo reasons:
t. Tubeside Corrosion. If there is any residual
water present in the piping or vessels of a carbon
dioxide system on startup, it can combine with
the carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid.
Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion when
exposed to even mildly acidic solutions.
2. Embrittlement at Low Temperatures.
Carbon steel is known to become brittle at
temperatures below about -20 "F (-28.9 "C)
and prone to fracture when subjected to
impact loadirrg even though the strength of the
metal increases as the temperature is reduced.
One of the advantages of CO, ir the improved
cycle efficiency (reduced power consumption)
at very low (blast freezing) temperatures where
carbon steel evaporators can be problematic
and therefore not recommended.
¡¡qrE,
 Aluminum is an excellent metal to use in
evaporators for several reasons (Nelson, 3 ) and so
is in wide use in industrial ammonia refrigeration
'\Mhile
systems. the yield and tensile strength of
this metal are sufficient to easily handle ammonia
pressures, they aÍe generally not high enough
to satisfy the higher design pressures needed
for carbon dioxide. Aluminum is therefore not
recommended for use with carbon dioxide.
Copper, unlike carbon steel, does not suffer
embrittlement at low temperatures. It resists
corrosion when exposed to mild acids and so can
stand exposure to low concentrations of catbonic
acid. Because of the possibility of exposure of
the brazed joints to carbonic acid, it is highly
recommended that copper tube evaporators be
brazed using a non-phosphorous bearing alloy
filler metal. The yield and tensile strengths of
coppe Í are high enough to reach required design
pressures for freezer temperatures, but in rooms
above about 0 oF (-17 .7 " C) the required design
pressures become higher than can be practically
met with copper tubes. Therefore, copper tube
construction is typically considered appropriate
for carbon dioxide evaporators installed in
rooms 0 "F (-17 .7 " C) and colder.
Stainless steel is an ideal tube material for use
in carbon dioxide evaporators because of its
high yield and tensile strength and corrosion
resistance. Also, like aluminum and copper,
stainless steel is not susceptible to embrittlement
even at extremely low (cryogenic) temperatures.
Summary:
o Both copper and stainless steel tubing and pipe
b) embrittlement at low temperatures (lower
than -20 oF (-28.9 "C)).
o Aluminum is not recommended for use in CO,
evaporators due to its lower yield and tensile
strength cha racteristics.
DESIGN WORKING PRESSURE
CO, design workit g pressures aÍe much higher
than for ammonia.
Figure 7 .1. compares the saturation pressures
for CO, and ammonia and illustrates the
significantly higher pressures (and consequently
higher material strength requirements) for COr.
ASFIRAE - 15 sets the minimum design
pressure for evaporators in Section 9.2. This
section of the stand ard also refers to the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Cod., Section VIII,
as the appropriate method of determining the
design (or 'workit g') pressure given evaporator
dimensions and materials of construction.
As discussed in Chapter 6, ASHRAE - 15
Section 9.2.6 describes the followit g minimum
design pressure requirements for COr:
"'When a refrigerating system utilizes carbon
dioxide (R-744) as a heat transfer fluid, the
minirnum design pressure for system components
shall comply with the followirg.
o 9 .2.6.1, In a circuit without a compressor, the
design pressure shall be at least 20% higher
Saturation Pressure
vs Temperature Comparison
Ammonia GO,

aÍe recommended for use in CO, evaporators Temperature Pressure Pressure

provided the diameters and wall thicknesses OF
"c psia bara psia bara
meet the required design pressures. -60 -51. 1 6 0.4 95 6.5
o '§7hen using copper, a non-phosphorous -40 -40.0 10 0.7 146 10.0
bearin g brazirg alloy is recommended to limit -20 -28.9 18 1.3 215 14.8
the risk of leaks caused by acidic conditions 0 -17.8 30 2.1 306 21.1
resultit g from the presence of carbonic acid. 20 -6.7 48 3.3 422 29.1
40 4.4 73 5.1 568 39.1
o Carbon steel is not recommended for use in 60 15.6 108 7.4 748 51.6
CO, evaporators due to a) susceptibility to 80 26.7 153 10.6 970 66.8
corrosion in the presence of carbonic acid, and

@¡¡qÍ THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 '§Torkirrg
than the saturation pressure corresponding to for commonly
Pressure (MA§7P)
the warmest location in the circuit. used commercial tube diametersfor the above-
o 9 .2.6.2 In a cascade refrigeratirg system, the recommended copper and stainless steel tubing
highside design pressure shall be at least 20% materials.
higher than the maximum pressure developed Applyit g the data from Figure 7 .2, which
by pressure-imposit g element, and the includes the Section 9.2.6 stipulated 20% factor,
^ to Figures 7 .3 and 7.4 provides the required
lowside pressure shall be at least 20% higher
than the saturation pressure corresponding to tubing wall thickness for the selected "warmest
the warmest location in the circuit. " location " temperature.
Figure 7.5 shows the tube wall thickness
In the case of an evaporator the phrase
needed to meet the requirements of Section 9.2.6
"warmest location in the circuit" would be either:
in a CO, evapo rator operating at various room
L. The room temperature in which the temperatures.
evapo raton will operate when the liquid Note that the minimum tube wall thicknesses
containing evapo rator is isolated from the shown in Figure 7 .5 are theoretical calcul ated
system suction. Example, a CO, evaporator values. In normal manufacturing practice, copper
in a cascade refrigeratirrg system is being tubing with wall thickness less than about 0.016"
designed to operate in a 0 "F (-17.7 "C) room. (0.4 mm) is difficult to produce and to handle.
From Figure 7 .L the saturation pressure §7ith stainless steel tubing the practi cal minimum
corresponding to 0 "F (-17 .7 " C) is 3 05 .7 psía wall thickness is around 0.020" (0.51 mm).
(21.0 bar). The minimum required design Note also that Figure 7.5 applies only to
pressure according to Sectio n 9 .2.6.2 would evapo rator tubes, not to headers or pipirrg
then be 305 .7 x I.2 = 366.8 psia = 352 psig connections. The evaporator manu facturer must also
(25 .3 bar). properly design coil headers and piping connections
2. The temperature equivalent of the prevailing accordirrg to ASME Section MII to have MA§7P
system pressure if the evapo ratof is not equal to or greater than the tubing MA'§7P.
isolated from the rest of the system for other §7hile lower temperatures may allow the use
than maintenance purposes. Example, a CO, of light wall tubing and relatively low design
evapo naton cools a process atea where the pressures during normal operation, the system
suction pressure/temperature is 568 psia (39.2 designer must remember that the design pressure
Bara) 40 oF (4.4 "C). The minimum required
design pressure according to Section 9 .2.6.2
would then be 568 x 1..2 = 681.6 psia = 666.9 M¡nimum Design
psig (47 bar). Pressure vs Temperature
Figure 7 .2 incorporates the 20% pressure C0, Evaporators
factor in the listed minimum design pressures.
Temperature Minimum Design Pressure
Knowirg the required minimum design pressure OF
"c psia PS¡g bara
from the above now allows us to determine the
-60 -51.1 113 99 7.9
wall thickness for the selected tubirrg diamerer -40 -40.0 175 160 12.1
according to the calculation method shown in the -20 -29.9 258 243 17.8
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section 0 -17.8 367 352 25.3
VI[. Material properties used in the calculations 20 -6.7 506 492 34.9
are taken from ASME Section II. 40 4.4 681 666 47.0
Figures 7.3 and 7.4 have been constructed 60 15.6 897 883 61.9
to show the calculated Maximum Allowable

¡¡qf @
must be selected to accommodate all potential Sumrnary
temperature/pressure conditions includirrg (but o CO, evaporators will operate at significantly
not limited to): higher pressures than ammonia for a given
a. Startup conditions ternperature.
b. Peak load operation o In the United States, ASHRAE Stan dard 15-
c. Abnormal loads (process temperature 201,0 Section 9.2.6 establishes design pressure
excursions ) requirements for CO? systems.
d. Standby conditions that occur frequently o Minimum recommended tube wall thicknesses
i. Power outages limited in time duration but aÍe shown in Figure 7.5, however, the
which may happen with some frequency evaporator manufacturer must insure that
ii. Shutdown during cleanup all pressure bearing components in the coil,

MAWP vs Tube Wall Thickness ASME Boiler

and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec VIll
Tube Wall Thickness, mm

10
1600 110.3
O)
a
o 1400 96.5
-i.
o-
= 1200 82.7
=
q)

CJ)
1000 68.e 3
CJ)
(¡)
-o
o-
C:') 800 55'1 g/g., D¡a
L

=o 41.3
- 112" Dla
600
=o) - ' 5/8" Dia
-o
(s
400 27.6
o
=
x
(§ 200 13.8

=
0 0

0.01 0.025 0.03 0.035

Tube Wall Thickness, inches

MAWP vs Tube Wall Thickness ASME Boiler

and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec Vlll
Tube Wall Thickness, mm

0.25 038 0.50 0.76 10

2000 137.8

o)
'-a 1800 124.0
o-
j

L--:
o- 1600 110.3
=
96.5
=(¡) 1400
ct)
=
(/)
(/) 1200
t-'-
82.7 oE
o) ---F

o- 68.9
o)
q

=o
1000

800
V 55,1
--- 5/g' Dle
Dtt
41.3 --TB,
¿tá
=
q)
600
I
1'Dla
-o
(§

=
o 400 27.6
i--

><
(§ 200 13.8
=
0 0

001 0.025 0.03 0.035

Tube Wall Thickness, inches

@¡¡qf
 Minimum Tube Wall Thickness vs Room Temperature
C0, Evaporators ASHBAE Standard 15-2010
C0, Evaporatorc
Room Temperature Minimum Tube Wall Thickness, in (mm)
SB-75 Cu Tube Diameter SA-249 304 SS Tube Diameter
"F
oc
3/8' (9.5) uz' {.12.71 5/8' (15.9) 5/8', (15.9) 7lü' 12.21 1" l?5,.4l
-60 -51.1 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254
-40 -40.0 0.010 0.254 0.011 0.278 0.013 0.330 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254
-20 -29.9 0.012 0.305 0.015 0.381 0.018 0.457 0.010 0.254 0.010 0.254 0.012 0.305
0 -17.8 0.016 0.406 0.020 0.508 0.025 0.635 0.011 0.278 0.01 5 0.381 0.017 0.432
20 -6.7 0.022 0.559 0.028 0.711 0.034 0.864 0.01 5 0.381 0.021 0.533 0.024 0.610
40 4.4 0.027 0.686 0.035 0.889 0.043 1.092 0.020 0.508 0.027 0.686 0.032 0.813
60 15.6 0.036 0,914 0.046 1.168 NR 0.026 0.660 0.036 0.914 0.041 1.041

including headers and pipe connections ) ate
designed correctly.
o The temperature
to establish design
used
pressure must be carefully selected to account
for conditions which include (but ane not
necessarily limited to) those shown below:
i. Startup conditions
ii. Peak load operation
iii. Abnormal loads (process temperature
excursions )
iv. Standby conditions that occur frequently
a. Power outages limited in time
duration but which may happen with
some frequency
b. Shutdown during cleanup
HEAT TRANSFER
Thermodynamic and transport properties ane very
different for CO, comp ared to ammonia and result
in very different evaporator circuit ng arrangements
to achieve equivalent coolin g capacity.
The driving potential for heat transfer in an
air cooling evapo rator is the mean temperature
difference between the ak and the boiling
refrigerant. Frictional pressure drop on the
tubeside of the evaporator reduces the mean
temperature difference and therefore the cooling
capacity of the evapo natoÍ. This coupling of fluid
flow (frictional pressure drop) and heat transfer
is unique to evaporators. As refrigerant mass flux
increases ; a) the heat transfer coefficient increases
which increases cooling capacity, but b) pressure
drop also increases which reduces cooling
capacity. Evaporator manufacturers optim ize this
balance of heat transfer with pressure drop by
adjusting the number of feeds and passes for a
given coil geometry and operating conditions.
Boiling heat transfer in tubes has been studied
for several decades with continual improvement
to correlations and accu facy of the predictions.
The convective boiling heat transfer coefficient
is a strong function of refrigerant mass flux (also
called mass velocity), viscosity, and the ratio of
liquid to vapor densities. It is a weaker function
of thermal conductivity and specific heat.
The combination of these properties actually
favor ammonia, which produces significantly
higher (200% to 300 %) boiling heat transfer
coefficients when compared to CO, at the same
mass flux.
However, the CO, vapor pressure curve has a
much steeper slope compared to that for ammonia
shown in Figure 7.6. This relatively steep slope
(AP/AT) means that CO, evapo rator circuiting
can be designed for higher mass flux without
the associated pressure drop pen alty seen with
ammonia. The higher design mass flux with CO,
offsets the lower boiling heat transfer coefficient
compared to ammonia and results in evapo ratot
performance that is very nearly equivalent.

THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qrE

 Saturation Pressure vs Temperature
rCarbon
Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Dioxide

Termperature oC -Ammonla
BAR
-51.1 -45.5 -40.0 -34 4 -28.8 -23.3 -17.8 -1.1 4.4
600 41.3

500 7 34.5

400
.J 27.6
(§ (ú
L
'-a (§
o -o
(¡) o
L

l 300 20.7 :l
a a
a a
q)
o
L L

0- o-
--1
200
¿ 13.8

100 6.8
--- a

0 0
-10
oF
Termperature

As explained earlier, this higher allowable

APIAT vs Saturation pressure drop with CO, means that evapo raton
Temperature circuiting can be arranged for fewer feeds and
Ammonia C0,
more passes (longer circuit length) comp arcd
to ammonia. Again, when designed properly
Temperature AP/AT AP/AT by the manufacturer, similar sized evaporators
"F
oc psi/ "F kPa/'C psi/'F kPa/'C will produce cooling capacity with CO, that is
-60 -51.1 0.184 2.3 2.157 26.8 equivalent to ammonia.
-40 -40.0 0.309 3.8 2.980 37.0
-20 -28.9 0.489 6.1 3.973 49.3 Summary
o CO, evaporators should be designed for higher
0 -17.8 0.735 9.1 5.143 63.9
1.059 mass flux and pressure drops than ammonia
20 -6.7 13. 1 6.510 g0.g
40 4.4 1.470 18.2 8.100 100.5 evaporators due to the much larger (AP/AT)
characteristic of COr. This appears as longer
circuit lengths for CO, compared to ammonia.
The slope of the vapor pressure curve rn o If circuited properly, an ev aporator operated
Figure 7.6 has been tabulated in Figure 7.7
with CO, will have equivalent cooling
and illustrates the difference between pressure
capacity to an evaporator of the same overall
drops seen in ammonia versus CO, evaporators.
dimensions operated with ammonia. i.e. CO,
Typi.ally evapo f atof manufacturers will design
does not penal rze performance in evaporators
evapo f ator circuiting to limit tubeside pressure
cornpared to ammonia.
drop to a value corresponding to approximately
1.8 "R (1.0 K) change in evaporating EFFECTS OF LUBRICANTS IN EVAPORATORS
temperature. Using the slope of the vapor Industrial CO, refrigeration systems that use
pressure curve (AP/AT) shown in Figure 7.7, at immiscible lubricants such as PAO or PAG
-20 oF (-28.9 'C) saturated suction temperature, (parti ally miscible) for compressor lubrication
a 1.8 oR (1.0 K) change in evaporating require it to be effectively removed from the
temperature corresponds to a pressure drop of CO, discharge gas in the lubricant separator.
1.8 x 0.489 = 0.88 psi (0.06 bar) for ammonia, However, some amount of lubricant is likely
and 1.8 x 3.973 = 7.1.5 psi (0.49 bar) for COr. to reach evaporators and coat internal tube

E¡iqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

surfaces. The effect of this coating can be
quantified in the form of a foulin g factor, which
is added to the overall resistance to heat trafisfer
of the evapo rator surface. Figure 7 .8 shows
the calculated foulin g factor for increasing
lubricating film thickness in evaporator tubes.
OPTIMUM OVERFEED RATE FOR PUMPED CO,
Reducing the overfeed rate in pumped refrigerant
systems is desirable because pumping power
will be reduced by the cube of the ratio of the
reduction in flow rate. As the liquid overfeed
nate is reduced, however, the risk of operating

If the system uses a POE lubricant which is
miscible with CO2, the effect is the same but
somewhat diminished by the miscibility of the
CO, continually absorbing the lubricant and
transporting it out of the evapo rator
Figure 7 .9 translates this foulin g factor into an
expected reduction in cooling capacity for a CO,
evapo rator operated with increasing lubric ant film
thickness. For example, a CO z evaporator design
to ope rate oil-free will have its cooling capacity
reduced by a factor of 0.87 (a 13% reduction)
when the internal tube surfaces ate coated with an
lubricant film 0.002" (0.051 mm) thick.
Summary
o If immiscible compressor lubricant is
allowed to coat internal tube surfaces in CO,
evaporators, coolirrg capacity will be reduced.
o Miscible lubricant will accumulate less of a film
due to mixing with CO,
o Installation of a high efficiency lubricant
separator to mi nimize the amount of lubricant
reachirrg evaporators is recommended.
evaporators with the refrigerant in stra tifredl
wavy flow pattern increases. The cooling
capacity of the evaporator falls off dram atically
when this occurs because the inside of the tube
'§7ith
is not fully wetted. CO, i, an evaporator
having 518" (16 mm) tubes, á minimum mass
flux of 1 47,500 lb/ftz-hr (200 kg/m2-s) is required
to avoid stratifi edlwavy flow.
To avoid separated flow in pumped ammonia
evaporators, recommended overfeed rates are
typically 3:1 for coolers and 4:1 for freezers.
The thermodynamic properties of CO , drffer
significantly from ammonia:
a) Latent heat of vap orization is much lower
resultirrg in higher mass flow rates for a given
cooling capacity.
b) The ratio of liquid to vapor density is much
lower which results in lower void fracttons
(less tube volume occupied by vapor).
c) Higher mass flux for reasons explained above
(see Heat Transfer section of this chapter).
These characteristics allow pumped CO,
evaporators to be designed for lower overfeed

lnside Fouling Factor vs Lubricant Film Thickness

Oil Film Thickness, mm
0.10
0,006 10.5
t
o
I

f
P F
g] 0,005 8.80
c x
(I B
N J
0,004 7.04 N
L
E
o I

o
(§
L.
o
+,
LL
5.28 o
(,) G
.g ¡r
g,
=
lro .E
3.52 f
(l)
E
'a lro
C o
176 p
o
s

0.001 0.004 0.005

Oil Film Thickness, inches

¡iqr@
 Capacity Reduction vs Lubricant Film Thickness CO,
oF oF
Evaporator, -20 SST, -10 Air 0n
Oil Film Thickness, mm
0.013 0.025 0.038 0.05 0.063 0.089
1

0.95

o
{=
(ú
É.
C 0.9
.9
(J
l
oo)
É.
.= 0.85
O
(§
o-
(§
C)

0.E

0.75
0 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0 0025 0 003 0 0035
m Th rckness nches

rates compared to ammonia. Recommended a) Air

overfeed rates for pumped CO, evaporators are
1.5:L for coolers and 2:1 for freezers.
Summary
o Pumped CO, systems can be successfully
operated with lower overfe ed rutes com pared
to ammonia.
o Recommended overfeed rates for pumped CO,
evaporators aÍe 1.5:L for coolers and 2:1 for
freezers.
DIRECT EXPANSION WITH CO2
CO, evaporators can be operated with direct
expansion feed. Care must be taken by the
evapo rator manufacturer to circuit the coil
in such a way that the refrigerant mass flux
is kept above 147,500 lb/ft2-hr (200 kg/m2-
s) in order to avoid stratifi edlwavy flow. This
becomes challenging with larger diameter
tubes (greater than 5/8" (16 mm)). At very low
temperatures, enhanced tubes (microfin copper)
are recommended as a way to mitigate separated
flow patterns and improve performance.
b) §7ater
c) Electric Resistance
Control valve groups for these methods of
defros t are very simple and low cost.
Hot gas defrost for CO, evaporators is not
as cornmon due to the relative complexity
and added expense. In a cascade system, the
intermediate CO, temperature/pressure is
normally too low to allow the CO, from that
circuit to be used for defrost. This then requires
a separate high pressure (capable of 50 bar)
CO, vapor source with sufficient capacity to be
installed expressly for purposes of providing hot
gas for defrost. CO? vapo r at sufficient pressure
for defrost may be generated by high pressure
^
compressor, or a booster pump and a heat-driven
boiler vessel, typically heated by discharge gas
from the high side of the cascade system.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. ASHRAE Standard 15-2013. "Safety Standard for Befrigeration Systems".
American Society of Heating Befrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Atlanta, GA

2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section Vlll. American Society
DEFROST of Mechanical Engineers. New York, NY
CO, evaporators are commonly defrosted using 3. Nelson, BL nlz "Comparing Ammonia Evaporator Consl¡uction: "Which one

the followirrg methods: is best?" Technical Bulletin. Colmac Coil Manufacturing, lnc. Colville, WA.

E¡¡CI THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRlAL REFRIGERAT¡ON HANDBOOK

8.1 Compressors The primary difference is the pressu re rating of
Compressors used in CO, duty af e generally one the compressor housing which must be suitable
of three types: for at least 600 psi (40 bar) in subcritical systems
t. Lubricant Free Reciprocating Compressors and up to 2300 psi (160 bar) in transcritical
systems. In addition, while the pressure envelope
2. Lubricated Reciprocating Compressors
is much higher for CO,, the compression ratio
3. Lubricant Flooded Screw Compressors
is much lower. However, the large pressure
OIL FREE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS difference between the crank case and the top of
Oil free reciprocating compressors are typically the piston during the latter paft of the discharge
designed with a cylinder seal on the piston rod(s) stroke results in connecting rod and associated
that separates a lubricated crankshaft cavity from bearing loads that aÍe much greater than for
the piston/compressio n afea of the compressor. other refrigerants.
This is typically accomplished by an intermediate The piston/cylinder head clearance volume in a
piston rod that does not articulate, but rather, reciprocating compressor is also critical, as this
only moves in a line ar direction perpendicular to volume re-expands during the start of the intake
the piston face. The cross head or lower piston stroke delaying the flow of suction gas into the
rod guide translates the articulating action of the compressor. This creates an advantage with
connecting rod to the piston rod. See Figure 8. 1-.l- . CO, ás the compression ratio is generally lower
Because of the extra complexity of the resultirrg in proportionally less re-expansion.
compressor as well as the lower piston speed
mandated by , non-lubricated cylinder wall, a
lubricant free compressor of any given capaciry is 0¡l Free Reciprocating
more expensive than a fully lubricated compressor
Compressor
of equivalent capaciry. In addition maintenance
costs ane typically higher than for both lubricated
reciprocating and screw compressors.
However, lubricant free compression may be
the best option for continuous production drry
or situations where the removal of compressor
lubric ant from the evaporator circuits is necess arlly
infrequent or a means to do so is unavailable.
An lubricant free lowside may also be
accomplished designing a volatile brine system as
outlined in Chapter 5 .2. However, at evaporatirg
temperatures approaching the triple point,
--'*---*
CO, compressors will require significantly less
volumetric capaciry than ammonia compressors.
This reduction in compressor size will help to offset
the higher price of lubricant free compressor(s). CRATü(CáSE

LUBRICATED RECI PROCATI NG COMPRESSORS

Lubricated reciprocating compressors for
CO, are variants of traditional refrigeration
duty compressors.

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qf E

 Finall¡ CO, vapor density is grearer than
ammonia vapor density and the resultirg
pressure drop through the valve plates is gre ater.
Consequentl¡ the valve assembly should be less
restrictive (i.e.: incorporate a larger free-flow
afea) for efficient operatron.
Figure 8.L.2 s ows a comparison of CO, to
ammonia as it affects reciprocating compressors.
The example is based upon 100 tons of load in
a cascade application with a -45 "F (-42.8'C)
saturated suction temperature and a +30 "F (-1.1
'C) saturated discharge temperature.
A review of the data and the rarios in the
right hand column will augment the commenrs
above. The vapor density for CO, is 4 2X grearer
through the suction valves and 27X greater in the
discharge valves than for ammonia.
However, the volumetric flow rate is only 12%
of that required for ammonia which results in a
much smaller compressor. The CO, compression
ratio is roughly half of that for ammo nia, while
for CO, the pressure difference between discharge
and suction is nearly 360 psi or 7X the bearing
load as ammonia. Accordingly, a CO, compressor
must be specifically designed for the applicarion ro
provide an efficient and long lifespan.
One additional and useful feature for
a reciprocating compressor applied to a
transcritical CO, cycle is the ability to segmenr
one of the cylinders to a sepa rate suction level
from the main suction. For a transcritical system
that cylinder could compress the flash gas leaving
the controlled pressure receiver.

100 Ton (3+l kW) System Comp ar¡son

-45 oF to 30 oF (-42 8 oC to -1 'C)
GO, Ammonia Ratio
Capacity tons 100 100 co/NH3
oF
Sat. Suction,Temp -45 -45
P ress u re ps ia 131.34 8.95
Enthalpy, liquid Btu/lb -2.4 -5.3

Suction Data Enthalpy, vapor Btu/lb 138.44 595.6

Density, Iiquid Ib/ft3 70.372 43.28
Specific Volume ft3/lb 0.679 28.62
Density, vdpor Ib/ft3 1.47 0.03 42.15

Sat. Discha rge, Tem p "F 30 30

P ress u re ps ia 490.77 59.74
Enthalpy, !iquid Btu/lb 36.309 75.7
Enthalpy, vapor Btu/lb 137.07 620.5
Discharge Data Density Ib/ft3 58.31 39.96
Specific Volume ft3/lb 0.1 6993 4.825
Est. Discha rge, Tem p oF
118 185
Specific Vo lu me ft3/tb 0.245 6.63
Density, vapor lb/ft3 4.08 0.15 27.06

Mass Flow lb/m in 195.8 38.5 5.09

Volume flow, in ft3/min 133.0 1101.0 0.12
Volume flow, out ft3/min 48.0 255.0
Summary Volume ratio, S/D 2.77 4.32 0.64
Compression Ratio 3.74 6.67 0.56
Press u re d iffe re n ce pst 359.4 50.8 7.08

E¡iqf
 All of the reciprocatin manu facturers surveyed
during prep aration of this Handbook allow the
use of variable speed drives on their compressors
subject to minimum and maximum RPM limits.
Considering the substantial CO, compression
loads, keeping all cylinders active an reducirg
the speed may result in smoother operation than
unloading cylinders. Additionally, a vaiable speed
drive will provide smoother capacity modulation
than the finite steps of cylinder unloading.
OIL FLOODED SCREW COMPRESSORS
Stand ard lubricant flooded twin screw
compressors used in the ammonia indus try have
been successfully applied in the commercial CO
production industry since the 1980's, subject
to havirg an adequate D'§7P for the specific
application. The most notable change is the rype
of lubricating oil.
The required internal volume ratio for CO, is
well within the typícal 2.0 to 5.0 range available
on fwin screw compressors and therefore requiring
little or no change to the compressor i ternal
geometry. The high discharge pressure of CO,
will place more load on the thrust bearings and
I or balance piston(s) as it is significantly grearer
than the suctron pressure exerting a counter force
on the suction end of the rotors. Small diameter
screw compressor rotors have a proportionally
larger "blow hole" or unsealed passage from the
discharge end to the suction end of the rorors
relative to the total compressor displacement.
Although this is somewhat reduced due ro
denser CO, vapor, it still reduces the efficiency of
smaller screw compressors in CO, refrigeration
duty. The discharge to suction press re
difference also exerts its lf from the caprure
and compression point ithin the rotors to
the outside of the rotors. This outward force
tends to load the radtal bearings and bow the
rotors along their rotating axis. For this reason,
relatively large diameter rorors with a low length
to diameter ratio (L/D) are recommended for
Co, duty. Consequently the internal clearances
in a CO, compressor are extremely important
from both a design and manufacturirrg quality
assurance standpoint.
Figure 8.1.3 from Mr. Ioe Pillis' IIAR 2009
technical paper shows the relative efficiencies
of one bráná of screw and two brands of
reciprocating compressors at various suction
pressures. It exemplifies the need to select
optimum equipment on a case by case basis for
each system design.
As of January 2014, atleast one manufacturer
of screw compressors is offering some high
pressure CO, designs for up to 913.5 psi (63 bar).
OIL SEPARATION
Unless volatile brine or lubricant free
reciprocating compressors are used in the
system, effective lubricant separation from the
compressor discharge vapor ho* stream is
vital. The industrial refrigerarion indusrry has
had great success with lubricant separators that
use impingement, velocity change and gravity
settling followed by coalescing elemenrs. They
effectively remove all but 5-10 PPM of lubricant
from the compressor discharge stream and are
applicable to both CO, screw and reciprocaring
compressors and typically adequate when usin g a
soluble lubricant.
If the lubricant cafry-over requirements are
more stringent andlor the lubricant is non-
miscible then an additional lubricant separaror
capable of separation down to < L PPM carryover
located downstream of the stand ard unit would
be necess ary. Units avallable from suppliers
to the process industry can readily achieve
separation down to 0.1 to 0.5 PPM maximum
lubricant carryover in COr.
Chapter 8.1 .1
Compressor Lubricants
All rotating machinery requires lubricarion for
the bearings and refined hydrocarbon oils have
traditionally been used in industrial refrigeration
'§7hen
machinery. the lubricant comes in contact
with CO, the resultirrg properties due to blendirg
may be insufficient for the required application.
Accordingl¡ syntheric lubricanrs with highly
engineered additive blends have become rhe
lubricants of choice for CO, refrigerarion
systems. The most successful of these lubricants
are described below.
POLYOLESTER LUBRTCANTS (POE)
POE lubricants are synthesized from esrer
chemistry with various alcohols, acids and other
additives to obtain the required properties.
§7hile POE lubricants have been in use for
halocarbon refrigerants for a number of years the
PoE lubricants used in CO, compressors require
additional considerations. The solubility of CO,
in POE lubricants thins the lubricanr and reducés
i¡qf tE
its viscosity. Additionall¡ CO, compressors have
much higher bearing loads, so the lubricant must
be engineered to withstand these increased loads.
In light of the previous par agraph, the ISO
viscosity of the lubricant as well as the rype must be
in accordance with the compressor manufacturer's
recommendation for each system design. This will
ensure that the appropriate additives are included
for CO, drty in addition to a sufficient viscosity
throughout the operating range.
POE lubricants are extremely hygroscopic.
If a container is left open it will immediately
absorb water vapor from the ambient air. Open
container tests have shown that POE lubricant
in contact with 68 oF (20 "C) 60% RH ambient
air will rise from 30 PPM of water to 600 PPM
in 72 hours. As noted in Chapter 6.5 - '§7ater
Management, free water is extre ely corrosive to
the inside of a CO, system.
Opened containers of POE lubricant are one of
many potential sources of water contamination
in CO, systems. It is desirable to purchase POE
lubricant for compressor replenishing in as small
a container as will be used in one addition of
lubricant to the compressor. If any lubricant is left
over in an opened container, it should be removed
from the machinery room and disposed of properly.
Traditional POE Lubricants ane generally
miscible with CO, ir concentratio s up to
30% POE at temperatures below 32 "F (0 'C).
Hecip. Vs. Screw Eff¡ciency on C0,
85
Evap temp ("F)
laiiqf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL BEFR!GERATION HANDBOOK
However, when POE lubricants aÍe blended
with high molecular weight components, the
miscibiliry characteristics may be altered. Once the
compressor manufacturer's recommended lubricant
is determined, solubiliry and densiry curves from
the lubricant manufacturer must be obtained to
properly design the lubricant management system
per Section 6.4 - lubricant Management.
§7hi1e POE lubricants may be miscible in CO2,
excess lubricant in the low side of the system will
degrade evaporator heat transfer performance.
The lubricant caffyover from the compressor(s)
should be therefore be mi nímized and all
compressors on industrial CO, refrigeration
systems that utilize recirculated or flooded
evaporators should be fitted with efficient
coalescing style lubricant separators.
A word of caution - POE lubricants aÍe NOT
compatible with ammonia systems. The POE
lubricant will react with ammonia and form solids.
Should POE lubricant be used in the CO, portion
of a CO, / NH. cascade system; extreme care must
be exercised to ensure that POE lubricant is not
introduced into the ammonia portion.
PoLYALPHAOLEFT N LUBRTCANTS (PAO)
PAO lubricants differ from POE lubricants in
their chemical make-up. They afe derived from
a completely saturated synthetic hydrocarbon.
The rnost notable difference to the system
design engineer is that PAO lubricants aÍe
-30 -20 -10
immiscible with CO, but they retain excellent
low temperature pour point characteristics. In
addition they tend mig rate out of suspension in
flooded evaporators of all types and progressively
foul the heat transfer surfaces.
These characteristics necessitate non-trivial
features in the CO, liquid supply side of the
system to handle an insoluble lubricant that is
lighter than CO, liquid. Therefore consideration
should be given to additional lubricant
separation technology downstream of the
stand ard separation system packaged with the
compressor to reduce lubricant canry over to well
below 1 PPM and thereby miti gate the system-
side lubric ant management task.
In systems incorporating finned coil
evaporator(s) there is also merit in considering
hot gas defrosting to periodically warm and
sweep any residual PAO lubricant from the heat
transfer sur face.
PAO lubricants are compatible with ammonia.
Therefore, they may deserve consideration for use
in all portions of a COTNH" cascade system to
avoid the downtime risks of a lubricant mix-up.
POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL LUBRT CANTS (pAG)
Polyalkylene glycol PAG lubricants afe also
suitable for pantially miscible use in CO,
systems. However, none of the IIAR CO, 201,3
compressor survey respondents listed PAG as a
recommended lubricant.
OIL FREE RECIPROCAT¡NG COMPRESSORS
Oil free reciprocating compressors, while not
completely devoid of lubricant, keep the lubricant
separated from the CO, being compressed.
Therefore, the lubrication requirements are not
influenced by the presence of CO, in either the liquid
or vapor form. There ane no system effects from
the lubricant. The lubricant should be sol.ll per the
recommendations of the compressor manufacturer.
LUBRICATED RECI PROCATI NG COMPRESSORS
Traditional refrigeration d,rry reciprocating
compressors typic ally splash lubricant on the
cylinder walls for piston ring lubrication in addition
to the pumped supply to the bearings. Some of the
cylinder wall lubrication will bypass the piston
rings and leave the compressor with the discharge
vapor. Most reciprocating compressor designs draw
the incomirrg CO, vapor through the compressor
crankcase en route to the suction valve. This CO,
vapor / lubricant interface provides an opportunify
for the CO, to permeate or dissolve into the
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
lubricant which can affect the physical properties,
such as viscosiry, of the lubricant.
Reciprocating compressors are the primary type
used in transcritical designs. However, supercritical
CO, is an excellent solvent and the lubricant must be
engineered to deter the effects of excessive dilution.
The compressor manufacturer should therefore be
made aware of any transcritical operation when the
lubricant specification is requested.
An informal IIAR survey of CO, reciprocating
compressor manufacturers in 201,4 determined
that polyolester (POE) is the lubricant of choice
for reciprocating compressors.
OIL FLOODED SCREW COMPRESSORS
Oil flooded screw compressor manufacturers
also recommend POE lubricants and all of the
above guidelines for POE use in lubricated
reciprocating compressors applies equally to
screw compressors.
PAO lubricants ate recommended in addition to
POE by some screw compressor manufacturers.
It should be also noted that PAO lubricants
have been successfully used in lubricant flooded
twin rotor screw compressors applied in the
commercial CO, production systems operating
under subcritical conditions or many years.
REFERENCES
l. Fuchs lndustrial Befrigeration lubricant Guide 2010/2011,
http ://www.f uch s- e u ro p e
2. Field And Laboratory Evaluations of Lubricants for C0rBefrigeration,2002
Purdue University, lnt'l Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference A
summary of lab, field and hench tests of various lubrication chemistries.
http://d o cs, I i b, p u rd u e. e d u
3. A Comparative Study of Traditional and Non-traditional POE lubricants
for C0rApplications, 2010 Purdue University, lnt'l Befrigeration and Air
Conditioning Conference A comparison of miscibility, viscosity and
fri ctional property for vari ous POE bl ends. httpil¿ ocs.l i b.pu rdu e. ed u
8,2 Refrigerant Pumps
Recirculated feed CO, evaporators requir e a
liquid pump that is applied and operated in a
manner similar to ammonia recirculation pumps.
Liquid CO, is 45 to 60 "A more dense than
ammonia in the temperature range of -40 "F (-40
"C) up to 32 "F (0 "C). However, the volume of the
flashed CO2 vapor due to cavitation ranges from
2.4 to 3 .5o/o of the equivalent ammonia volume.
'§7hen
adjusted for the equal heat absorption,
the vapor volume comparison rises to 10.5 to
19%. This is still considerably less cavitation
vapor volume for CO, relative to ammonia.
§7hile the cavitation volume may be less,
the pressure temperature relationship of CO,
¡¡qf lE
provides for very little subcooling effect due
to the pressure increase attributable to the
submergence of the pump eye below the vessel oR
Subcooling, per feet of Static Head
liquid level. This is tabulanzed in Figure 8.2.1,.
Net positive suction head (NPSH) is a criti cal, G0, Temperature, "F
design aspect of any saturated fluid pumpirg Head, ft -50 -25 0 25
system. Because the subcooling due to static 1 0.19 0.1 3 0.12 0.11
head is minimal , a detailed analysis of the head
2 0.39 0.25 0.24 0.22
avallable less the suction piping losses must be
comp ared with the pump requirements along 4 0.77 0.51 0.48 0.44
with an appropriate safety factor. 0.66
6 1.1 6 0.76 0.73
Centrifugal pumps have become the most
common type of recirculating pump for CO, 8 1.55 1.01 0.69 0.88
refrigeration systems. Further to that, most 10 1.93 1.27 1.21 0.60
pumps aÍe direct driven by close coupled,
hermetically sealed, liquid cooled motors. This
design eliminates the shaft seal and is more Subcooling, K per meter 0f Static Head
conducive to a higher pressure housing design G0, Temperature, "G
which is required for COr.
Head, m -¿15.6 -31.1 -11.8 -3.9
The CO, fluid properties noted above allow a
0.30 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.06
centrifugal CO, pump to develop proportionately
more differential head, of course with a 0.61 0.21 0.14 0.1 3 0.12
corresponding increase in power consumption. 1.22 0.43 0.28 0.27 0.24
To service a CO, pump, the trapped liquid
between the service isolation valves must be 1.83 0.64 0.42 0.40 0.37
removed. It is recommended that a valved 2.44 0.86 0.56 0.38 0.49
connection at the low point (drain) of the pump
3.05 1.07 0.70 0.67 0.33
body be piped to the vapor space in the vessel
that the pump draws from. This line will aid in
the removal of liquid prior to opening up the
pump to atmosphere where any residual liquid eccentric reducer oriented flat on top to avoid
will solidify at -109 "F (-78.3 oC). the formation of a vapor pocket.
During system design it is important to o Provide a pressure regulating valve to relieve
specify a pump that has a housing D§7P with a the trapped space between the pump discharge
coincident temperature rating equal to or greater check valve and service shut off valve.
than the D§7P of that portion of the system
o Minimize rapid system pressure fluctuations
within which it is to be applied.
As with ammonia, the followirrg application through proper feed valve and suction pressure
guidelines apply: control desigrr, tuning and operation.
o Ensure sufficient NPSH with an appropriate 8.3 Gas Transfer Systems
safety factor. (Pumper Drums)
o Design a straight pipirg approach into the The high side pressures in a CO , refrigeration
pump(s). system aÍe often in excess of 500 psig (34.5
Barg). Using this high pressure vap of as a driver
o Minimize the length of horizontal suction pipirrg.
to push low temperature, below -20 "F (-28.9
o Design the suction piping velocity < 1.0 ftlsec 'C), liquid CO, to other parts of the system is a
(0.3 m/s). potentially dangerous combination of low metal
o Use an angle or high Cv globe service shut
temperature and high pressure.
off For this reason, gas transfer systems ate
valve in the pump suction piping.
NOT recommended for use in CO, industrial
o If a reducer is required at the pump inlet use an refrigeration systems.

Etr¡¡qf THE GARBON DIOX¡DE INDUSTRIAL BEFBIGERAT!ON HANOBOOI(

CHAPTER NINE
IolldEllsErs
Subcritical CO, s stems require a condenser,
which removes heat from CO, vapor allowirg it to
liquefy. The heat removal phase of a tnanscritical
cycle is called gas cooling and is addressed in the
followirrg chapter 10 Gas Coolers.
In a few instances the avallable ambient heat
sink may be cold enough to condense CO, and
stay below the critical point of 1.070 psia (73.8
Baral7360 kPa), which occurs at 87.8 oF (31
"C). Consider an example of a water cooled
condenser with a 10'R (5 K) rise and a 5 "R
(2.8 K) approach temperature plus a 10% safety
margin; it will r quire a maximum supply water
temperature of 64 oF (17 .8'C) to condense CO,
at 79 oF (26.1, oC).
This geographically limits where single stage
condensing cycles may be operated. If the coil bundle
of an evaporative or air cooled condenser was robust
enough for these high pressures, the prevailing
maximum wet bulb or dry bulb temperatures would
have to be below approximately 64 "F (17.8'C) as
well. See Figure 9.L.
The more common method of subcritical
condensing is with a cascade condenser that
transfers the CO, heat into a sepa rate refrigeration
cycle. The higher temperature refrigeration cycle
referred to in this handbook is an ammonla
cycle, although it could utilize halocarbon or
hydrocarbon refrigerants. See Figure 9.2 and 9 .3.
The CO, inlet to a casc ade condenser is
generally one of two states; satu rated if the CO,
vapors are rising from a separation vessel in a
volatile CO, brine system, or superheated if CO.
compressors ane present. The heat distribution
of the superheated and latent components of the
cascade condensen capacity is approximately 18-
25% superheat and 7 5-82% latent heat.
Therefore, for the same net evaporative system
capacity, the presence of CO, compressors will
requir e a larger cascade condenser.
CONDENSER SIZING
The heat transfer requirement of a condenser or
cascade condenser is either; the net refrigeration
capacity plus any pump heat, ambient heat gain
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
and safety factor for a volatile brine system, or
all of the above plus the heat of compressron
if CO2 compressor(s) are present. The CO,
compressor(s) lubricant cooling load may be
deducted if its heat is rejected elsewhere, such as
a glycol or thermosiphon system.
The manufacturer of the cascade heat
exchanger will require the saturated CO,
condensing temperature, the incomirrg CO, vapor
temperature, the saturated ammonia evaporating
temperature and the quantity of heat exchanged
to do a thermal design. The mechanical design will
require the CO, and ammonia design pressures
and temperatures. Consideration should be given
to a foulin g factor allowance due to lubricant on
both sides of the heat exchanger.
Choosing the temperature difference across the
cascade heat exchanger is a decision made with
many variables such as first cost, energy cost,
equipment sizing etc. It is recommended to start
with a 7 "R (3.8 K) temperature difference and
determine if a 2 oR (1 K) movement either way
will result in a significant energy cost change or
a change in equipment frame size of either the
compressor(s) or heat exchanger.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS SAMPLE
Assume that the CO, condensing temperature
is held constant and the mmon ia evaporatirg
temperature is the variable. A lower ammonia
temperature reflects a smaller, lower cost heat
exchanger and higher energy costs. A higher
ammonia te perature is the revers e , a larger,
higher cost heat exchanger and lower energy
requirements.
The speci c power consumption for an
econo mized ammonia s stem operating at -20
oF is 1.63 k'§7/Ton. Assume 365 dayl
"F195
yean contin ous operation. FIowever, there are
significant periods of part load operation which
is determined from an annual load profile and
need to be accounted for. The current electrical
coats af e 0.07 $/k§fh.
The above shows that there is an energy savlngs
potential of approximately $ 1.1.7 5 fTon-F-yr.
¡qr.E
 '!

87.8 oF (st "c)

79.0 oF
126.1 "C)
5.0 0R
l2.g r)

10.0 0R (s r) TOWER OR RIVER WATER

64.0 0F
117.7 "C)
0F (r s
59.0 "c) MAXIMUM WET BULB

87.8 oF (3 t "c)

79.0 oF (26.1 "C)

5.0 oR (2.9 r)

10.0 oR (s r)
MAX AMBIENT
64.0 oF (17.7 oc) DRY BULB TEMP

g7.g oF (st "c)

79'o oF ('26'1
"c) SPRAY *ATER To
5.0 oR (2.8 r) GOND APPROACH

5.0 oR 12.8 r)
SPRAYWATERTO WET
5.0 oR (2.9 rl BULB APPROACH
64.0 "F 117.7 "Cl MAXIMUM WET BULB

E¡¡OÍ
C02-NH3 Cascade C02-NH3 Cascade System
System Volatile Brine with C0, Compression

E E
o o
o o
a -(n
t¡¡ lll
-t -
2X 2X
o
=
() o
=
o

CASCADE
CONDENSER CASCADE
CONDENSER

É,
o
o
EVAPORATOR
a
¡¡J
^*
Uf
i.¡r _tr=F___.:' o
=
o
-
oPT¡ONAL CO, PUMP CO,
EVAPORATOR

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡iqrE

Using a 3 year simple payback target for a 100 Ton
system would result in 11.78 $/ton-F-yr X 100
Tons X 2"F X 3 year = $7,068.00 avatlable energy
savings to offset the higher cost of a condenser with
oR
a5 approach versus a 7 "R approach.
A more complex analysis may be performed in
an Excel spreadsheet with the XNPV function
that looks at a monthly table of the power cost
over the life of the equipment and factors in an
interest rate to determine the net present value of
the power savings.
Using 2% annual power cost inflation and a
4% annual interest rate in the above example
for a 15 year life shows that a premium of $
3,782.00 can be paid for the 5"F split over the
7"F split and it will be a break even use of funds.
Lowering the interest rate to 3% raises the
allowable initial investment to $ 5,445.00 as the
altern ate use of the cash would earn less.
On a sízeable project, a thorough economic
analysis is justified.
In neither of the above examples was the impact
of a change in compressor or heat exchanger
frame size considered which would make a
significant difference in the initial cost outlay.
Cascade condensers may be made in the
followirrg styles:
Shell and Tube - Because of the high CO, pressure,
it is generally more economical to place the CO, on
the tube side and avoid a higher cost / high pressure
shell. Because of the risk of ammonia contamination
from the higher pressure CO,, seal welded tubes
are recommended.A double tube sheet(s) may be
considered which provides a breech aÍea in the
event of a tube to tubesheet joint leak that can be
monitored. The shell side of the heat exchanger can
be flooded with ammonia or the ammonia liquid
can be sprayed over the tube bundle to reduce the
ammonia charge. Shell and tube cascade exchangers
are generally the most expensive and require the
largest foot print. See figure 9.5.
- Plate and frame heat
Plate and Frame
exchangers for ammonia duty aÍe gener aIIy
made from laser welded cassettes which are two
stamped heat exchanger plates welded together.
The welded perimeter seal is more robust than a
perimeter gasket. It is accepted practice to place
the arnmonia within the welded cassette channel
and the opposirrg fluid in the gasketed channel
'§7ith
between cassettes. CO2, this places the high
pressure CO, within the confines of the gasketed
channel. In most instances, the gasketed side
of a plate and frame heat exchanger cannot be
rated for the required system design pressure.
The alternative is to place the lower pressure,
but higher risk, ammonia on the gasketed side.
Fully welded Plate and Frame heat exchangers
are avallable, but their high price precludes their
common use. See Figure 9.6.
For small systems, nickel bra zed and fusion
welded plate heat exchangers are avallable with
no gaskets and high pressu fe ratings on both
media sides.

Cascade HX Econom¡c Analysis

Single Staged - Economized NH. Screw Rating
19F/95F -20F195F -21Ft9sF
BHP 284.2 282.1 280
KW 211.9 210.4 208.8
Motor Eff. 0.93 0.93 0.93
Consumed, kW 227.9 226.2 224.5
Capacity, tons 142.4 138.8 135.3
kWTon 1.60 1.63 1.66

oF
Change kWlon 0.029 0.030
Hours/Year 8760 8760
Paft Load Average 65% 65%
$/kw-h $o.oz $o.oz
oFlyear
$ffon- $11.71 $11.84

E¡¡qÍ THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 I

Shell and Tube Cascade Condenser

NH, VAPOR OUT

CO, VA POR IN

NH,
LIOUID
J
IN

SEAL WELDED
U.TUBE BUNDLE

SPRAYTYPE SHELL &TUBE

CASCADE CONDENSER co, LtoutD ouT

BONNET BO

Vented Tube
Sheet Details + BONNET

BONNET FLANGE

t- SUTERTUBE SHEET
SEALWELD
INNER TUBE SHEET

Notes:
1)n¡be expanded into both inner and outer tube sheets
2) Seal weld is optional

¡¡qf E
Plate and Shel! -
These com pact, heat exchangers
have emerged as the cascade condenser of
choice for most field erected projects. A series
of round, stainless steel heat transfer plates are
laser welded around every other perimeter and
at every other connecting port, which makes an
"accordion" configuration. This plate assembly
is slid into a cylindrical shell with the same
diameter as the plates. The ends of the cylinders
ane bored for inlet and outlet ports and the first
and last plates aÍe welded to those nozzles. These
heat exchangers can easily accommodate the high
pressures required of CO, while eliminating any
Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger
Cut-away diagram couftesy of AlÍa Laval
Etr¡¡CIf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
gaskets on the ammonia side. See figure 9.7 .
co, To NH. LEAK DETECTTON
The largest risk of any cascade condenser is
breechirrg the heat transfer surface or joints
and contaminatirrg the ammonia with CO, and
creating ammonium carbamate. Ammonium
carbamate is a hard, solid white crystal that will
clog strainers. At 140 oF (60'C) it will break
back down into ammonia and COr.
If the ammonia system becomes contaminated,
it will quickly fail to function because every
small passage and filter in the system will clog.
 .T

Because of this, rapid detection and corrective
measures must be designed into the system. One
such system is described in the followit g text and
figure 9 .8.
Install a 100 mesh strainer in the ammonia
vapor line leaving the cascade heat exchanger.
This strainer may be a standard cast body strainer
such as that supplied by the valve manufacturers
for use upstream of control valves. They afe
commonly avallable up to 1.2". For sizes larger
than that, the suction strainer assembly of a screw
compressor package or a conical process industry
strainer could be considered.
A pressure differential indicator as well as a
pressure differential transmitter or switch is fitted
across the strainer with service valves and a bleed
valve on the compressor side. 'When the high
pressure differential signal is higher than the full
load pressure differential plus 25%, dn alarm
small be activated and the ammonia compressors
stopped as a minimum.
Additional security can be added in the form of
a gas powered control valve that will close and
stop flow out of the suction line in the event of a
CO, to NH, leak.

Plate and Shell Heat Exchanger

Cutaway diagram couñesy oÍ Vahterus (the oúginators oÍ the plate and shell heat exchanger design concept)

THE CARBON DIOX¡DE INDUSTRIAL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡iqf @

 C0, to NH, Contamination Detection

aP rNDrcATon* t
\ OPTIONAL GAS
AP SWITCH OR I I- PowERED vALVE
TRANSMITTER
\ - -t, 'l
,"
I lrrrrrr

!'-.1,1 \
I

IIl,l4-P-9¡-qqI
/§ V
z\.. i- \l
To GoMPRESSO RS

I\ 1oo MESH (150 MrcRoN )

SIZE
FULL PIPE 'TRATNER

/
SURGE DRUM SEPARATOR

LI(OUID
.NIH3 IN

J t

PLATE & FRAME

CASCADE
CONDENSER

co, co,
LIOUID VAPOR
our lN

E¡¡qT
INTRODUCTION cooling process at these pressures, ambient
'§7hen
the compressor in a CO, refrigeration air is a suitable heat sink. In a counterflow
cycle discharges above 1070 psia (73.7 Bara) aÍrangement, a high LMTD is available which
the discharge vapor is in the supercritical phase. helps to minim ize the amounr of hea t transfer
Removing heat from this supercritical vapor surface required. Small diameter tubes and,
will not result in desuperheating, and constant or extruded micro channels for the CO, side
temperature condensing, as in a traditional of the heat exchanger are ideal for this higher
subcritical cycle. Instead, the supercritical vapor is pressure range and the high density of COr.
cooled through a zone where the thermophysical
The air side is then finned for maximum heat
properties seamlessly transition from those of a
transfer surface.
vapor to those of a liquid. This is most notable
with the densiry which gradu ally increases with AMBIENT WET
the uniform removal of heat from a very dense BULB HEAT SINK
vapor to a light liquid. The lower temperature of an evaporative
Another interestin g facet of the supercritical cooling process using the wet bulb temperature
phase is the non-uniform specific heat as rhe as a heat sink is not required and provides
gas cooling process moves to the left on the PFI minimal benefit. Although the amount of
dragram. Above the dome's peak, the constant heat transfer surface may be reduced due to
temperature lines approach horizontal where
minimal temperature change occurs with a
significant amount of heat removal, lower
LT 2l L}J,. As the process shifts ro the left of Specifi c Heat Change
the dome's peak, the constant temperature lines in Supercritical Phase
increase in slope indicating a greater AT1/4h1.
As noted in Section 5.2, Transcritical Systeffis,
system efficiency is increased by raising the
compressor discharge and gas cooler pressure 4J,..Ar,
Ah,. Ah,
to an optimum balance ber'ween compression
energy and increased net refrigeration effect. This
optimum point is variable, but is generally in the l¡J
E
1400 psig runge +l- 100 psi (100 Barg +l- 7 bar). (t)
ct)
l¡J
Figure 1.0.2 highlights three discreer rranscritical CE
o- AT,
cycles and the COP associated with each orre.
Figure 10.3 is a continuous plot of
refrigeration cap acity and COP relative ro the
LIOUID
gas cooler pressure. Note that the COP peak VAPORIZAT!ON

does not occur at the same pressure as the

maximum capacity.
AMBIENT DRY BULB HEAT SINK
Because of the temperature range 250 "F (121
"C) down to 86 oF (30 'C) of the CO, gas

¡¡qf E

evaporative heat transfer, designing coil bundles
for the required pressures is costly.
Alternatel¡ a high pressure shell and tube or
plate heat exchanger can be used with water
from a cooling tower loop. A means of de-
scaling the heat transfer surface is imperative
on water cooled heat sinks due to these high
entering CO2 temperatures.
WATER HEAT SINK
Considering the CO, temperature range noted
above, domestic water heating is a natu ral fit.
Potable water at ambient temperatures can
easily be heated to temperatures above 140F
(60C). AdditionallS the presence of CO, in
water is not a danger to health. It is simply
sparkling water or sel tzer. The PH of the water
after the gas cooler can be monitored for the
presence of CO, to avoid any issues from the
carbonic acid that forms. Should the plant
not have a continuous use for the full amount
of CO , refrtgeration he at of rejection, then a
separate gas cooler is required for altern ate
heat sink duty. This separ ate gas cooler can
reject any excess heat and keep the refrigeration
system operational.
If the imbalance of hot water demand
and refrig. ration system load is simply a
matter of timing, a storage tank can be used to
accumulate hot water until it is needed. A load
and water use profile will have to be developed
to determine the amount of water flow rate and
storage volume required.
Refer to Figure 10.4 which is an example
of a 300-ton transcritical system producing
potable hot water for wash down. The hourly
water production is directly proportional to the
production load with a heavy clean-up load at
the end of the d^y.From the table and the graph,
it is obvious that another gas cooler/heat sink
is required, because the total gas cooling load is
larger than the total water heating requirement,
resultirg in a 37,740 gallon hot water excess.
The peak water flow difference is 95.9 GPM
compared to the 123.2 design GPM, which is
77.8% of full load which dictates the second gas
cooler size. Additionally, the table highlights
that a24,742 gallon tank is the minimum size to
@¡¡qf
.!
accumulate the required amount of hot water for
wash down. This is derived from the maximum
amount of hot water produced at hour 18 less the
amount at hour zlrwhen the instantaneous hot
water production fate exceeds the use Íate.
GENERAL DESIGN NOTES
The inlet piping and header design of a gas
cooler must consider the cyclic stresses due to
the compressor discharge pulsations, pressure
and temperature. Reciprocating compressors
have discharge pulsations proportional
to the RPM and the number of high stage
cylinders and screw compressor pulsations
ane proportional to the driven rotor RPM and
number of lobes on the driven rotor. Pressure
pulsations are not directly addressed in section
502.3.2 of ASME B 3L.5. However, figure
502.3.2 shows that as few as 50 thermal stress
cycles per d^y over a 20 year life span results in
an allowable pipe stress reduction factor of 0.5.
The operating pressure of a gas cooler is
controlled with a pressure regulating valve
installed on the gas cooler outlet usi ng a
control algorithm that optimizes the pressure
for maximum cycle efficiency.
During low ambient conditions, the heat sink
performance may drop the CO, outlet flow
from the gas cooler below 86 oF (30.5 "C) , at
which point it will be liquid rather than vapor.
The outlet piping must be configured to allow
gravity flow of liquid out of the gas cooler to
the pressure regulating valve. This will help to
keep the gas cooler drained of CO, liquid and
provide pure liquid to the inlet of the pressure
regulating valve to avoid irregular two-phase
flow through the valve. The air or water flow
to the gas cooler should be regulated down
as rnuch as possible with VFD fans or pumps
to rnanage the transition from transcritical to
subcritical operation.
The system piping and components on the
downstream side of the pressure regulating
valve may be designed for a lower pressure
than the gas cooler and its associated piping
and valves but require protection from over-
pressurc at that reduced design pressure.
 !

Influence of Compressor 0utlet Pressure

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 -209.3 -93 0 186 1 279 1 372.2 465.2 558.2 6s1.3

2000

6.9.¿
1 000 /ag
800 u%u

600 o%,

(§
-6
(§

o-
400 .%, e
l-
(ú

(E

o o-
5
a
=
a
q)
L
o) f
o
fL a
200 1.4-¿ E
/tq o.

.69 -,
100 /a.g
80 u%.u

60 %,

40
280
%,
-120

1.50
I

Peak COP T
H
o 1,25
and Efficiency o
o
t,g
G 1,00
F
J
H
P
'6

//t
0.75
G
EL
I
G
o
E')
II
tr 0.50
T
rU
b
o
/
E,,
*,¡.
'I

0,25
o OPERATING CONDIT¡ON
ú,
oC,
te = -10 &.r, = 10 K
oC
h".orr = 35
0.00

90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Gas cooler pressure lba

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qrE

 t

Water Flow Heat Balance

Water Demand
for a Transcritical Gas
Cooler with Heat Recovery
etrigeration Capacity
Refrioeration Caoaci 300 ons
vt
Compressor Power 400 BHP tr
so
Gas Cooler Load 4,61 8,000 Btu/hr t,

oF
Water temp., in 70
oF
WaterTemp., out 145 Hours .r! Hourly Volume
Flow required 123.2 allmin -
*Cumulatfve

Gas Cooler Hot Rate HourlyVolume Cumulative

Water Flow Water Use Difference Difference Volume
Hour %o load gallmin gallmin gallmin gallons gallons

1 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 439

2 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 878

3 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 1318

4 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 1757

5 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 2196

6 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 7209

7 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 12223

8 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 17236

I 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 22249

10 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 27263

11 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 32276

12 80 98.6 15 83.6 501 3 37290

13 25 30.8 50 -19.2 -1152 361 38

14 85 104.7 15 89.7 5383 41521

15 90 110.9 15 95.9 57 53 47273

16 90 110.9 15 95.9 5753 53026

17 8s 104.7 15 89.7 5383 58409

18 50 61.6 15 46.6 2796 61 205

19 10 12.3 150 -137.7 -8261 52944

20 10 12.3 150 -137.7 -8261 44683

21 10 12.3 150 -137.7 -8261 36422

22 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 36861

23 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 37301

24 10 12.3 5 7.3 439 37740

@i¡qÍ
INTRODUCTION
The vessels in a CO, system perform the same
functions as vessels in an ammonia system or any
other industrial refrigeration system. However,
there ane additional considerations necessary for
vessels in a CO, system based on vessel function
and application.
HIGH PRESSURE RECEIVER
In a subcritical system, CO, is almost always
condensed to liquid, unless the high side pressure is
purposely pushed into the transcritical range. The
design working pressure (DWP) of the high pressure
receiver is dependent upon the temperature at which
the CO, condenses within the system.
ASHRAE 15 Paragraph 9.2.6, requires the
D§7P to be 20% higher than the saturation
pressure corresponding to the warmest location
in the circuit. In most instances, that is the
condensing temperature: either cascade or to an
ambient cooled heat sink.
Transcritical systems do not condense CO,
into the liquid state and the gas cooler outlet is
generally fitted with a pressure regulating valve
that drops the pressure of the cooled CO2. There
may or may not be liquid requirirg storage
in a HP receiver at the outlet of that pressure
reduction valve.
Some state or local codes require the
receiver to be large enough to contain the
entire refrrgerant charge. As a minimum when
included in a system the receiver should be
able to accommodate the condenser charge
and all (or sufficient portion to provide stable
operation) of the liquid flow fluctuations
through the system from no load to full load.
Additionall¡ ASFIRAE 15 Paragraph 9.L1..4
limits the receiver to 90% full of liquid at 90F
which implies leavirrg a sufficient vapor volume
above the liquid level to prevent hydraulic lock-
up. However, application of this paragraph should
be considered in terms of its intent given that 90F
CO, is a supercritical fluid and not a liquid.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
vEssELs DESTGNED FOR LTOUtD/
VAPOR SEPARATION
The maximuffi, aveÍage vapor velocity for liquid
separation is predicted by the Souders and Brown
equatron:
(P'-Pn,)
Vel , ftls
'§7here:
Velocity is the maximuffi, average separation
velocit¡ ftlsec (m/s)
k = empirical constan\ 0.1 (0.03) has been
proven successful for a variety of refrigerants
includirrg ammonia and CO,
pr = Density of liquid lblft3 (kg/m3) at operating
temperature and pressure
p,, = Density of vapor lblft3 (kg/m3)
Figures 11..1. and 1,1,.2 depict the area of the
vessel that is used for calculating the separation
velocity.
The 2002 IIAR Technical paper " sizing and
Design of Gr avity Liquid separators in Industrial
Refrigeration" by Mr. Bent §Tiencke is an
excellent resource for more detailed information
on vessel sizing.
co, coMPREssoR LUBRICANT COOLING
In a cascade systeffi, the lubric ant cooling heat
from the CO, compressor(s) should be transferred
directly to the atmospheric heat rejection
condenser(s), bypassing the compressors of the
high temperature system and thus saving energy.
In a subcritical, non-cascade systeffi, the
lubricant may be cooled in the traditional
thermosiphon manner. In which case:
o The vapor velocity in the thermosiphon liquid
feed vessel attributable to the thermosiphon
load should be less than that derived from the
Souders and Brown equation.
¡¡qr.¡tr
 'l

o A liquid reserve equivalent to 5 minutes of o It should be designed similar to an ammonia

thermosiphon he at rejection load should be
allowed for system start-up.
In a transcritical system, the lubric ant cooling heat
from the CO, compressor(s) should be transferred
directly to an ambient cooled heat exchanger.
INTERCOOLER
Because of the low compression ratios
encountered in subcritical CO2 systems, two-
stage operation incorporating an intercooler is an
unlikely desigt scenario.
In transcritical systems, an intercooler may
be required to desuperheat the discharge of the
booster compressor, if installed:
intercooler, with a suitable D§7P and the
separation velocity per the Souders and
Brown equation.
o Because of the additional agitation within an
intercooler from the percolation of the booster
discharg€, the ccfrrr factor of 0.1 (0.03) should
be reduced to 0.085 (0.025).
The use of a plate and shell liquid subcooler
should be considered in lieu of the classic shell
and coil design of ammonia intercoolers.
sucfloN TRAP / ¡CCUMULATOR /
SURGE DRU}4 / RECIRCULATOR
This category of vessels separate vapor from liquid.

Vertical Separator Design

Dry Suction
(alternate locatlon)

Ory Suction L
(better) \-r
Liquid Swelling and
Foaming Volume

Liquid lUlakeup tr+ F wet Return

xig} !91e !-!u!o-u!
r-[g]_l-S1e! { 3rm --

9g'3tirg_L:rjl_ __ _

ugy _L?rgtjlarm Low Level Cutout

Vortex Breaker
Drop Leg

Pump Suction Pump Suction

0
To Oil Pot
(Ammonla Only)

@¡¡qr THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK

 In addition to separat on area, an internal REFERENCES
volume allowance should be made where l. Souderc,M.andG.G.Brown,"DesignolFractionatingColumns,-
applicable for the followrng: tnd.andEng'Chemistry,Jant!B4,pagee|

2' wienc,ke'Bent"'sizinsandDesisnoiGravitvliquidseparatorsin
o A draw down of the liquid level due to a lndustrial BeÍrigeration'" llAR Technical Papers' 2(N2'
sudden load demand that exceeds tha -rka-up
liquid supply rate.
o A surge volume to accommodate load
fluctuations displacing liquid from the
evaporator(s) and the resulting vapor velocity
increase in the wet return line(s) sweeping
liquid back to the vessel.
o A minimum operating liquid level to ensure
continuous liquid feed and sufficient NPSH
above the suction volute of the pump(s).

Ho rizontal Separator Design with Two Wet Return Lines

Ltz Ltz
Return .ñ. Wet Return
nUn Dry Suction

Liquid
Makeup

Hig! _Lgv_e l-C-u!o_¡t ! _ _

x'ig-haÉv1lÁ¡árñ'
Operating Level

Low Level Alarm

------
---F?At--rr

Low Level Cutout

Vortex Breaker
Drop Leg
€ \
Pump Suction Pump Suction

0
To Oll Pot
(Ammonla Only)

¡¡qrE
t\--
Service and [ontrnl Valves
Service and Control valves for subcritical CO,
systems are typically a high-pressur e variant of
the equivalent ammonia valves and many of the
traditional ammonia valve manufacturers have
expanded their offerings for the higher pressures
required of CO, duty. Different manufacturers
have different upper pressure limits and they are
constantly changirrg due to market demands. For
that reason, they aÍe not cataloged in this handbook.
Contact the valve manufacturer(s) of choice directly
for current product specifications and avallabliliry.
Cautionary Note - §7hile the re af e many
similarities between valves for ammonia service
and CO, service, the use of valves not designed
specifically for CO, may result in safety and
operational issues. The elastomers and packing
materials aÍe different for CO, duty. Valves from
outside the traditional refrigeration sources such
as the process industry may be used provided
they are thoroughly vetted for use in CO,
application.
This vetting should include, but not be limited to:
o Material strength
o Corrosion resistance
o Seating material and tightness
o Stem packing design and compatibility with CO,
o Captive stems that cannot be inadvertently
turned out of the vessel
o If fitted,
seal caps that vent pressure prior to
thread dis-engagemen
o Ability to change stem packing while under
system pressure
o Stem thread suitability for dry CO, operation
o Seal cap option
o Elastomer suitability with CO,
o The ability to open against high pressure
differentials
o No internal voids that can trap liquid or vapor
such as unvented ball cavities
o Flanged or weld-in design and body material
compatibility with the connected pipe for the
latter
o Internal movrnglactuating component friction
with dry CO,
Service and control valves for the supercritical
portion of transcritical CO, systems should
take into consideration the high solvency of
supercritical CO2 and its potential effect on
elastomers and packing materials.

¡¡qÍrE!
CHAPTER THIRTEEN

INTRODUCTION Relief valves fitted on vessels or components

The requirement for safety relief valves on containing saturated liquid should discharge
pressure vessels applies to CO, refrigeration directly to atmosphere, necessitating that they
systems just as it does to systems using ammonia be located outside and therefore exposed to the
or other refrigerants. elements. Consideration should be given to the
use of a more expensive, process type relief valve
PRESSURE VESSEL PROTECTION
with stainless steel trim in this application. Such
In the U.S., the requirement is stated by
outside mounted valves will not be fitted with
ASHRAE 15 in Section 9 .4 and the safety valves
any outlet piping and therefore the seat area will
af e to be designed to Section VIII of the ASME
not be protected from the elements.
Boiler and Pressure Vessel code with a ((Ll'V" or
(6VR" One alternative is to use a conventional
stampirrg or nameplate. In Europe, EN
refrigeration-type relief valve and configure a
378 and PD5500 ate the governing documents.
weather guard such as a flap or membrane that
The stand ard sizing equation is used for relief
will pivot or burst if the valve relieves together
valves in CO,:
with an administrative procedure to inspect it.
'§7here:
c= f DL
HYDRO.STATI C PROTECTI ON
C = Minimum required discharg e capacity of the CO, liquid, like other refrigerant liquids, will expand
relief device expressed as mass flow rate of aír, lblwhen its temperature rises. If this liquid is trapped
min (kg/s) in a section of piping or a component with no vapor
pocket hydrostatic expansion can create pressures
f = Yartable f actor, which is refrigerant sufficient to rupture the pipe or component.
dependent ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 . For CO, it is In most instances this can be addressed with
1.0 (0.082 sI) administrative controls and stand ard operating
D = Outside diameter of Vessel, ft (m) procedures. In situations where this is not
possible, the installation of a hydrostatic relief
L = Length of Vessel, ft (m) valve is recommended.
CO, pressure vessels of 10 fr3 (0.285 m3) or more The size requirement for a hydro-static relief
internal volume require the use of a 3-way valve valve can be determined using the API Practice
between the vessel and fwo identical relief valves. 520 which is referenced and explained in detail in
The pressure ratirrg of the 3-way valve and IIAR Standard2-2008 Appendix G ( Informative).
the interconnecting pipe and fittings should be Due to the possibility of dry ice formation in the
suitable for the D§7P of the portion of the CO, relief valve's outlet pipirg, the downstream side of
refrigeration system being protected. a hydro-static relief valve should terminate an aÍea
Chapter 6.6 refers to the pressure drop limits of of the system that is always above the triple point
the inlet piping to the safety relief valve. which is 7 5 .L psia (5 .2 Bara).
A relief valve fitted on a compressor discharge Although not hydro-static in the pure sense,
or lubricant separator will discharge superheated trapped, cold CO, vapor can also create high
vapor when the compressor is operating. pressures when warmed as noted in chapter 4,
Depending upon the system design, it may be Figure 4.2.The system design should be reviewed
feasible to pipe the valve discharges to an outlet for areas that may inadvertently trap cold
header as there is minimal risk of solidification. vapor and where they cannot be protected by
These relief valves may be the relatively administrative controls, relief protection should
inexpensive, disposable type as used on ammonia be provided in the form of a suitable pressure
systems but rated and set for the selected limiting valve with its outlet piped to a lower
capacity and D\WP. pressure part of the system.

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFB¡GERATION HANDBOOK ¡¡qÍE

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Iontrols
INTRODUCTION
A C O, refrigeration system requires the same
suction pressure and discharge pressure controls
as any other industrial refrigeration system.
The dedicated, local compressor control system
or panel is basically the same as for ammonia
duty. The evaporator controls for operation
and defrost are similar as well. The followirrg
information is therefore limited to the additional
or different elements of control required for a
CO, refrigeration system.
SYSTEM MONITOR!NG
Most contempor ary industrial ammonia
refrigeration systems ane equipped with a PC or
PLC based control system. However, in the event
of a power failure it is still important to know
the pressures in the various parts of the system.
For this reaso n, a gauge board with 6 " minimum
diameter gauges indicating the pressures of the
high and low sides, and intermediate stages if
any, of the CO, and ammonia systems should be
installed in a conspicuous and readily accessible
location in the machine or control room.
VALVE ACTION
Because CO , refrigeration systems opera te at high
pressures, the pressure differential across solenoid
and service valves may be in excess of 500 psi
(35 bar). In some instances a parallel bleed valve
should be considered to reduce the opening force
required of the main valve. Similarly, CO, liquid
and vapor line shut off valves that can be opened
and also seal tight under high differential pressure
should be selected for all locations where such
conditions may occur.
SYSTEM OVERPRESSURE CONTROL
If the main CO, refrigeration system is rendered
inoperable, the pressure will rise to nearly the
saturated pressure corresponding to the warmest
ambient exposure.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL BEFR¡GERATION HANDBOOK
The high side of the system may be relieved to
the low side of the system as outlined in IIAR
Stand ard 2 - 2008 App.ndix K Emergency
Pressure Control Systems (EPCS). The EPCS
pressure setting will need to be adjusted to higher
than the maximum operating pressure but less
than the design workirrg pressure of the portion
of the CO, system that is being protected.
To help prevent a release of CO, from the
lifting of a safety relief valve, many CO, systems
includ e a standby refrigeration system. This
system should have a capacity at least equal to
the highest expected ambient heat gain into the
system during shutdown. The sources of heat
may include:
o Passive heat gain into the evapo rator coils
room warms above the refrigerant
as the
temperature
o Ambient and solar heat gain on pipirrg and valves
o Ambient and solar heat gain through vessel walls
o Ambient and solar gain on outdoor condensers
o Heat gain across the cascade condenser (if present)
The initiation and shut down of the standby
refrigeration system is by means of a pressure
switch installed in the main CO, system. If parts
of the system are isolated during shut down
by the closing of automatic valves, then each
segreg ated section of the system should use an
EPCS to bleed to the part of the system serviced
by the standby refrigeration system.
Alternately, multiple standby refrigeration
systems could be used.
The most likely common cause of a main CO,
refrigeration system failure is a loss of electrical
power. For this reason, the standby refrigeration
system should be powered by an auxili ary
gener ator of sufficient capacity. Alternativel¡
if replacement refrigerant grade CO, ir readily
¡¡qÍE
avallable and, or, the system charge reserve in the
receiver is sufficient, the CO, overpressure can
relieve to atmosphere. The relief valve that lifted
should be inspected for proper operation after a
release and replaced if necess ary.
LOW SIDE TRIPLE POINT PROTECTION
If the system suction pressure trends below the
triple point pressure of 7 5 .1. psia (5 .2 Bara) the
CO, will progressively solidify. Figur e 6.6.L in
Chapter 6.6 shows that this drop in pressure
will result in a degree of solidification depending
upon the starting enthalpy of the CO2, so a
catastrophic free ze-up below the triple point is
unlikely. However, many small passages within
the refrigeration circuit may clog, thus reducirg
the system capacity. As the suction pressure rises
above the triple point, the solid CO, melts.
It is recommended that the first (or only)
stage compressor(s) be provided with a suction
pressure override control that will force-unload
the compressors and alarm as the triple point is
approached, culminating in a compressor shut
down with a failu re alarm if the triple point is
crossed. This methodology is inverse to the high
discharge pressure control strategy provided with
most compressor packages.
LIOUID PUMP SUCTION PRESSURE STABILITY
Chapter 8.2 - Pumps, Figure 8.2.1., shows that
liquid static head provides minimal subcooling
in the inlet piping to CO, recirculation pumps
and therefore the pumps are more susceptible to
cavitation than with ammonia.
However, the same dynamic that creates
minimal subcooling, a relatively large AP/AT
ratio, also lessens the flash gas generation in
instances of sudden suction pressure decrease.
Accordingl¡ no special precautions need to
be taken to increase the precision of pressure-
derived pump cavitation control.
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE CONTROL
- NON.CASCADE
The compressor discharge pressure control in
a non-cascade CO, system is similar to that in
an ammonia system until the CO, condensing
pressure approaches the critical point 1070
@¡¡CIr. THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTR¡AL REFRIGEBATION HANDBOOK
psia (70.6 Bara). As the discharge pressure
exceeds 970 psia (66.9 Bara), the latent heat of
condensation rapidly decreases and it is then
advantageous to drive the discharge pressure
above the critical point and into the supercritical
zone if the high side is designed for operation at
transcritical pressures.
Chapter 5.3 shows that once transcritical, the
gas cooling process can provide a lower enthalpy
CO, than condensing alone, thus increasing net
refrigeration effect. In most instances, the gain
in net refrigeration effect is greater than the
additional compressor energy required resultirrg
in a higher system COP.
An analysis of the actual system compressor
ratings across this range of discharge pressures is
necess ary to determine the maximum condensing
pressure set point and the new optimum gas
cooling pressure set point when the discharge
'When
pressure is rising. falling, the heat sink
temperature has to be monitored to determine
when sustained, subcritical operation can resume.
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE
CONTROL . CASCADE SYSTEM
In a cascade system the CO, disch arge
pressure is controlled by the suction pressure
of the high temperature (typically ammonia)
refrig enation system.
On a cascade heat exchanger design the CO,
discharge pressure relative to the ammonia
system suctron pressure should be directly
proportional to the thermal load across the heat
exchanger surface.
However, there af e variables such as lubricant
fouling and contaminated refrigerants (air in the
CO ttwater in the ammonia) that can affect the
heat exchanger performance. For this reason, in
addition to stand ard ammonia suction pressure
control, the CO, discharge pressure should
be monitored and alarmed if the approach
temperature (calculated pressure to temperature
conversion) between the two refrigerants is larger
than expected. Leavit g CO, liquid temperature
can be monitored for the presence of subcooling
(or non-condensable gasses ).
CASCADE CONDENSER BREACH
CONTROL AND ALARM
In a cascade heat exchanger, the CO, pressure
is almost always higher than the ammonia
pressure and a breach (rupture or crack) in
the heat exchange surface will result in CO,
contamination of the ammonia resultirrg in the
formation of ammonium carbamate.
A cascade condenser breach monitoring method
is described in Chapter 9 - Condensers. The
pressure differential switch fitted across the strainer
should as a minimum alarm and shut down the
entire CO, system: compressors, evaporator fans
and pr*pi as well as the ammonia compressors
connected to the cascade condenser.
To minimize the spread of ammonium
carbamate into the ammonia system, activation
of the pressure differential switch may also
close an automatic shut off valve, if present, in
the ammonia vapor line between the cascade
condenser and the ammonia compressor(s).
CO, LEAK DETECTION
§7hile CO, is not toxic like ammonia, it can lead
to potentially fatal respirato ry farlure. Therefore
CO, monitoring is essential. Refer to Chapter 4 -
Safety for CO, concentration threshold levels to
determine the appropriate alarm level setting(s)
in areas fitted with detectors. Infra-red sensors
have proven to be the most reliable for CO,
detection and monitoring.
In the event of a detection of high CO,
concentration levels, the control system may be
configured to turn off compressor(s), pump(s)
andlor close control valve(s) in addition to
initiatirrg the personnel alarm system(s).

Transcritical Cycle Pressure Beductlon Steps

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

-279.1 -209.3 186.1 279.1 558.2 651.3

2000.

1 000.
u'%n

800. u%u

600. oZ,

(ú
(ú (§
'6 400 ,.%, m
o- (ú
o o-
Y
=
a o
a
o =
a
o- a
c)
200
o-

100.
u%n

80. u%u

OZ,
60.

40.
80 280
%,
-120
Enthalpy (BTU/lb)

¡¡qf ¡E
TRANSCRITICAL CONTROL WITH HEATING
As noted in the above section " Compressor
Discharge Pressure Control - Non-Cascade",
there is an optimum discharge pressure for
efficient transcritical operation. 'When the
discharge gas heat load is shifted from the gas
cooler to water heating, the optimal control
parameters change from maximum refrigeration
efficiency to maximum water heating capability.
The system compressor(s) must be pressure
rated to handle various water heating conditions
and the best water heating COP determined as
outlined in Chapter 6.3 Transcritical Systems.
The control set point of the pressure regulating
valve on the gas cooler(s) outlet can then be set
accordingly.
TRANSCRITICAL CONTROL - CONTROLLED
PRESSURE RECEIVER
The efficiency of a transcritical cycle can be
significantly improved by incorpor ating a
receiver that operates below the critical pressure
into the system. The receiver pressure is a
function of:
o Overall cycle efficiency.
o The capacity of the compressor receivit g the
generated flash vapor.
@¡¡qr, THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
Additionally, a receiver pressure (B) in excess
of 300 psia (20.7 Baru) may result in liquid
formation from the flashing of the relieved vapor.
'§7hen
the receiver pressure is greater th an 900
psia (62 Bara) excessive liquid droplet formation
is certain. Figure 14.1 depicts the gas cooler exit
(A) flashing to the CPR (B) then the red vertical
process line (C) is for flashing from 700 psia (48.3
Bara) at 1,00% saturated dry vapor to 500 psia
(34.5 Baru) producing wet vapor with a 95"A
quality.
The receiver design operating pressure should
be constant for each specific system design
and therefore best maintained by an integrally
modulated upstream pressure regulating valve
in the vapor outlet line. External modulation or
control should not be necessary.
Refer to Chapter 5.3 Transcritical Cycles for
more information on controlled pressure receiver
operation.
REFERENCES
l, Da nfoss Publi cati on Tra nscriti cal C0, B ooste r Systems Pu bl i c ati on
RAnAA|.02 10.20t0

PTBSSUTE and
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Safety Note: Pressure testirg results in a significant
amount of potential energy within the piping
system and an accidental rupture under this
condition can haue catastrophic consequences.
For this reason, it is aduised that all unnecessary
personnel be euacuated from the areas containing
system components under test pressure.
All field installed piping requires pressure and
leak testing prior to commissionirrg. This testing
should be completed after any non-destructive
testin g of welds and prior to installation of the
insulation system so that all joints, welds and low
points are exposed and accessible for inspection.
Relief valves, pressure transducers and devices
sensitive to over pressure need to be valved out
or removed from the piping under test and their
mounting location appropriately plugged or
blanked off. All solenoid and control valves with
manual opening stems should be placed in the
open positiorl.
CO, refrigeration systems are extremely
vulnerable to corrosion in the presence of free
water. For that reason, oxygen free, dry nitrogen
is the only gas recommended for pressure testing.
Compressed ak should NOT be used as a test
gas, even though it is allowed per ASME B 31.5
and ASHRAE 15.
If an isolated (valved off) section of an
operating CO, system is to be pressure tested,
then it may be prudent to use refrigeration grade
CO, vapor for testing to avoid any potential
cross contamination from the test gas.
A repaired or modified section of an existing
system must be above the ductile-brittle transition
temperature before pressure or leak testing is
carcied out. Sections of pipe under insulation with
residual liquid CO z may be colder.
If a trace gas is desired, only CO, is recommended.
Other refrigerants, such as ammonia, halocarbons
or hydrocarbons, should NOT be used as a trace gas
due to the possibility of contamination of the CO,
charge from residual test gas.
THE CARBON DIOX¡DE INDUSTRIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
.T
Bubble testit g with soap and water is the
preferred leak detection method as recommended
in Article 10 Section V of the ASME Boiler &
Pressure Vessel Code
Systems should be pressu rized to 30 psig (2
Barg) and the entire system visually examined for
loose joints and fittings prior to further raising
the test pressure. This procedure particularly
applies to \arge systems as a practical first step in
system testing.
After the pressure and leak tests have been
performed, passed and documented, the
pressure should be bled off in 10-L5 psi (-L bar)
increments from the low points of the system to
help expel any residual water. Releasing pressure
from a high point only will tend to leave any
residual water in the system and will gready
increase the time required to evacu ate the system.
Ary plugs or blanks shall be replaced with
the intended valve or fitting such as safety relief
valves, or transducers.
Then the entire system should be evacuated per
Chapter 1,6 - Evacuation
Piping for CO , rcfuigeration systems is
designed, installed and tested per ASME 83 1.5
and ASHRAE 15 and EN-378.
ASME B 31.5 SECTION 538 - TESTING SUMMARY
C Manufactured components that have been
pressure tested by the manu facturer do not
require field pressure testing. Only leak testing
is required.
C Factory assembled refrigerant piping - tested
to I10% but not more than 130% of the
D§7P.
O All joints to be tested to be clean and exposed.
D All field erected refrigerant piping to
be pressure tested and leak tested after
installation and before operation.
J The test pressure to be at least 110% and not
more than 130% of the D'§7P. A pressure relief
¡¡qr,E
 device to be connected to the piping under test
and set above the test pressure but low enough
to prevent any deformation to the system.
O The testing to be above the ductile-brittle
transition temperature.
ú Large systems which are not completely
visible to the testing operator to be gradually
pressu rized to 50% of the test pressure
initiall¡ then increased in 10% test pressure
increments until the test pressure has been
reached, then maintained for at least 10
minutes prior to lowerit g to the leak test
pressure.
D Blanks and plugs used during testirg, then
removed, do not have to be retested provided
the joints passed the pressure test.
ú The leak test to be perform ed at D§fP or a
pressure specified in the engineering design.
D Examination for leaks at all joints and
connections to be: by gas and bubble
formation per ASME BPV Article 10 Section
V; or refrigerant vapor detection íf trace
refrigerant is used in the test gas; or other
methods of equal sensitivity.
ASHRAE 15 SECT¡ON 10 - OPERATION AND
TESTING SUMMARY
D The high side and low side of the refrigeration
system to be tested and proved tigh t at not less
than the lower of the design pressure or the
pressure relief device of the low side and high
side respectively.
E¡iqf THE CARBON DIOX¡DE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
1 Section 10. \.2 prescribes the use of dry
nitroger, or another nonflammable, non
reactive, dried gas. Exceptions a. & b.
also allows the addition of up to 5% by
mass or 25% of the LFL of non-flammable
or flammable refrigerants for easier leak
detection. NOTE: Only dry nitrogen is
recommended for CO, sys tems per the
General Guidelines aboue.
ú Exception c. allows the use of compresse d air
for pressure testing provided the CO, system
is evacuated to atmospheric pressu re after
NOTE: O nly dry nitrogen is recommended
fo, COrsystems Per the General Gwidelines
aboue.
A Section 10.2 rcquires a declaration of the
test results for systems over 55 lbs (25 kg)
refrtgerant charge. The declaration must
be dated, test pressures stated, refrigerant
declared and signed by the installer and an
inspector (if present).
1 Orygen, water and refrigerants with a LFL
below 13% af e not allowed. Toxic gasses
aÍe to only be used only if the appropriate
personnel safety gean is used.
A NOTE: Only dry nitrogen is recommended
for CO, systems per the General Guidelines
above.
J Pressure gauges to be checked for accur acy
prior to use in testing.
A Leaking joints to be repaired and retested.
( ll,\l,l l{
"l}.
ll I I,l
Ellartlat¡oll
Historically, evacuation of ammonia refrigeration
systems has not been a high prioriry or universal
practice. This is because ammonia has a high affinity
for water and quickly absorbs it with minimal
adverse affects. Additionally, any au left in the
system was quickly expelled by the system purger.
CO, is extremely sensitive to water in the
system. Consequently starting with a dry system
is paramount to maintaining a dry system. Air,
especially atmospheric aír, contains water vapor.
Most ASME pressure vessels used in Refrigeration
systems are pressure tested with water and they
are merely drained after testing. Refrigeration
pipes aÍe commonly left open to the atmosphere
during construction. The normal daily ambient
temperature range will cause condensate to form
in the pipes overnight. §7hile these quantities of
water aÍe small, collectively they can add up to a
significant amount. That is why it is imperative
that ALL air and water vapor is evacuated from
the system prior to charging.
The halocarbon indus try has long been
sensitive to contaminants in the refrigerants.
Their methods of system evacuation were well
refined and proven in the field over 50 years ago.
They are presented herewith.
EVACUATION COMMENTS
Evacuating a system prior to commissioning
accomplishes two things. It removes most of the
non-condensable gasses from the system. This
allows efficient condenser operation immediately
upon start-up. Secondly, it removes water from
the system. As the system pressure is reduced,
water's boiling temperature will gradu ally reduce
from 2120F (1000C) (atmospheric pressure
760,000 microns) to 32oF (0'C) at 4580
microns. The residual heat of the pipe and vessel
walls will evaporate this residual water....if, it is
spread out in the system. If it collects in a small
low spot with little metal volume, it may never
absorb enough heat to evaporate, especially if
the pipes aÍe insulated or it is a cool day. Note:
a pound of steel pipe giving up 20 0 F (11'K)
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
will only evaporate L/+ tsp of water (2ml). Also,
when that V+ tsp (2 ml) of water evaporates at
5,000 micr ns it generates 7.5 ft3 (0.2 m3) of
water vapor which significantly slows the rate of
evacuation.
VACUUM PUMP SELECTION
The nomin al capacíty of a vacuum pump is
measured at atmospheric pressure. 'W'hen the
vacuum reaches 13 ,200 (60 o F lL 5 .6 0 C ) to
25,000 (780F125.6'C) micrors, the range where
water is eva orating, its cfm (m3/hr) capacity is
only 4% of the nomin al ratirrg. Example a 10
cfm (5.8 m3/hr) vacuum pump will spend most
of the evacuation time pumpirg 0.4 cfm (0.24
m3/hr). That is 1,1, minutes of pumping for the L/+
teaspoon (2 ml) example above. A small system
may have 150 ft3 (4.3 m3) of internal volume
and alarge system could have 1,500 ft3 (43 m3)
or more internal volume. For a guideline; a 10
cfm (5.8 m3/hr) vacuum pump will evacuate a
575 ft3 (16.3 m3) dry system to 5,000 microns in
approxlmately 24 hours. The presence of water
will extend this time. Figure 6.1. is a comp arative
table that shows the water evaporation
temperature and various levels of vacuum and
the specific volume of the water vapor.
COLD TRAP
A wet system will quickly contamin ate the
vacuum pump oil and the pumps effectiveness
will be reduced by the excessive water vapor
emanating from the oil. To prolong the purity
of the vacuum pump oil when evacuating a wet
system a cold tnap is recommended. Figure 1.6.2
illustrates a typical cold trap. It constructed such
that the evacuated vapor passes over the cold
surface created by the dry ice in alcohol and the
water vapor is frozen onto the cold surface prior
to enterlng the pump. In addition to prolonging
the oil life it also shortens the evacuation process
by removing most of the water vapor volume
prior to the vacuum pump.
¡¡qf E
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE EVACUATION
Multiple evacuations have been described
very well by various halocarbon equipment
manufacturers. This method pulls an initial
vacuum to 5,000 microns, which is slightly
above freezing. The vacuum is relieved with
dry nitrogen, which then absorbs more of the
system water vapor. Another 5,000 micron
vacuum is pulled. If the pressure drop slows or
"hangs" between 10,000 and 5,000 microns
(reflecting water boiling at pipe temperature),
then there is still water in the system and a third
evacuation is recommended. It is faster to sweep
the system with dry nitrogen and re-evacuate
to 5,000 microns than to pull a 1,000 micron
vacuum once because of the decreased mass
flow capacity of the vacuum pump operating in
a deep vacuum.
Figure 1.6.3 plots the typical multiple
evacuation process. Starting at atmospheric
pressure 7 60 mm hg, the system pressure is
quickly reduced to approximately 10 mm hg
(10,000 microns) at which point any residual
water in the system is now evaporating and
creating water vapor which slows the evacuation
process. Eventually all of the water is evaporated
and the pressure drops to 5 mm hg (5000
Microns) , at which time the vacuum is broken
with dry nitrogen and the pressure rises back to
atmospheric 760 mm hg (760,000 microns). The
evacuation is started again. This time it should
drop steadily to 5 mm hg (5,000 microns) if there
is a "hang-up" or delay at approximately 10
mm hg (10,000 microns), then there is still water
present and another evacuation cycle is needed.
The final vacuum break is with refrigerant grade
CO, VAPOR instead of dry nitrogen.
EVACUATION STEPS
It is recommended that system evacuation be
conducted before installation of the thermal
insulation.
1.. After a successful pressure and leak test per
Chapter 15 - Pressure and Leak Testing,

Vacuum Table
Absolute Gauge Water Boils H,O Vapor

100 689.500 6.895 85.3 327,7 164.3

75.124 51 7.980 5.1 B0 60.4 308.1 153.4
14.696 101.329 1.01 3 0.00 760 760,000 212 1 0 0.0 26.8 1.7

9.629 66.392 0.664 10.32 498 497,961 192 88.9 39.5 2.5
3.865 26.649 0.266 22.05 200 199,878 151 66.1 95.0 5.9
1.935 13.342 0.1 33 25.98 100 100,068 124 51. 1 84.6
1 11.5

0.968 6.674 0.067 27.95 50.1 50,060 101 38.3 341.4 21.3
0.699 4.820 0.048 28.50 36.1 36,149 90 32.2 467.4 29.2
0.507 3.496 0.035 28.89 26.2 26,219 80 26.7 632.4 39.5
0.481 3.316 0.033 28.94 24.9 24,875 78 25.6 685.3 42.8
0.363 2.503 0.025 29.18 18.8 18,772 70 21.1 897.1 56.1
0.256 1.765 0.018 29.40 13.2 13,239 60 15.6 1206.0 75.4
0.192 1.324 0.013 29.53 9.9 9,929 52 11.1 1603.4 100.2
0.1 78 1.227 0.012 29.56 9.2 9,205 50 10.0 17 02.8 106.4
0122 0.841 0.008 29.67 6.3 6,309 40 4.4 2443.3 152.7
0.099 0.683 0.007 29.72 5. 1 5 J20 35 1.7 2871.5 1 79.5
0.089 0 .614 0.0 06 29.74 4.6 4,603 32 0.0 3299.7 206.2
0.039 0.269 0.003 29.84 2.0 2,017 5 1 -9.4 N/A N/A
0.019 0.131 0.0013 29.88 1.0 983 1 -17.2 N/A N/A
0.010 0.069 0.0007 29.90 0.52 517 -11 -23.9 N/A N/A
0.0 05 0.033 0.0003 29.91 0.25 250 -28 -33.3 N/A N/A
0.002 0,013 0.0001 29.92 0.10 100 -38 -38.9 N/A N/A

@i¡qÍ THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFB¡GERAT¡ON HANDBOOK


Cold Trap
.,O" RING GASKET
o iE'JIEi,ai§i.,
m
o lltt/
D
E
m
,TO
SYSTEM K
WATER
VAPORS
4'' STEEL
(one end
COLLECT
ON COLD
flanged, the
other closed)
SURFACE
DRAIN
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
PLUG 8'' STEEL PIPE
IND¡CATOR (one end flanged,
the other closed)
it is reiter ated that the pressure should be
released sequentially in increments from ALL
of the valved low points in the system. This
will tend to push any pooled liquid water
out of the system. Ventirrg all at once from a
high point will leave water in the system and
slow the evacuation process considerably.
2. Re-install any safety relief valves and
transducers that were removed for pressure
testing and ensure that all parts of the system
afe ready to accept a CO, refrigerant charge
and are open to the vacuum pump.
3. Sourc e adigital vacuum gauge such as
a "Blu-Vac" gauge that is designed to
accurately measure and display a deep
vacuum in microns. Connect it to the system
and not to the pump.
4. Source a vacuum pump(s) of appropriate
capacity and charge it with fresh vacuum
pump oil that is water free. (§7ater
contaminated oil will flash and degrade the
pumps vacuum pulling ability) Portable
HVAC service pumps af e typically 8 cfm
requirirrg a minimum 318" pump suction
hose rated for operation at absolute vacuum.
Larger pumps such as those manufactured
by Trthill / Kinn ey are avallable in 30 and
50 nominal cfm capacity. These afe suitable
for systems volumes of roughly 1725 ft3
(48.8 m3) and 2875 ft3 (81 .4 m3) respectively.
They af e provided with L.5 " NPT inlet
connections. The pump suction hose
should be at least '1" and '1..25" diameter
respectively and rated for operation at
absolute vacuum.
5. If the vacuum pump is too large relative to
the system volume, it may drop the system
vacuum below 4600 microns too rapidly and
VACUUM freeze rather than vapor tze the residual water.
PUMP
6. Dead head the suction side of the vacuum
PIPE pump to the vacuum gauge and prove that it
can pump down to 500 microns. If not, get a
different pump.
7. Connect both the high side and the low side
of the system to the vacuum pump through
the largest diameter and shortest, absolute
rated hoses avallable and practical. Op. rate
the pump until a vacuum of approximately
5120 microns (35 "F) is achieved. There
may be a vacuum level where the vacuum
appears to level off rather than drop. This
is most likely water evaporating. 'When all
of the water is vap orized, the pressure will
resume falling. A wet system may require
an intermediate pump oil change on a "cold
trap " to achiev e a full vacuum. Follow the
vacuum pump manufacturer's instructions
and change the vacuum pump oil as
frequently as necessary to minimize water
contamination of the lubricant and loss of
efficiency andlor dam age to the pump.
8. If water is suspected, scan the low points
with an infrared thermometer for cooling
from the water evaporation process. Heat
should be applied to cold spors to speed the
water evaporation.
9. At this point all of the water should have
been evaporated.
10. Break the vacuum with dry nitrogen until the
system returns to about 760,000 microns, no
vacuum or pressure.
1.1. PulI another vacuum down to 5 ,L20
microns. A final, lower vacuum, down to
500 microns will further reduce the amount
of non-condensables in the system and is
recommended if time allows.
THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFBIGERATION HANDBOOK
¡¡qr¡E
 Pressure Vs Ti me Evacuation Process

100 psig
HOLD point
First Vacuum Second Vacuum Th¡rd Vacuum until charqin
1000

E»
F

E
E 100
ot
L
J
o
o
o
L
CL
o
+,
¿ 10
Eo
.ct
i OPTIMAL DEEPER
WATER FINAL VACUUM
VAPOR FOR FEWER
FREE CONTAMINANTS

20 25
Time)

12. Valve off the pump and ensure that the
vacuum stabilizes and then holds steady for 24
hours. This confirms that there aÍe no vacuum
leaks or water remaining in the system.
1.3. Break this vacuum with refrigerant grade
(99.9o/o pure, < 10 PPM H2O) COTVAPOR.
Reference the " Charging From a Cylinder -
Additional Guidelines" below
1,4 . NEYER BREAK A VACUUM WITH
LIQLIID COras it will immediately form
dry ice, clog pipes and reduce the metal
temperature to -109.3 "F (-78.5 "C) which is
well below their MDMT.
15. Continue to add CO, VAPOR until a system
pressure of 100 psig (6.9 Barg) is achieved.
This pressure will allow for an inadvertent,
partial vapor release and still remain above
the triple point. Approximately 100 lb
(45.3 ke) of CO, is required to fiIl 7 5 ft3
(2.1 m3) of system volume with vapor at
this pressure.
If the system will be left in this state by the
erection crew for full chargirg, start-up and
commissionit g at a later date, then the quality,
quantity, final pressure and the corresponding
ambient temperature at the time of the pressure
reading should be logged and provided to the
person in charge of the final CO, chargit g process.
If the system will be immediately charged and
started, then continue with the chargirg process as
outlined in Chapter L 7 - Chargit g of this handbook.
CHARGING FROM A CYLINDER -
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES
Ensure that the chargirrg line is designed for 1300
psig (90 Barg) up to and includit g the service valve
that segregates the chargirg line from the system.
o Connect one cylind er at a time.
o Orient the cylinder for vapor delivery.
o Safely locate and securely support the cylinder.
o Do not trap CO, liquid between valves during
cylinder change-out.
o Gentle heat such as a warm water <104 'F
(.40C) flow or bath is permissible to efficiently
empty a cylinder. Nleuer use a flame for this
purpose.
o The pressure reduced CO, can also cause
whippirrg of charging hoses and cause dry ice
plugs to be formed and ejected at high velocities.
o Hoses 1," in size or larger should have the
ends secured with safety chains to restrain any
whippit g due to pressure reduction.

@¡¡ql1
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
After the system evacuation has taken place per
Section 16 - Evacuation, the system is ready to
be charged.
If the system is transcritical, the design pressures
are such that the system may sit idl e after
charging with COr. If the system is subcritical;
either the condenser needs to be operational,
the high temperature cascade system must be
operational or the stand by refrigeration system (if
so equipped) must be operational or there will be
CO, venting through the safety relief valves as the
system warms to ambient temperature.
The chargirrg process, as well as the system
being charged should be continuously monitored
and not left un-attended at any time during the
chargirg process.
In most instances, there will be a delay of a few
weeks between the evacuation process and the
chargirrg of CO , f or commissionirg. This will
allow time for the insulation system to be applied
to all of the joints and openings that were left
exposed for leak testing. If So, then the system
should have been left with a 100 psig charge of
refrigerant grade CO, vapor.
In Ch apter 6. Pipit g it is recommended that a
VAPOR charging line is permanently piped from
the top of the CO, vessel holding the main liquid
reserve to a point outside of the machine room
that is easily accessible to the CO, delivery truck.
It is also recommended, although not mandator¡
that a LIQIJID line also piped from the top of
the same vessel to a point adjacent to the vapor
chargirg connection. Both of these connections
should be clearly marked "CO, vapor" and "CO
Liquid". A single line system will require a vapor
to liquid valving change over from the transport
truck delivery system and complicate chargirg.
A gauge on the vapor chargirg line will
indicate when the system pressure is above the
triple point and suitable to receiv e a liquid charge
without a risk of solidification.
CHARGING PROCEDURE
1,. Confirm that the ventilation, detection and
safety equipment of the machine room and
THE CABBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
machinery af e functional, as well as the abiliry
to manually operate the system with the
appropriate personnel and resources at hand.
2. Source the appropriate safety gean such
as face shields and rubber gloves, etc. and
supply them to all involved personnel.
3. Park the CO, transport as close to the
chargirrg connections as pra tical and chock
the wheels.
4. Verify by sample analysis or documentation
that the CO, in the transport is refrigerant
grade with less than 1OPPM of water.
5. If the system was left with a 100# holding
charge per Chapter 1,6 Evactation &
Holding Ch arge, verify the qualit¡ quantity
and pressure of the holding charge.
6. If the holding pressure has dropped beyond
the effects of temperature, determine the
source of the leak and repair it before
proceeding further.
7. Connect the CO, vapor hose to the vapor
chargirrg connection and purge it. Raise
the CO, vapor pressure in the system to
minimum of 200 psig (13 .7 Barg). This
corresponds to -20 "F (-28.9 "C) which
is the typical minimum design metal
temperature of carbon steel pipe and vessels
(unless designed specifically for a lower
temperature). If parts of the system such as
heat exchangers are exposed to water, glycol
or brine; then the CO, vapor pressure must
be above the saturated pressure/temperature
of the lowes t fteeze point of that fluid.
8. Monitor the delive ry tanker pressure
to ensure that it stays above the tanker
minimum.
9. Connect the CO, liquid hose to the liquid
chargirrg connection and purge it.
10. Slowly allow a small amount of liquid into
the system to refrigerate the system metal
mass to saturated temperature.
¡¡qf ¡tr
1.1. Monitor the system pressure to ensure that
stays above 200 psig (13 .7 Barg).
1.2. Gradually increase the liquid flow while
monitoring pressures.
13. '§7hen the desired amount of liquid transfer has
occurred, document the amount of CO, charge.
1.4. Valve off the vapor and liquid charge lines.
15. Purge the liquid chargirrg hose of liquid back
into the delivery tanker. Then purge the
remaining vapor.
16. Disconnect the two chargit g hoses and cap
the system charge connections.
it o Connect one cylind er at a time.
o Orient the cylinder for vapor or liquid delivery
as desired.
o Safely locate and securely support the cylinder.
o Do not trap CO, liquid between valves during
cylinder change-out.
o Gentle heat such as a warm water (.104 0 F
(.40C) flow or bath is permissible to efficiently
empty a cylinder. Ir{euer use a flame for this
purpose.
o The pressure reduced CO, can also cause

1,7. Collect and properly stow the safety gear

whippirrg of charging hoses and cause dry
ice plugs to be formed and ejected at high
and remind the transport driver to pick ,p
velocities.
his chocks !
o Hoses 1," in size or larger should have the
CHARGING FROM A CYLINDER -
ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES ends secured with safety chains to restrain any
Ensure that the chargirg line is designed for 1300 whippitg due to pressure reduction.
psig (90 Barg) up to and includirg the service valve Bef: European lndustrial 6ases Assn. -
that segregates the chargir,.g line from the system. C0rTanker Driver Manual IGC Doc 56/09/E

C0, Ch atging Station

co2 REctRcuLAToR a\ ,¡\

I \
I I
¡ co, I
t I
\ ,
r- 1J rr
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CHOCK

VAPOR LIOUID

co, GHARGING STATTON

@¡¡qf THE GARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTR¡AL REFRIGEBATION HANDBOOK


CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
INTRODUCTION
§7ith the Co, and NH, (if applicable) system(s)
pressure tested, evacuated, charged, insulated
and painted, it is time to start the commissionirrg
process; which includes the initial start-up, post
start-up tunirrg and optim ization.
!N¡TIAL PREPARATION
As noted in Chapter 17 - Chargirg, it is necess ary
in all but very cool clima tic zones to hav e an
operational high stage or standby refrigeration
system to prevent the CO, safety valves from
relievirrg due to ambient heat gain. Because of
that, it is assumed that the high temperature NH,
system is alre ady operational. Or the standby CO,
refrigeration systeffi, if so equipped.
Before starting the commissionirrg process, a
notebook should be designated for this purpose and
shared by everyone involved in the commissionirrg
adjustment process. All visual observations and
adjustments should be logged for future reference
and confumation of the task done.
The system will be refrigerated as the liquid
CO, was charged into it. This causes pipes to
contract and joints to potentially open up and
the entire system should therefore be inspected
for any signs of leaks.
PRE START.UP CHECKS
Before actu ally running equipment, ve rtfy the
items in the checklist below:
o Operation of the control system(s) should be
validated before the CO, system is started ,p.
o All motors should be bumped to verify correct
rotatiorl. High level and operational level
controls need their functions verified.
o All solenoid valves should be returned to
autom atic operation and their operation verified.
o All service valves should be set in their proper
position for system operation. Valve seal
trt
caps are to be installed with the gasket in
place and tightened.
o All hand metering/expansion valves should be
adjusted to their calculated initial setting.
o Confirm the operation of the defrost
mechanism. Heater operation, defrost water
flo*, air damper operation, hot gas valve
operation and source etc. As well as the
defrost condensate drain line and heat trace if
installed.
o If the CO,, system is equipped with pumps,
start and note the discharge pressure of each
pump rn sequence. Note any prolonged
cavitation or instability and correct.
START.UP
o Start the CO, compressors per the
manufacturer's guidelines.
o Sequentially apply load or activate the
evaporators.
o Note the system pressures and ensure they aÍe
within design norms. Troubleshoot and correct
as required.
o After the operation of the first evapo rator and
compressor has stabil ized, sequentially add
evaporator loads and compressors allowing a
stabilization period at each step.
POST START.UP
o Perform hot alignment checks on all
compressors as the load and run hours permit.
o Monitor compressor lubricant levels hourly
during the first few days of operation to ensure
that the lubricant separator(s) is properly
functioning.
o §(/ith the system at or near design load and
fully operational note the pump operation and
discharge pressure. Alternate pumps and look
for equal performance.
¡¡qÍE
o §(/ith each evapo rator at design capacity, adjust
the feed control valve to the design liquid
header pressure or suction superheat and note
the final setting as number of turns.
o Note the CO, charge level in the variable level
vessel(s) at minimum and full loads for future
reference.
o At this time the system should be fully
operational and require minimal manual
adjustment to keep it operating.
OPERATIONAL CHECKS
§7ith the system operational, the design velocities
in the pipes will sweep any loose debris into the
system strainers. They should all be cleane d after
the first week of operation. Ary strainers with a
large accumulation of debris should be noted and
cleane d again in another week.
An operating system will slowly transfer lubricant
from the compressors throughout the remainder
of the system until a steady state balance has been
achieved between the lubricant carry over nate and
the lubricant rectification nate. The sight glass on
the lubric ant rectifier, if so equipped, should be
checked to verify that lubricant is flowirg from the
rectifier back to the compressors. The compressor
lubricant level log report should be examined for
signs of net lubricant loss.
A liquid CO, sample from the low side should
be an alyzed for water content to establish a
benchmark of the initial system water content
and CO, purity. Filter drier elements should be
changed if water is detected. If they ane changed,
the element weights should be recorded before
installation and after removal.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
Once the plant is operating and the load has
settled into a predictable and repeating pattern,
is time to tune the plant for optimum efficiency.
Guidelines for optimizing plant efficiency:
1,. Operate only enough equipment to fully
satisfy the temperature and load requirements
of the production plant that the refrigeration
system supports.
2. If a motor driven devise is not required to
satisfy guideline #1, turn it off.
@¡¡qf THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
3. Is the compre sor suction pressure as high as
possible while sdll satisfyirg guideline #1?
4. Is the conden irg pressure controlled to the
lowest total (compressors, fans and pumps)
energy consumption ?
5. Always efficiently utiltze the maximum
amount of heat transfer surf ace with the least
amount of fan or pump powet.
6. '§fith variable or real time energy pricirg,
shift equipm nt operation to periods of lower
cost energy.
Expanding on those guidelines:
o '§7ork with the produü quality and production
personnel to elevate the temperatures and
temperature ranges required to their highest
levels. This will allow suction pressures to
be raised. A wider temperature range may
allow for cycling equipment off and letting
the temperature rise during the off cycle.
Constantly evaluate the lowest suction pressure
requirement and consider ways to raise it.
o Compressors operate lest efficiently at part
load. Avoid part load operation. Pump down
and shut off íf at all possible. Keep in mind
that motors larger than 100 HP (75 k§7) are
typtcally limited to three starts per hour which
may restric t av atlability.
o Multiple pumps on a single circuit are not
as efficient as a single pump if it provides
sufficient flow andlor pressure. Ary VFD
driven pump should always be slowed to the
point of providing only the necessary delivery
pressure to satisfy all users.
o Fans should always operate at the lowest
rpm possible EXCEPT when operating on
evaporators and condensers. There is a
it minimum airflow required in each instance
to efficiently utilize the heat transfer surf ace
in forced convection mode. Refer to the
equipment manufacturer for guidelines.
o The product in freezers and coolers provide
a significant amount of thermal energy
storage. Therefore, it is possible to let the air
temperature in these areas fluctuate which will
allow refriger tion system operation during
periods of inexpensive energy.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
l\/la¡lltenallrB
INTRODUCTION
CO, systems like all other systems require
maintenance to operate efficiently over the
expected life of the system.
Like ammonia systems, the first rule of good
maintenance is "Good Flousekeeping". A
clean machine room will highlight a leak or
abnormality faster than an untidy one.
The second rule of good maintenance is "Keep
Regular Logs". This important task can be manual
or automated through the central control system.
Nothing exists if it is not written down. A trend
line is the most valuable troubleshooting tool.
The third rule of good maintenance is to
"'§íalk the System , at least once per shift" Use
ALL senses; sight, hearing, smell, touch and in
'§7'hen
the case of CO, taste. (13%). all 5 senses
develop the norms for a systeffi, the human 6'h
sense wi[[ emerge.
WHAT tS PECULTAR TO CO, SYSTEMS?
Higher Pressure
CO, systems operate at higher pressures,
therefore leaks ate more likely. Regul arly
monitor liquid levels and relief valves for signs of
leaking COr.
A combination of higher pressures and
vibration may make flanged or screwed joints
more susceptible to leaks.
CO, is odorless and colorless. lubricant residue
may be an indication of a leak. IJltrasonic leak
detectors have been used successfully.
A CO, leak under insulation will combine with
any moisture present and form carbonic acid
which will corrode the outside of a carbon steel
pipe. Leaks discovered under insulation should
be inspected for corrosion and appropriate action
taken at the time of rep air.
Fligher pressures also place more load on
the internal moving parts of compressors and
control valves thus reducit g the length of the
maintenance intervals.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
Lubricant
CO, systems typically use miscible lubricant
that is often automatically returned to the
compressors. Regularly record the compressor(s)
lubricant level and determine the cause of any
lubricant shortfalls and correct. Note and adjust
the operating level of the distillirrg chamber on a
weekly basis.
Log all lubricant additions and drainings.
Record who, when, how much and from where.
Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and polyolester
(POE) lubricants af e very hygroscopic and must
be kept in sealed containers until used.
Opened containers of POE lubric ant ate one of
many potential sources of water contamination
in CO, systems. It is desirable to purchase POE
lubricant for compressor replenishing in as small
a container as will be used in one addition of
lubricant to the compressor. If any lubricant is
left over in an opened container, it should be
removed from the machinery room and disposed
of properly.
Water
Free water in CO, systems will cause internal
system corrosion. Therefore the CO, quality
should be checked annually by , qualified lab.
If the moisture content is over 10ppm, then
the filter drier(s) must be changed and the
water source discovered if moisture reappears.
Because water is so detrimental to a CO, system
a quarterly replacement schedule for the drier
elements is recommended. The moisture weight
gain from the intial dry element weight should be
recorded and the replacement interval adiusted
accordingly.
'§Thenever
a portion of the system is opened to
the atmosphere for maintenance or repair, a 500
micron vacuum must be pulled prior to placing
that portion back into service. Refer to Chapter
16 - Evacuation for a full evacuation procedure.
¡¡qf E
Solidif ication
Liquid CO, will form a solid when the pressure
drops below 75 psig (4 Barg). '§(/henev eÍ a
portion of the system is opened for maintenance
such as changing filter drier elements, the liquid
MUST be transferred out of that segment while
under pressure. This is done with a liquid drain
hose from the low point to a lower pressure part
of the system. Figures 19 .L and 1.9.2 demonstrate
two methods for removirg liquid from a
component or section of pipirg prior to opening
for service.
If the Liquid CO, is vented to the armosphere
as shown in figure 1.9.2, then caution must be
exercised as the liquid CO, will spray like a frre
extinguisher and the resultirrg snow (dry ice) will
Pumping Out Liquid C0,
Pressure
¡Ei¡qf
be -109 oF (-78.3 'C) which can cause severe skin
burns from freeztng.
Confirm that the vent is not blocked with solid
COr. Never apply heat to a vent pipe blocked
with COr. Stop the supply flow and let the
ambient heat sublime the dry ice.
Therrnal Expansion
Gener al refrigeration practice is to avoid
trappirrg cold LIQUID refrigerant in components
such as pumps or between valves in liquid lines.
This is as applicable to CO, and it is for NHr.
CO, VAPOR must not be trapped either.
CO, vapor can rise to uns afe pressures if
trapped and warmed. Refer to figure 19.3
which shows the pressure rise with temperature
relative to other refrigerants.
Vent¡ng Liqu¡d C0,
Sef af
7 5 psig
 Relative Vapor Volume

CO, gas "trapped at 0 oQ

COr: AP/AT - 0,26

40

-
§30
o)
=r^
aLv
CN
CD
t-
o- 10
- 0,020
R717: AP/AT
R134a: AP/AT - 0,015

-10 10 30 50

Temperature [ "C]

NH,/CO, Contamination The ongoirrg quality of the CO, has an effect

CO, / NH, cascade systems will have a casc ade
heat exchanger where higher pressure CO, will
exist on the opposite side of the heat exchanger
surface from low pressure NHr. Should a leak
in the heat exchanger surface occur, then CO,
will be forced into the NH, and ammonium
carbamate will form.
Chapter 9 - Condensers details the design
for a "tell tale" to monitor for the presence of
ammonia carbamate which will indicate a heat
exchanger leak. This "tell tale" is a strainer with
a pressure differential indicator and transducer
mounted across it. If ammonium catbamate is
formed, the strainer will quickly clog and the
pressure drop will rise, resulting is a system
shutdown.
The reading of the indicator should be part of the
regular loggirrg process. It should be tested annually
by isolating and bleeding the downstream side of
on the system efficiency. Also, it can be an
indicator of a system abnormality. An annual
ISBT Method 8.0 Total Non-Volatile (NVR) and
total Non-Volatile Organic Residue (NVOR)
gravimetric test should be performed, filed and
benchmarked for refrigerant contamination.
This annual test measures sample purity (%),
moisture content (ppm), oxygen (ppm), ammonia
(ppm), nitric oxide (ppm), nitrogen dioxide
(ppm), non-volatile residue (ppm), non-volatile
organic residue (pp*), appearance and color.
This test can be done by qualified laborator¡
^
or consideration should be given to purchasing a
portable CO, dew point tester from the sources
referred to below.
SOURCES:
l. http://www.asc oco2. co m/

the indicator I transmitter to atmosphere. 2. www.Haffmans.nc

THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTBIAL REFRIGERATION HANDBOOK ¡ictf r

 This G/ossary has been prepared specifically to clarify terms and the meaning
of abbreviations used in the llAR COr lndustrial Refrigeration Handbook and
should not be used in conjunction with any other documenfs.
A copy of ANSI/llAR 2-2012 Definitions and Terminology Used in llAR
Standards has been included in fhis Handbook to avoid duplication in this
G/ossary of the definitions and terminology contained in ANSI/IlAR 2-2012.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
brake horsepower: The actual shaft input power
required by a compressors to maintain a specified
operatirg condition.
brine: See: ANSVIIAR 1 - secondary coolant.
o volatile brine: Using a refrtgerant as a secondary
coolant by utilizing the latent heat of vap orization
instead of solely sensible beat gain to transport
thermal energy.
Btu: British thermal unit - the amount of energy required
to raise one pound of wat er 1, degree Fahrenheit.
Celsius ( oC): SI temperature scale commonly defined as:
based on water freezing at 0 oC and boiling at 100 "C
at one standard atmosphere with absolute zero set at
-273.15'C.
condenser - See: ANSIIIAR 1 - condenser
o cascade condenser: A type of heat exchanger that
condenses COz otr one side of the heat exchange
surface transferring the thermal energy to NH, or an
alternate refrigerant on the other.
coil bundle: A parallel grouping of serpentine tubes in an
evaporative condenser.
condensing pressure: The pressure at which refrigerant
vapor is liquefied.
condensing temperature: The saturated temperature
equivalent to condensing pressntre.
controlled pressure receiver (CPR): A receiver that
operates at a set value below transcritical discharge
pressure by venting vapor through an upstream pressure
regulating valve to a compressor.
COP: (thermal energy removed {or supplied})/(work
{typically electrical energy} consumed)
critical point: The dome apex of the liquid ro vapor
transition on a PH diagram, above which pressure
condensing to liquid cannot occur.
dry bulb temperature: temperarure indicated by a
standard thermometer that is the actual temperature
of the air and unaffected by moisture content and air
velocity.
dry ice: Solidified COr.
economizer:
1) A heat exchanger that subcools liquid refrigeranr on
one side of the heat transfer surface by vapori zing liquid
refrigerant on the other and that vapor piped to a screw
compressor economtzer port.
2) A vessel that flash cools liquid refrigerant by lowering
its pressure upon entering while the resulting flash vapor
is piped out to a screw compressor economizer port.
. economizer port: A port on a screw compressor
that connects to a rotor volute (gas compression
space) after that volute has been isolated from the
incomi.g suction vapor and is at a pressure between
suction pressure and discharge pressure. Below
approximately 70% slide valve position this volure
will be open to suction pressure.
enthalpy: The thermal energy content of a refrigerant in
its solid, liquid or vapor state.
Fahrenheit ( oF): IP temperature scale commonly defined
as: based on water freeztng at 32 "F and boiling at 212
oF
at sea level and normal temperature with absolute
zeÍo set at -459.67 "F.
float drainer: A pressure-containing mechanical device
typically located at a low point in piping rhat allows
only liquid passage by means of a float ball pivoted to
lift and uncover an orificed pass age to the downstream
side of the device.
evaporator: See: ANSVIIAR 1. - euaporator
o flooded evaporator: A heat exchanger that has a
vessel located above it to supply liquid by gravity and
receive and separate the two phase return flow.
gas cooler: A type of heat exchanger that removes
thermal energy from supercritical COr.
. air cooled gas cooler: A rype of heat exchanger in
which thermal energy is removal from supercritical
CO, is accomplished entirely by sensible heat gain of
the air flowirrg over the heat exchange surface.
o water cooled gas cooler: A type of heat exchanger in
which thermal energy is removal from supercritical
CO, is accomplished entirely by sensible heat gain
of the water flowing over the heat exchange surface.
Typically used for heat reclaim to potable warer.
o Adiabatic air cooled gas cooler: A type of heat
exchanger in which thermal energy is removal
from supercritical CO, is accomplished entirely by
sensible heat gain of the air flowit g over the heat
exchange surface where the air has been adiabatically
precooled.
¡¡clrE
heat sink The fluid to which thermal energy is rejected
in a condenser of gds cooler.
highside: Those parts of a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system subject to approximate condenser
pressure or gas cooler pressure. NOTE: Adaption for
CO, refrigerating systems of: highside rn ANSVIIAR
1,-2012.
IDLH: The gas threshold quantity that poses an
Immediate Danger to Life or Health.
infrared detector: A gas detector that uses infrared light
to detect the presence of CO, in air.
Kelvin (K): Used to designate the difference between two
temperatures in the SI system of measurement and where
absolute zeÍo is set at 0 K - -273.15 'C.
latent heat: The amount of thermal energy absorbed or
released by a substance during a change in physical state
that occurs without a change rn temperature.
lubricant: Fluid used to lubricate the movin g pafts in
compressor.
o immiscible lubrica nt: Lubricant that does not mix
with or dissolve into the refrigerant.
o miscible lubricant: Lwbricant that forms a mixture
with the refrigerant.
. soluble lubricant= Lubricant that forms a solution
with the refrigerant.
MBH, MBTUH: An abbreviation for 1,,000 BTU/hr where
the M is derived from the Roman numeral for 1000.
miscible limit: The maximum percentage of lubricant
that a refrigerant can absorb.
non-condensables: Gas such as air that that cannot
condense due to it having a higher vapor pressure than
the refrigerant in a refrigeratlon system.
oil cooler: A heat exchanger that removes friction and
compression thermal energy from the compressor
lubricant.
oil separator: A device that removes lubricant from the
discharge vapor stream of a compressor
PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit based upon 8 hours of
exposure. See also: TLV.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(United States)
ppm: Parts per million - a dimensionless ratio of the
mass or volume of a trace fluid in another primary fluid.
Rankine ( oR): Used to designate the difference between
two temperatures in the IP system of measurement and
where absolute zero is set at 0 oR = -459.67 oF.
ffi THE CARBON D!OXf DE INDUSTR¡AL BEFRIGERATION HANDBOOK
saturated: Refrigerant equilibrium condition at any
given pressure where the liquid and vapor exist at the
same temperature.
sensible heat: thermal energy whose transfer to or from
a substance results in a change of temperature with no
change in state.
sewer flow: Flow within a pipe induced by gravity with
space above the liquid level to allow vapor flow with or
against the liquid flow.
side load: A vapor load fed into the economizer port
that is typically over and above the liquid subcooling
load.
static head: The pressure due to the height of a column
of liquid.
subcooled: Liquid cooled below its saturation
temperature for the existing pressure.
a
subcritical cycle: A CO2 refrigeration cycle where the
thermal energy is rejected to a condenser operatittg at a
pressure below the critical point.
sublime: §7hen the addition of thermal energy to a solid
results directly in vapor generation, skipping the liquid
phase.
supercritical vapor: The CO, state above the critical
point (pressure and temperature) where the liquid and
vapor phases are indistinguishable.
superheat: Refrigerant vapor at a temperature that is
higher than its boiling point at a given pressure.
TLV: Threshold Limit Value The highest concentration of
a gas that is tolerable for 8 hours. See also: PEL.
ton: 12,000 BTIJ/hr which derived from producing 2000
lbs (1 short ton) of ice in 24 hrs.
transcritical cycle: A vapor compression CO,
refrigeration cycle where evaporation occurs in the
subcritical region and thermal energy is rejected to a gds
cooler operating at a pressure in the supercritical.
triple point: Pressure at or below which CO z may exist
in the solid, liquid or vapor state depending upon its
enthalpy value
Vi: Volume ratio, internal - the volume of the refrigerant
vapor trapped at the beginning of the compression
process in a screw compressor divided by the volume of
the discharge vapor at the initial point of exposure to
the discharge port.
 American National Standard for ANSI/¡IAR 1.2012

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Standards lnsti
May 16, 2012

lnlernotionol Institute of I
Ammonio Refrigerotion
 Notes on the Standard Text
Metric Policy
The IIAR metric policy for ANSI standards, bulletins and all IIAR publications is to use the common engineering
"inch-pound" (IP) unit system as the primary unit of measure, and the International System of Units (SI),
as defined in United States National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 330 "The
International System of lJnits," for secondary units.

N ormative/l nform at ive El eme nts

This standard includes both Normative (required) and Informative (advisory) language. The body of the standard
and labeled appendices are Normative. The forward, notes, and any appendices labeled Informative are non-
mandatory. Informative material shall never be regarded as a requrement.

Notice
The information contained in this Standard has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. However, it
should not be assumed that all acceptable methods or procedures are contained in this document, or that additional
measures may not be required under certain circumstances or conditions.

The International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration makes no waranty or representation and assumes no
liability or responsibility in connection with any information contained in this document.

While the Institute recommends use of and reference to this document by private industry, government agencles
and others, this publication is intended to be voluntary and not binding.

The Institute does not "approve" or "endorse" any products, services or methods. This document shall not be used
or referenced in any way that would imply such approval or endorsement.

Note that the various codes and regulations referenced in this document may be amended from time to time and
it should not be assumed that the versions referenced herein are the most current versions of such codes and
regulations. Please consult the appropriate regulatory authorities for the most up-to-date versions.

ANSI status of th¡s document

This standard was approved by ANSI for publication on May 16,2012.

Reproduction of this document is permitted solely for the purpose of Public Review. Distribution of this document
for other purposes or the creation of derivative works without the express written permission of the International
Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration is prohibited.

Copyright
This document may not, in whole or in part, be reproduced, copied or otherwise disseminated, entered into or
stored in a computer database or retrieval system, or otherwise utilized without the prior written consent of the IIAR.

Copyright @ 2012 by
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AMMONIA REFRIGERATION
All Rights Reserved
ANSI/IIAR I-2012
Definitions and krminology Used in IIAR Standards

Foreword
(lnformative)

This Standard is issued as a companion to the ANSVIIAR Standards. As the various Standards are
published or revised, this Standard will be continuously maintained and updated.

This Standard was prepared using the ANSI consensus method whereby organizations and
individuals recognized as having interest in the subject of the Standard were contacted to be part
of a consensus body, whose vote to approve the Standard is required in addition to the public
review process. This Standard was prepared and approved for submittal to ANSI by the IIAR
Standards Committee and the IIAR Board of Directors.

At the time of publication of this standard, the IIAR Standards Committee had the following
members:

Robert J. Czamecki, Chair - Campbell Soup Company

Don Faust, Vice Chair - Gartner Refrigeration & Mfg., Inc.
Eric Brown - ALTA Refrigeration, Inc.
Dennis R. Carroll - Johnson Controls
Jim Caylor - Jacobs Engineering
Wayne D. Davis - M & M Refrigeration, Inc.
Eric Johnston - ConAgra
Gregory P. Klidonas - GEA Refrigeration North America, Inc.
Thomas A. Leighty - Refrigeration Systems Company
Brian Marriott - Johnson Controls
Rich Merrill - Retired, EVAPCO, Inc.
Ron Worley - Nestlé USA

The task group working on this standard had the following members at the time of publication:

Richard P. Merrill - EVAPCO, Inc. Retired

Don Faust, Vice Chair - Gartner Refrigeration & Mfg., Inc.

Copyright @ 20l2lnternational Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Reserved.

ANSI/IIAR 1.2012
Definitions and Tbrminology Used in IIAR Standards

Table of Contents

Section 1 Purpose 1

'1
Section 2 Scope
Section 3 Definitions 1

Copyright A 2012 International Institute oJ'Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Reserved. iii
ANSI/IIAR 1-2012
De/initions and krminology Used in IIAR Standards
Section 1
Purpose
This Standard provides a unified set of definitions
for use in the IIAR Standards. A set of common
definitions is provided to prevent confusion among
Section 2
Scope
The definitions provided in this Standard apply to the
defined terms whenever they are used in any one of
the Standards in the ANSI/IIAR Standards.
Section 3
Defin¡tions
actuator: A mechanism which transmits movement
to a component of a device such as the stem of a
valve.
ammonia: Refriserant-grade anhydrous ammonia.
approved: Acceptable to the authorities having
jurisdiction.
approved nationally recognized testing laboratory:
A laboratory acceptable to the jurisdictional
authorities that provides uniform testing and
examination procedures under established standards;
is properly organi zed, equipped, and qualified for
testing; and has a follow-up inspection service of the
cuffent production of the listed products.
authorized inspection agency: An established
and recogntzed organi zation or individual regul arly
engaged in conducting tests or furnishing inspection
services, when such organization or individual has
been approved by the jurisdiction involved.
Copyright @ 20l2lnternational Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Reserved.
engineers, contractors and jurisdictional authorities.
This Standard is a companion to ANSVIIAR Standards.
These definitions do not apply to all occurrences or
usages in the industrial refrigeration industry. They
only apply to their usages in the above referenced
Standards.
Cv z Valve flow coefficient (US units) - the flow (gail
min) of 60'F water that passes through the valve at I
psig pressure drop. See also Kv.
code authority: Any group or body reco gnized by
the jurisdiction involved, and which has authority
over the rules and regulations governing design,
fabrication, testing and assembly of refrigeration and
related equipment.
commissioning: The completion of the start-up
process, which demonstrates the ability of the
closed-circuit mech anical refrigerating system to
automatically operate in a safe manner and achieve its
intended task(s).
compressor: A specific machine for raising
the pressure of refrigerant vapor. A high stage
compressor rs a compressor for compressing
refrigerant vapor and discharging to the condenser.
A low stage compressor (also known as a booster
compressor) is a compressor for compressing

refrigerant vapor and discharging to the suction
system of a higher stage compressor.
. positive displacement compressor: A
compressor in which an increase in pressure
is attained by changing the volume of the
compression chamber.
condenser: That part of a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system where refrigerant vapor
is liquefied by the removal of heat. See also
desuperheater.
air-cooled condenser: A type of condenser in
which heat removal is accomplished entirely
by sensible heat gain of the air flowing over
condensing surfaces.
double-pipe (tube-in-tube) condenser: A type of
condenser constructed of one or more assemblies
of two tubes, one within the other, in which
refrigerant is condensed either in the annular
space or the inner tube.
evaporative condenser: A type of condenser that
obtains cooling effect by the evaporation of water
in an air stream on the external surface of the
tubes for the heat removal.
plate type condenser: A condenser that uses
heat transfer surfaces (plates) in lieu of condenser
coils. The refrigerant is contained between paired
plates that are welded or brazed together or
elastomerically sealed. The plates may be placed
into heat exchanger shells (plate-and-shell) or
stacked between pressure end-plates (plate-and-
frame).
shell and tube condenser: A type of condenser
with tubes secured into a tube sheet at one or both
ends of an enclosing shell, in which refrigerant is
condensed either in the shell side or the tube side.
condenser coil: That part of a condenser constructed
of pipe or tubing not enclosed in a pressure vessel.
contractor: The entity that assumes various
contractual responsibilities for services such as
installirg, integrating, maintaining or operating the
various components of the refrigerating system.
Copyright @ 2012 International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration.
'l
DeJinitionsandkrminotogl,rr"i»?;i'11+"#:,X
cylinder: A container used for the transportation of
refrigerant.
desuperheater: A heat exchanger which provides
sensible cooling to the refrigerant vapor.
direct expansion: A refrigerant feed arrangement
whereby liquid refrigerant is fed to an evaporator
through an expansion valve or device and evaporates
completely before leaving as vapor. See valve:
automatic expansion valve.
emergency operating procedures: Procedures for
operating the system under abnormal, unintended or
time-sensitive conditions. These abnormal or time-
sensitive conditions may involve risk to health and
welfare of operators, employees, and the public; andl
or components of the refrigerating system; and/or
product.
emergency pressure control system (EPCS): A
system consisting of pressure sensors, independent
compress or shut-off controls and automatically
controlled crossover valves that, when opened, will
permit a high-pressure portion of a system to connect
to a lower pressure portion of a system when opened.
evaporator: That part of a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system designed to absorb heat by
vapori zrng liquid refrigerant.
o plate ffpe evaporator: An evaporator that uses
heat transfer surfaces (plates) in lieu of evaporator
coils. The refrigerant is contained between paired
plates that are welded or brazed together or
elastomerically sealed. The plates may be used
individually or placed into heat exchanger shells
(plate-and-shell) or stacked between two pressure
end-plates (plate and frame).
evaporator coil: That part of an evaporator
constructed of pipe or tubing not enclosed in a
pressure vessel.
exit: A means of egress.
float switch: A device incorporating a buoyancy
component which responds to changirg liquid level to
mechanically actuate an electrical switch.
All Rights Reserved.
ANSVIIAR 1-20I2
Definitions and Tbrminology Used in IIAR Standards
forced feed oil lubrication: A lubrication system
in which oil is provided by an internal or external
mechanical oil pump. This does not include splash
type or drip type compressor lubrication systems.
header: A primary pipe or tube component of a
refrigerating system to which are connected several
other secondary pipes or tubes. Also known as
manifold.
heat transfer component: The pressure containing
portion of equipment used for heat transfer including
pipes, tubes, coils or other components and their
headers, not constructed as pressure vessels.
highside: Those parts of a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system subjected to approximate
condenser pressure.
informative appendix: An appendix that is not
part of the standard but is included for information
purposes only.
internal gross volume: The volume as determined
from internal dimensions of the container, with no
allowance for the volume of the internal parts.
Kv : Valve flow coefficient (SI units) - the flow
(m3/h) of l5"C water that passes through the valve at
I bar pressure drop. See also Cv.
liquid level transmitter: A device which senses
liquid level and relays the level position by means of
electrical, electronic or pneumatic signal.
listed: Equipment that has been tested and is
identified as acceptable by an approved, nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
lowside: The parts of a closed-circuit mechanical
refri ger ating sys tem subj ected to approxrmate
evaporator pressure.
machinery room: An enclosed space that is designed
specifically to safely house refrigerating equrpment
which includes: compressors, refrigerant pumps or
other refrigerant liqtljd transfer equipment that raises
the pressure ofthe refrigerant.
manually operated valve: See valve : shut offvalve.
Copyright @ 2012International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights
MAWP: Maximum allowable working pressure for
which the device has been designed.
mechanical acfuating float: Buoyancy component
which responds to changing liquid level to mechanically
modulate a valve element controlling fluid flow.
monitored: A means of continual oversight such as
notification to on-site staff, a third party alarm service
or a responsible party.
MOPD: Maximum operating pressure differential.
MSSPD: Maximum seat sealing pressure differential.
normative appendix: An integral part of the
mandatory requirements of the standard, which,
for reasons ofconvenience, is placed after all other
normative elements.
owner or owner's designated representative: The
legal entity that is responsible for the refrigeration
system.
piping: The interconnecting parts of a closed circuit
mechanical refrigerating system which contain
and convey the refrigerant. Piping includes pipe,
flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, fittings, the pressure-
containing parts of other components such as heat
transfer components, expansion joints, strainers,
filters, and devices which serve such purposes as
mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing, metering or
controlling flow, pipe hangers, supporting fixtures and
structural attachments.
plate heat exchanger: See condenser: plate type
condenser and evaporator: plate type evaporator.
pressure: Force per urut area.
. design pressure: The maximum pressure for
which a specific portion of a closed circuit
mechanical refrigerating system is designed.
. field (pressure) testz A pressure test performed
in the field.
. leak test pressure: The pressure which is applied
to test a system or any part of it for tightness. See
also pre s sure: fi eld (pre s sur e) te s t.
Reserved. 3
 .T

D eJ i n i t i o n s an d re rm i n o to gy u,
"
i»tilf§ r#: :;
. operating pressure: Any pressure, within arange Pressure Vessel Code. See also receiver: receiver and
of pressures, determined by operational and safety controlled-pressure recewer.
limits (equal to, or below the design pressure)
where a system or portion of a system, is intended EXCEPTIONS per ASME Section VIII, Division 1,
to operate. Also known as working pressure Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:

. test pressure: The pressureto which a piece of l. ?:Ko:tt"t

equrpment or a system is subjected, according to
pressure test or leak test procedures.
pressure-containing envelope: Enclosure which
isolates the contained refrigeranl from the atmosphere
or other fluid(s).
pressure limiting device: A pressureresponsive i. fí;i?t
electronic or mechanical control designed to
automatically stop the operation of the pressure
imposing element at a predetermined pressure.
pressure relief valvez A pressure actuated valve
held closed by a spring or other means and designed
to automatically open to relievepressure in excess
ofits setting, also called a safety yalye. See also
pressure-reliefdevice, dual pressure-reliefdevice and
hydrostatic relief valve,
. hydrostatic reliefvalve: A pressure reliefvalve
designed to automatically open to relieve liquid
pressure ln excess of its setting. Primarily used
for the protection of piping or equipment where
liquid refrigerant may be automatically trapped
between two valves and subject to thermal
expansion.
. Pressure-relief device'. A pressure acfuated valve
or rupture member designed to automatically
open to relieve excessivepressure. See also dual
pressure-reliefdevice, pressure-reliefvalve.
c. Controls
EXCEPTIONS per ASME B31.5, Refrigeration
Piping and Heat Transfer Components:
a. Condenser Coils
b. Evaporator Coils
e. Other components and their headers not
constructed as pressure vessels
proof test: Design confirmation by testrng a
production sample to verify that it will not fail when
exposed to a predetermined pressure that exceeds its
rated design pressure.
property insurance underwriter: An rnsurance
company licensed to write insurance for the property
m questron rn the jurisdiction concerned.
readily accessible: Capable of being reached safely
and quickly for operation, repair, and inspection
without requiring those to whom ready access is
required to climb over or remove obstacles or to resort
to the use of portable access equipment.
receiver: A pressure vessel in a closed-circuit
mechanical refrigerating system designed to hold the
varying volume of liquid refrigerant resulting from
changes in system operating conditions. See also
pressure vessel.

. dual pressure-relief device: Two pressure-relief . controlled-pressure receiver: An intermediate

devices (valves oÍ rupture members) mounted pressure receiver used to flash-cool refrigerant
on a three way valve that allows one device to and to control the feed pressure. See also pressure
remain active while the other is isolated. See also vessel.
pres sure- relief dev ic e, p res sur e-rel ief v alv e.
refrigerant: A compound used in a closed circuit
pressure vessel: Any refrigerant containing mechanical refrigeration cycle that undergoes phase
receptacle in a closed circuit mechanical refrigerating change from a liquid to a gas and back, e.g. ammonia.
system designed and manufactured under the rules
of ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Boiler and

Copyright @ 2012 International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Resertted.

ANSI/IIAR I.2OI2
Definitions and krminology Used in IIAR Standards
refrigerant pump: A mechanical device for moving
liquid refrigerant within a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system.
refrigerating system (closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system): A combination of
interconnected refrigerant-containing parts
constituting at least one closed refrigerant circuit in
which a refrigerant is circulated using mechanical
compression for the purpose of extracting heat.
rupture member (disc): A non-reclosing pressure-
relief device actuated by inlet pressure and designed
to function by the bursting of a membrane.
saturation temperature: The temperature at which
vapor and liquid can exist in equilibrium at a given
pressure. See also pressure.
seal cap: A generic term for pressure-contatnlng or
non-pres sure-contarnlng enclosure which attaches
to the valve and fully encloses a stem (spindle) and
associated stem seal packing nut. The seal czp, when
designated as pressure-containing, is designed as an
extension of the pressure-containing envelope.
second ary coolant: Any liquid used for the
transmission of heat without a change in its state. Also
known as secondary refrigerant or brine.
shall (shall not): A term used where the provision is
mandatory.
should (should not): A term used where the
provisions are not mandatory but are (are not)
recommended good practice under most but not all
conditions.
start-up: A procedure, following the installation of
a refrigerating system, which confirms the proper
operation of all the equipment and interconnecting
piping and electrical switchgear and controls.
stem: A rotating or linear sliding component that
extends through the pressure containing envelope for
the purpose of actuating an internal element (example:
disc) of the valve, also referred to in practice as, but
not limited to 'spindle'.
Copyright @ 20l2International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Reserved.
strainer: A pressure-containing component through
which refrigerant flows for the purpose of separating
particulate matter from the flow stream.
subcooled: Reduced to a temperature below the
saturatron temperature.
superheat: The sensible heat content in a vapor
which raises the temperature of the vapor above the
saturatron temperafure.
supplier: The individual or organization from whom
title for equipment or material passes to the purchaser.
temporary operating procedure: An operating
procedure that involves a deliberate and planned
operation of a piece of equipment at conditions
outside of its normal operating range including any
specific steps that must be taken so that there are no
safety ramif,rcations.
trained start-up technician: An individual having
adequate training and experience which qualifies that
individual to start-up and operate a closed-circuit
mechanical refrigerating system with which he or she
has become familiar before actual start-up.
trained technician: An individual having adequate
training and experience which qualify that individual
to service, maintain and operat e a closed-circuit
mechanical refrigerating system with which he or she
has become familiar.
ultimate strength: The highest pressure or stress
level which the component can tolerate without
rupture or failure.
valve: A pressure-containing device that stops,
permits or controls flow. See also piping, pressure-
relief valve, pressure-relief device, dual pressure-
relief device.
o automatic expansion valve: A controlling device
that self-regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant
into an evaporator of a closed circuit mechanical
refrigerating system.
o automatic liquid refrigerant drain valve: See
valve: highside float valve.

check valve: A valve allowing fluid flow in one
direction only.
control valve: All valves except shut-offvalves.
Example: solenotd valve, check valve, regulating
valve, etc.
downstream pressure regulator: A control
valve that regulates the downstream pressure
by controlling the flow of oil or refrigerant
through the device and is actuated toward open
by a pressure falling below regulator set point
downstream of the valve.
evaporator pressure regulator: A control valve
that regulates evaporator pressure by controlling
the flow of refrigeranl from an evaporator section
and is actuated toward open by a pressure above
set point upstream of the valve.
flow regulating valve: A valve designed to
control flow.
highside float valve: A control valve that
regulates upstream liquid level by controlling the
flow of refrigerant or oil. This type of valve is
actuated open by a rising liquid level upstream of
the valve.
lowside float valve: A control valve that regulates
downstream liquid level by controlling the flow of
liquid refrigerant into an evaporator. This type of
valve is actuated towards the closed position by a
rising liquid level downstream of the valve.
o motorized valve: A valve operated by a motor.
o multi-function valve: A valve designed to fulfill
the function of both control and shut-off.
. oil drain float valve: See valve: highside float
valve.
o self-closing valve: A manually-operated stop
valve that will automatically return to the closed
position by means of a spring or other device
when the operating handle is released.
Copyright
ANSI/IIAR I.2OI2
Definitions and krminology Used in IIAR Standards
shut-off valve: An externally acttated valve
solely designed to stop flow for the purpose of
isolating a sub-section of the system, also referred
to in practice as, but not limited to "block,"
"hand," "service," "manually operated - valve" or
"stop" valve.
solenoid valve: A valve that is opened or closed
by the magnetic action of an electrically energized
coil. The opposite action is accomplished by
gravity, pressure or spring actton.
thermostatic expansion valve: A control valve
that regulates superheat of re-frigerant vapor
leavin g an evaporator by controlling the flow of
refrigerant into an evaporator of a closed-circuit
mechanical refrigerating system and is actuated
by changes in evaporator pressure and superheat
of the re-frigerant vapor leaving the evaporator.
three way valve: A service valve for dual
mount ed pressure-relief valves. A manually
operat ed valve with one inlet which alternately
can stop flow to either of two outlets.
uni-body valve: A valve hmited to maximum
ll2" [ 5 mm] nominal bore incorporating a one-
piece body with integral bonnet and without any
pr es sur e-contatntng assembly j oint.
@ 2012 International Instittúe of Ammonia Refrigeration. All Rights Reserved.