TRANSPORTATION

ENGINEERING
 WHAT IS TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING?
Transportation engineering is the application of
the principles of engineering, planning, analysis,
and design to the disciplines comprising
transportation: its vehicles, its physical
infrastructure, safety in travel, environmental
impacts, and energy usage.
 ROLE OF TRANSPORATION

1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• Every product needs transportation
• Better system can provide easy access and benefit to low costing of products
• Availability of raw material can be provided to manufacturing units

2. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

• People of remote area can come closer to the city or town • People from different parts of
country can reach far places with convenience and in less time
• Decreases growth of slums in urban area Role of transportation
 ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Place utility of goods
2. Time utility of goods

3. Preservation of quality of goods

4. Mass production

5. Exploitation of natural resources

6. Urbanization

7. Industrial development
8. Agricultural development

9. Costs of goods
10. Defense and strategic needs

11. Transport facilities and social activities

 BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION
Humans' first means of transport involved walking, running and swimming.
The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of
transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or
humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the
wheel and the sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the
introduction of vehicles. Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels,
dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large
quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION
The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the
4th or the 3rd millennium BCE), oxen (from about 8000 BCE)or humans carrying goods
over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Many early civilizations, including those
in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, constructed paved roads. In classical antiquity,
the Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep
roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The medieval Caliphate later
built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water
transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion,
or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as
sites for trading being located on rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the intersection of two
bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and
production and consumption gravitated as close to each other as feasible.
 MAJOR DISCIPLINES
OF TRANSPORTATION

1. Transportation Planning - Involves the development of a transport

model.
2. Geometric Design – Deals with physical with physical proportioning of
other transportation facilities.
 Cross-sectional Features

 Horizontal alignment
 Vertical alignment

 Intersections
 MAJOR DISCIPLINES
OF TRANSPORTATION

3. Pavement Design - Deals with the structural with the structural design of roads, both (bituminous
and concrete).
 Drainage Design

 Functional Design
 Structural Design

4. Traffic Engineering - Covers a broad range of engineering applications with a focus on

 The safety of the public

 The efficient use of transportation resources

 The mobility of goods and people

 ADDITIONAL DISCIPLINES
OF TRANSPORTATION

1. Public transportation - study of the trans portation system that meets the travel need of
several people by sharing a vehicle.
 characteristics of various modes

 characteristics of various modes

 planning, management and operations

 policies for promoting public transportation.

2. Financial and economic analysis - tries to quantify the economic benefit which includes
saving in travel time, fuel consumption, etc.
 ADDITIONAL DISCIPLINES
OF TRANSPORTATION

3. Environmental impact assessment - attempts in quantifying the attempts in quantifying

the environmental impacts and tries to evolve strategies for the mitigation and reduction of the
impact due to both construction and operation.
4. Accident analysis and reduction - looks at the causes of accidents, accidents, from the
perspective of human, road, and from the perspective of human, road, and vehicle and
formulate plans for the reduction.
5. Intelligent transport system - offers better mobility, efficiency, and safety with the help of
the state-of-the-art technology.
 FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION
DEVELOPMENT

• Economic Factors
• Geographical Factor
• Political Polices
• Military
• Technological Factor
• Urbanization
• Competition
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Means of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of
transportation or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport are air,
water, and land transport, which includes Rails or railways, road and off-road transport.
Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-
powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own
mode, but never fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for moving
of people, animals, and other goods from one place to another. The means of transport, on
the other hand, refers to the (motorized) vehicles necessary for transport according to the
chosen mode (car, airplane, ship, truck and rail). Each mode of transport has a
fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment.
Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.
 ANIMAL-POWERED

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement

of people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly,
use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in
teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.
ANIMAL-POWERED
 HUMAN-POWERED

Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using

human muscle power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered
transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running
and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-
power.
HUMAN-POWERED
 ROAD TRANSPORTATION

The first, and most common mode of transportation in logistics, is road. From walking
to horses to wagons to bikes to cars to trucks, road transportation has been around
longer than mode and is utilized the most of any mode in logistics.

With the continued improvement of vehicles and road infrastructure, transportation by

road is the most versatile of the four main modes with the least geographical constraints.
This attribute of road transport makes it the preferred mode for smaller loads over a
shorter distances and as such, road is the only mode that performs door-to-door
deliveries. Consequently, most shipments that initially were carried by another mode of
transportation are completed by road transportation.
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
 MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

Shipping by water has been practiced for thousands of years and remains
pivotal to today’s global trade. 90% of all international trade is accomplished
through maritime transportation. Cargo ships travel on almost every major body
of water and have capacity to transport the highest volume of freight of any
mode of transportation at the lowest cost.
MARITIME TRANSPORATION
 AIR TRANSPORTATION

The newest mode of transportation is air. Airplanes are becoming

increasingly important in domestic and international trade. With continually
improving technologies and practically unlimited route possibilities, air
transportation is the fastest growing and most time efficient shipping mode.
Consequently, many companies, such as Amazon and UPS, have purchased
their own fleets of airplanes to gain a competitive edge in the growing market.
AIR TRANSPORTATION
 RAIL TRANSPORTATION

First invented for use in the early 19th century, rail transport quickly became
vital for the expansion of the western world and has played a pivotal role in the
realm of logistics for over two centuries. In modern practice, rail is used more
exclusively for the largest and heaviest payloads (bulk cargo) traveling across land.
The vast majority of railway infrastructure connects highly populated areas with
large unpopulated strips of land between them making rail ideal for long-distance
and cross country hauls. Canada, for example, is very sparsely populated between
coasts so anything shipped more than 500 miles often requires a rail transport.
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
 ROADWAYS

 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
• NATIONAL HIGHWAY (NH)

• STATE HIGHWAY (SH)

• MAJOR DISTRICT ROAD (MDR)

• OTHER DISTRICT ROAD (ODR)

• VILLAGE ROAD (VR)

 BASED ON CARRIAGE WAY

• PAVED ROADS

• UNPAVED ROADS
 ROADWAYS

 BASED ON PAVEMENT
• SURFACE ROADS

• UNSURFACED ROADS

 AS PER USABILITY
• ALL WEATHER ROADS

• FAIR WEATHER ROADS

 URBAN ROADS
• ARTERIAL ROADS

• SUB-ARTERIAL ROADS

• COLLECTOR STREETS

• LOCAL STREETS
 ROAD TRANSPORT

 EXPRESS WAYS
• These are suggested in Third Road development plan (1981-2001).
• These are used to connect the Metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkata, Chennai.
• They have the highest design speed.
• They should have at least four lanes.
 ROAD TRANSPORT

 STATE HIGHWAYS
• These are main roads running within the states.
• They connect important towns, cities of state with National Highway.
• These are generally one lane but two lanes are always be preferred.
• They have modern type of bituminous or Concrete surfacing.
• The construction and maintenance of these roads are usually carried out
by the State Government.
 ROAD TRANSPORT

 NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
• They run through the Length and Breadth of the country.
• They connect national capital to all state capitals, major cities, towns, border areas.
• They should have at least two traffic lanes, good surface finishing and excellent
strength to carry heavy traffic.
• The construction and maintenance of these roads is usually carried out by Central
government
 ROAD TRANSPORT

 DISTRICT ROADS

 Major District Roads

• These roads connect all the districts, all production areas and markets
with State Highway or National Highway or Railways.
• They have single metaled lane of traffic.
 ROAD TRANSPORT

 DISTRICT ROADS

 Other District Roads

• These provide links to villages and serve a large rural population.

• They should have good metalled surface and proper drainage.

• Construction and maintenance are carried by District Authority.

 ROAD TRANSPORT

 VILLAGE ROADS
• These connect the villages with each other and also towns nearby.
• These are generally established earth roads but metal surface is preferred.
• The construction and maintenance are carried by local District boards.
 ROADWAYS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Maximum flexibility for travel 1. Goods carrying capacity is low
2. It permits any mode of road vehicle 2. Speed is low compared to air and
3. It provides door-to-door service waterway

4. It saves time for short distance 3. Less comfort and safety

5. Construction and maintenance cost 4. Uneconomical for long distance

is low 5. Number of road accident is height
 RAILWAYS
  Railways are tracks made of steel rails along which
trains run.
CROSS-SECTION OF A RAILWAY
 RAILWAYS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• GOODS CARRYING CAPACITY IS HIGH • IT IS NOT FLEXIBLE
• SPEED IS HIGH COMPARED TO • IT IS DEPENDENT ON ROADWAY
ROADWAYS
• TRAIN RUNS AS PER SCHEDULE
• CHEAPER THAN AIRWAYS
• MAINTENANCE COST IS HIGH
• COMFORTABLE FOR LONG DISTANCE
• IT PERMITS DEFINITE MODE OF
TRAVEL
TRANSPORT
• IT INCREASES TRADE, COMMERCE
AND BUSINESS
 WATERWAYS
Waterway is a river, canal, or other body of water serving
as a route or way of travel or transport.
 WATERWAYS

 TYPES OF HARBOUR
1. NATURAL HARBOUR

2. SEMINATURAL HARBOUR

3. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR

 TYPES OF PORTS
1. MAJOR

2. INTERMEDIATE

3. MINOR

 TYPES OF DOCKS
1. WET DOCKS

2. DRY DOCKS
 WATERWAYS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• NO NEED TO CONSTRUCT TRACKS
• IT IS SLOW
• IT REQUIRES CHEAP MOTIVE POWER
• STORMS CAN CAUSE GREAT LOSS
• CHEAPEST MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
• IT IS USEFUL ALONG PARTICULAR
• IT PROVIDES EFFICIENCY
ROUTES
• IT HELPS IN GROWTH OF INDUSTRIES
• MAINTENANCE COST IS HIGH

• IT HAS LIMITED CONNECTIVITY

 AIRWAYS
An airway or air route is a defined corridor that connects
one specified location to another at a specified altitude,
along which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the
airway may be flown high.
 AIRWAYS

 Types of airports
1. International airport
2. Domestic airport
3. Military aerodromes

 Types of airfield
1. Flexible (bituminous)
2. Rigid (cement concrete)
 AIRWAYS

Advantages
Disadvantages
• It does not require tracks
• Expensive
• It is useful in military activities
• Fuel consumption is high
• Fastest mode of transportation
• Maintenance cost is high
• It is a powerful mean of attack
 FUTURE TRANSPORTATION
The transportation industry is one of the most important
areas where new technological advancement takes place.
All these innovations are not just a for of illusion, they are
set to happen within the next coming years or have already
started transporting us.
 RAIL WAY TRANSPORATION
IN THE FUTURE

The future of rail includes a base scenario that projects the evolution of the
railways sector to 2050 on the basis of announced policies, regulations and
projects. It also include s a high rail scenario to demonstrate the energy and
environmental benefits of a more significant shift of passengers and goods to
rail transport. While the high rail scenario requires about 60% more investment
than in the base scenario, global CO2 emissions from transportation peak in
the late 2030 air pollution is reduced and oil demand is lowered.
RAIL WAY TRANSPORATION
IN THE FUTURE
 AIR TRANSPORTATION
IN THE FUTURE

As the transportation industry continues to grow the sector concentrating

on providing innovative solutions to meet the emerging needs of future air
travel passengers and market demands. They are also addressing issues
concerning costs , safety security and environmental impacts .New
technological advances are creating many possible future to make the civil
aviation industry sustainable.
AIR TRANSPORTATION
IN THE FUTURE
 ROAD TRANSPORTATION
IN THE FUTURE

Self driving cars are expected to be on the roads more quickly than was
anticipated just a few years ago and in greater numbers . Forecast vary ,as they
always do , but the emerging consensus among the industry’s auger players is
that minimum ,feel vehicles -trucks taxis and buses that can take control and make
decisions .i.e. SEA level 3 ,will be in use the end of this decade .More recent into
the industry like Teals and the Delphi Mobileye partnership believe fully
autonomous vehicles, i.e. SEA 4 or 5 , will be available around the same time ; Nu
Toney ,a start up spun out of MIT, is already conducting roads trails in Singapore.
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
IN THE FUTURE
 ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
AND TRAFFIC CONTROL
• Traffic Survey
1. Traffic volume study
2. Spot speed survey
3. Speed and delay survey
4. Origin and destination
5. Traffic flow study
6. Traffic capacity study
7. Parking survey
8. Accident survey
TRAFFIC REGULATORY SIGNS
TRAFFIC WARNING SIGNS
DESTINATION SIGNS
AND SIGNAL
TRAFFIC INTERSECTION SIGNS
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. The Economic Importance of Transportation
The development of transportation systems takes place in a socioeconomic context. While
development policies and strategies tend to focus on physical capital, recent years have seen
a better balance by including human capital issues. Irrespective of the relative importance of
physical versus human capital, development cannot occur without both interacting as
infrastructures cannot remain effective without proper operations and maintenance. At the
same time, economic activities cannot take place without an infrastructure base. The highly
transactional and service-oriented functions of many transport activities underline the complex
relationship between its physical and human capital needs. For instance, effective logistics
rely on infrastructures and managerial expertise.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Assessing the economic importance of transportation requires the categorization of the types of impacts it conveys.
These involve core (the physical characteristics of transportation), operational and geographical dimensions:

• Core - The most fundamental impacts of transportation-related to the physical capacity to convey passengers and goods and
the associated costs to support this mobility. This involves the setting of routes enabling new or existing interactions between
economic entities.
• Operational - Improvement in the time performance, notably in terms of reliability, as well as reduced loss or damage. This
implies a better utilization level of existing transportation assets benefiting its users as passengers and freight are conveyed
more rapidly and with fewer delays.
• Geographical - Access to a broader market base where economies of scale in production, distribution, and consumption can
be improved. Increases in productivity from the access to a larger and more diverse base of inputs (raw materials, parts,
energy, or labor) and broader markets for diverse outputs (intermediate and finished goods). Another important geographical
impact concerns the influence of transport on the location of activities and its impacts on land values.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The economic importance of the transportation industry can thus be assessed from a macroeconomic and

microeconomic perspective:

• At the macroeconomic level (the importance of transportation for a whole economy), transportation and related

mobility are linked to a level of output, employment, and income within a national economy. In many developed

economies, transportation accounts for between 6% and 12% of the GDP. Further, logistics costs can account for

between 6% and 25% of the GDP. The value of all transportation assets, including infrastructures and vehicles, can

easily account for half the GDP of an advanced economy.

• At the microeconomic level (the importance of transportation for specific parts of the economy), transportation is

linked to producer, consumer, and distribution costs. The importance of specific transport activities and infrastructure

can thus be assessed for each sector of the economy. Usually, higher income levels are associated with a greater

share of transportation in consumption expenses. On average, transportation accounts for between 10% and 15% of

household expenditures
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The economic impacts of transportation can be direct, indirect, and induced:

• Direct impacts. The outcome of improved capacity and efficiency where transport provides employment, added value, larger markets,

as well as time and costs improvements. The overall demand of an economy is increasing.

• Indirect impacts. The outcome of improved accessibility and economies of scale. Indirect value-added and jobs are the result of local

purchases by companies directly dependent upon transport activity. Transport activities are responsible for a wide range of indirect

value-added and employment effects, through the linkages of transport with other economic sectors (e.g. office supply firms,

equipment and parts suppliers, maintenance and repair services, insurance companies, consulting, and other business services).

• Induced impacts. The outcome of the economic multiplier effects where the price of commodities, goods, or services drops and their

variety increases. For instance, the steel industry requires the cost-efficient import of iron ore and coal for the blast furnaces and

export activities for finished products such as steel booms and coils. Manufacturers, retail outlets, and distribution centers handling

imported containerized cargo rely on efficient transport and seaport operations.

 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
2. TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
Transportation developments that have taken place since the beginning of the industrial
revolution have been linked to growing economic opportunities. At each stage of societal
development, a particular transport technology has been developed or adapted with an array
of impacts. Economic cycles are associated with a variety of innovations, including
transportation, influencing economic opportunities for production, distribution, and
consumption.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Six major waves of economic development where a specific transport technology created new economic, market, and social opportunities can be

suggested:

• Seaports. The historical importance of seaports in trade has been enduring. This importance was reinforced with the early stages of European expansion from

the 16th to the 18th centuries, commonly known as the age of exploration. Seaports supported the early development of international trade through colonial

empires but were constrained by limited inland access.

• Rivers and canals. River trade has prevailed through history, and even canals were built where no significant altitude change existed since lock technology was

rudimentary.

• Railways. The second stage of the industrial revolution in the 19th century was linked with the development and implementation of rail systems enabling more

flexible and high capacity inland transportation systems.

• Roads. The 20th century saw the rapid development of comprehensive road transportation systems, such as national highway systems, and of automobile

manufacturing as a major economic sector.

• Airways and information technologies. The second half of the 20th century saw the development of global air and telecommunication networks in conjunction

with economic globalization. New organizational and managerial forms became possible, especially in the rapidly developing realm of logistics and supply chain

management. Although maritime transportation is the physical linchpin of globalization, air transportation and IT support the accelerated mobility of passengers,

specialized cargoes, and their associated information flows

 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
3. Economic Returns of Transport Investments
A common expectation is that transport investments will generate economic returns, which in the
long run, should justify the initial capital commitment. Like most infrastructure projects, transportation
infrastructure can generate a 5 to 20% annual return on the capital invested, with such figures often used
to promote and justify investments. However, transport investments tend to have declining marginal
returns (diminishing returns). While initial infrastructure investments tend to have a high return since
they provide an entirely new range of mobility options, the more the system is developed, the more likely
additional investment would lower returns. At some point, the marginal returns can be close to zero or
even negative. A common fallacy assumes that additional transport investments will have a similar
multiplying effect than the initial investments had, which can lead to capital misallocation.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The most common reasons for the declining marginal returns of transport investments are:

• High accumulation of existing infrastructure. Where there is a high level of accessibility and where transportation networks that are already

extensive, further investments usually result in marginal improvements. This means that the economic impacts of transport investments tend to

be significant when infrastructures were previously lacking and tend to be marginal when an extensive network is already present. Additional

investments can thus have a limited impact outside convenience.

• Economic changes. As economies develop, their function tends to shift from the primary (resource extraction) and secondary (manufacturing)

sectors towards advanced manufacturing, distribution, and services. These sectors rely on different transport systems and capabilities. While an

economy depending on manufacturing will rely on road, rail, and port infrastructures, a service economy is more oriented towards the efficiency

of logistics and urban transportation. In all cases, transport infrastructure is important, but their relative importance in supporting the economy

may shift.

• Clustering. Due to clustering and agglomeration, several locations develop advantages that cannot be readily reversed through improvements

in accessibility. Transportation can be a factor of concentration and dispersion depending on the  context and the level of development. Less

accessible regions thus do not necessarily benefit from transport investments if they are embedded in a system of unequal relations.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

4. Types of Transportation Impacts

The relationship between transportation and economic development is difficult to formally

establish and has been debated for many years. In some circumstances, transport investments appear

to be a catalyst for economic growth, while in others, economic growth puts pressures on existing

transport infrastructures and incite additional investments. Transport markets and related transport

infrastructure networks are key drivers in the promotion of more balanced and sustainable development,

particularly by improving accessibility and the opportunities of less developed regions or disadvantaged

social groups. Initially, there are different impacts on transport providers (transport companies)

and transport users.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
5. Transportation as an Economic Factor

Contemporary trends have underlined that economic development has become less dependent on
relations with the environment (resources) and more dependent on relations across space. While
resources remain the foundation of economic activities, the commodification of the economy has been
linked with higher levels of material flows of all kinds. Concomitantly, resources, capital, and even labor
have shown increasing levels of mobility. 
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This is particularly the case for multinational firms that can benefit from transport

improvements in two significant markets:

• Commodity market. Improvement in the efficiency with which firms have access to raw

materials and parts as well as to their respective customers. Thus, transportation

expands opportunities to acquire and sell a variety of commodities necessary for

industrial and manufacturing systems.

• Labor market. Improvement in access to labor and a reduction in access costs, mainly

by improved commuting (local scale) or the use of lower-cost labor (global scale).
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

An efficient transport system with modern infrastructures favors many economic changes,

most of them positive. The major impacts of transport on economic factors can be categorized as

follows:

• Geographic specialization. Improvements in transportation and communication favor a process of

geographical specialization that increases productivity and spatial interactions. An economic entity

tends to produce goods and services with the most appropriate combination of capital, labor, and

raw materials.
 TRANSPORTATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• Increased competition. When transport is efficient, the potential market for a given product (or
service) increases, and so does competition. A wider array of goods and services becomes available
to consumers through competition, which tends to reduce costs and promote quality and innovation.
• Increased land value. Land which is adjacent or serviced by good transport services generally has
greater value due to the utility it confers. Consumers can have access to a wider range of services
and retail goods.
• Scale and scope of production. An efficient transport system offering cost, time, and reliability
advantages enable goods to be transported over longer distances. This facilitates mass production
through economies of scale because larger markets can be accessed.
BUILD! BUILD! BUILD!

The Duterte Administration’s

Infrastructure Plan
 BUILD! BUILD! BUILD!
Amid the socioeconomic fallout caused by the COVID-19
pandemic, economic officials are pinning hopes on the
country’s Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program as a major force
to help pump-prime the country towards economic recovery.
Launched in 2017, the BBB Program is the centerpiece
infrastructure development program of the Duterte
administration that aims to spur and sustain economic growth
to usher the country’s “Golden Age of Infrastructure”.
 In November 2019, the administration’s economic team revised the

list of infrastructure flagship projects (IFPs) under the BBB Program.

The new list featured 100 projects (instead of the 75 IFPs), which has an

overall price tag of P4.4 trillion. The revision in the list of big ticket

infrastructure projects was made after determining that projects were

economically unviable and were facing serious engineering and

financing challenges. Meanwhile, a July 2019 report by the National

Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) revealed that only two (2)

out of the original 75 IFPs were completed namely the Japan-funded

drainage repairs along Pasig River (P1 billion), and the state-funded

dredging of the Pulangi River (P244.9 million).

 The Golden Age of Infrastructure
in the Philippines

For the first time in history, the major infrastructure agencies of the national
government are talking and coordination:
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

By sector:
The new set of IFPs is divided into the following sectors or categories:

• Transport and mobility (P4.0 trillion)

• Information and communications technology or ICT (P59.4 billion)

• Power and energy (P20.0 billion)

• Urban development and redevelopment including disaster risk mitigation (P133.4 billion)

• Water resources (P161.8 billion)

Projects categorized as transport and mobility comprised the bulk of all IFPs with 73 projects, followed by water resources (10 projects), and

urban development and redevelopment projects (9 projects) (Figure 1). The top five IFPs under transport and mobility based on estimated

project cost are the New Manila International Airport (P735.6 billion), the North-South Commuter Railway Extension (P628.4 billion), the Metro

Manila Subway Project (P357 billion), the Panay-Guimaras Negros Bridge (P189.5 billion), and the Bataan-Cavite Interlink (P175.7 billion).
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

FIGURE 1: IFPs by Sector (No. of Projects) As of February 2020

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

By Funding:

About 49 projects amounting to P2.4 trillion will be funded by foreign loans and grants or
official development assistance (ODAs), while around 22 projects with an estimated cost of
P172.1 billion will be funded directly by the Philippine government (Figure 2).
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

FIGURE 2: No. of Projects by Sources of Financing (Old BBB Vs New BBB)

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Although there has been hesitation to undertake PPP projects at the start of this administration, the new BBB list has

included more PPP projects given the increased appetite of private investors for public infrastructure projects. About 29

IFPs will be funded via the PPP mode amounting to P1.8 trillion or nearly 40.3 percent of the whole BBB program cost. Of

these, fifteen (15) projects are considered as unsolicited proposals (P1.3 trillion), which will be funded by the country’s

business tycoons (Table 1). Unsolicited proposals are made by the private party to undertake a PPP project, submitted at

the initiative of the private firm, rather than in response to a request by the government (World Bank 2019). These

projects include among others, the New Manila International Airport of the San Miguel Corporation in Bulacan (P735.6

billion) and the proposal to rehabilitate the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (P102 billion) by the NAIA consortium. On

20 March this year, however, Metro Pacific announced that the firm is withdrawing from the NAIA rehabilitation project

due to “unacceptably low returns and disproportionate risks” associated to the project (Camus, 2020).
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Table 1. List of Unsolicited Proposal IFPs

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Status:

Some of the projects that were dropped from the priority list are the following:

(i) Luzon-Samar Link Bridge (P57.6 billion);

(ii) Bohol-Leyte Link Bridge (P72.1 billion);

(iii) Cebu-Bohol Link Bridge (P56.6 billion);

(iv) Cebu-Negros Link Bridge (P14.4 billion);

(v) Leyte-Surigao Link Bridge; and the

(vi) Mindanao Railway Phase 2 (P71.6 billion) and Phase 3.

According to authorities, several projects in the old list were replaced by economically feasible and doable projects. Of the total

100 projects in the modified BBB program, 34 projects (P633.7 billion) are undergoing implementation already, while 43 projects

(P3.1 trillion) are expected to commence construction in six (6) to eight (8) months (Table 2).
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Table 2: Status of the Modified BBB Projects

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

By Target of Completion:

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the administration is optimistic that 56 of the newly identified IFPs

will be completed within the term of President Duterte (Figure 3). In fact, about 13 projects with a

combined estimated cost of P131.9 billion are targeted to be completed in 2020. Based on NEDA

targets, these big-ticket projects, namely the Laguindingan Airport (P45.8 billion), Metro Manila Skyway

Stage 3 (P37.4 billion), and the Clark International Airport Expansion Project Phase 1 (P15 billion) will

be fully completed this year. There are doubts, however, on the likelihood of meeting this target for

some projects as the onset of the COVID-19 health crisis is expected to drastically delay construction

activities and the timely completion of these vital infrastructure projects.

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Figure 3. IFPs by Target of Completion

 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Public Infrastructure Budget:

In 2019, the public infrastructure spending of P816.2 billion accounted for 4.4
percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in that year (Figure 4). This is also
17.6 percent lower compared to the P990.5 billion allocation in 2018. The
budget for public infrastructure, however, is projected to increase to P989.3
billion in 2020, P1.5 trillion in 2021 and P1.8 trillion in 2022 in line with the
government’s thrust to achieve massive public infrastructure spending of about
7 percent of GDP at the end of this administration.
 FACTS IN FIGURES(BBB PROGRAM)

Figure 4. Public Infrastructure Budget (Amount in P Billion and as % to GDP )

 FEATURED PROJECTS OF BBB
• Clark International Airport Expansion Phase 1 –
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
• New Clark City- Food Processing Terminal and
International Food Market
• Subic-Clark Railway Project
 Clark International Airport Expansion Phase 1 –
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

Project Description:
The project aims to construct a new passenger terminal building to
accommodate 8 million passengers per annum, as well as the construction
and installation of all required associated facilities – both landslide and air-
side, to support the operations of the Clark International Airport.
Clark International Airport Expansion Phase 1 –
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
 New Clark City- Food Processing Terminal
and International Food Market

Project Description

The New Clark City Food Processing Terminal and International Food Market is envisioned to be a

“stock exchange” of fresh produce and processed products. The Project aims to attract investors from the

private sector, local government units and other associations and cooperatives to invest in managing

storage and other infrastructures and facilities for processing, handling, distribution of agricultural

products utilizing integrated research development and technology to be set-up in New Clark City’s agro-

industrial zone. The Project will consolidate food supply chain and post-harvest production system (e.g.,

fruits, vegetables, poultry, and livestock) for Northern and Central Luzon, Metro Manila and even

neighboring countries, for a niche market (organic produce, halal-certified goods).

New Clark City- Food Processing Terminal
and International Food Market
 Subic-Clark Railway Project

Project Description

The Subic-Clark Railway Project is a component of the PNR Luzon System

Development Framework providing initial freight service between the Subic Bay

Freeport Zone and the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone, linking Subic

Port with Clark International Airport and other major economic hubs in Central

Luzon, especially New Clark City, and forming an integrated logistics hub for the

development of Central Luzon as a new growth center to decongest Metro Manila.

Subic-Clark Railway Project
 OTHER PROJECTS OF BBB
• SANTA MONICA - LAWTON - BGC LINK BRIDGE
• UP - MIRIAM - ATENEO VIADUCT
• ILOILO-GUIMARAS-NEGROS-CEBU LINK BRIDGE 
• DAVAO CITY BYPASS CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 
• NLEX-SLEX CONNECTOR ROAD 
• MANILA-CLARK RAILWAY 
• MINDANAO RAILWAY
• CLARK GREEN CITY
 SANTA MONICA - LAWTON - BGC LINK BRIDGE

Vehicles travelling from BGC can now go straight to Ortigas and vehicles in
EDSA will be reduced by 100,000.
UP - MIRIAM - ATENEO VIADUCT
 ILOILO-GUIMARAS-NEGROS-CEBU LINK BRIDGE 

Vehicles can now travel to Iloilo, Guimaras, Negros and Cebu.

 DAVAO CITY BYPASS
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 

Travel from Digos, Davao Del Sur to Panabo, Davao Del Norte that
requires 2 hours in the past, will now be 45 minutes.
 NLEX-SLEX CONNECTOR ROAD 

  Travel from Alabang to Balintawak will be reduced to 30 minutes.

 MANILA-CLARK RAILWAY 

Guaranteed 1 hour from Metro Manila to Clark International Airport.

 MINDANAO RAILWAY

It will only take 2 hours from Davao to Surigao and Davao to CDO.
 CLARK GREEN CITY

The first of many new cities. A long-term solution to traffic congestion in our
country.
THE END…