Anatomy and Physiology

Mrs. Coleman-Deans
Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson students should be able to:

 Explain what is Anatomy.

 Explain what is physiology

 Describe the structure and organization of the human body.

 Analyze the structure and functions of the systems of the human body.
What is Anatomy?

• Anatomy is the structure of the

human body, how it is built.

• Anatomy notes the position and

structure of organs such as
muscles, glands and bones.
What is Physiology?

• Physiology is the study of the

function of the human body.
• Physiology is the study of human
function and can be investigated at
the level of cells, tissues, organ
systems and the whole body. The
underlying goal is to explain the
fundamental mechanisms that
operate in a living organism and
how they interact.
Difference between Anatomy and Physiology
Structural Organization of the Human Body

• There are 6 levels of the organization

of the human body. These are:

• Chemical

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organs

• Organ systems

• Organism
Level of Organization of the Human Body
• To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest
building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. All
matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances
called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon,
nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances
(elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the
proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living
things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.
Cells

• A cell is the smallest independently

functioning unit of a living organism. Even
bacteria, which are extremely small,
independently-living organisms, have a
cellular structure. Each bacterium is a
single cell. All living structures of human
anatomy contain cells, and almost all
functions of human physiology are
performed in cells or are initiated by cells.
A human cell typically consists of flexible
membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a
water-based cellular fluid together with a
variety of tiny functioning units called
organelles. In humans, as in all organisms,
cells perform all functions of life.
Types of cells

• There are 4 main types of cells in the

human body. These are:

• Epithelial Cells

• Nerve cells

• Muscular cells

• Connective Tissue Cells..

Epithelial Cell

• Epithelial Cells. These cells are tightly

attached to one another. They cover
over the interior of hollow organs, like
blood vessels or digestive organs, or
else form the surface of things, like
the skin. There are dozens of types of
epithelial cells. Without epithelial
cells, you would have no skin to
protect your body from injury and
would have no stomach to digest your
food!
Nerve Cell

• Nerve Cells. These cells are

specialized for communication. They
send signals from the brain to
muscles and glands that control their
functions. They also receive sensory
information from the skin, the eyes,
and the ears, and send this
information to the brain. There are
dozens of varieties of nerve cells in
the body, each with their own shapes
and functions. You would have no
consciousness or control over your
body without nerve cells
Muscle Cells

• Muscle Cells. These cells are

specialized for contraction. Without
muscle cells, you would not be able to
move! There are three kinds of
muscle cells. They pull and tug on
bones and tendons to produce
motion. They also form the thick outer
walls of hollow organs, like blood
vessels and digestive organs, and
can contract to regulate the diameter
of these hollow organs.
Connective Tissue Cell

• Connective Tissue Cells. These cells

provide structural strength to the body
and also defend against foreign
invaders like bacteria. Two types of
cells—fibroblasts and fat cells—are
native to connective tissue. Other
cells migrate into connective tissue
from the bloodstream to fight
diseases. Special types of connective
tissue—cartilage and bone—are
designed to be stronger and more
rigid than most connective tissues.
Tissue

• A tissue is a group of many similar

cells (though sometimes composed of
a few related types) that work
together to perform a specific function
Types of Tissue

• There are 4 types of tissues

• These are:

• Connective tissue

• Epithelial tissue

• Muscular tissue

• Nervous tissue
Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue supports other

tissues and binds them together
(bone, blood, and lymph tissues).
Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue provides a covering

(skin, the linings of the various
passages inside the body).
Muscle Tissue

• Muscle tissue includes striated (also

called voluntary) muscles that move
the skeleton, and smooth muscle,
such as the muscles that surround
the stomach.
Nerve Tissue

• Nerve tissue is made up of nerve

cells (neurons) and is used to carry
"messages" to and from various parts
of the body.
Organs in the Human Body

• An organ is an anatomically distinct

structure of the body composed of
two or more tissue types. Each organ
performs one or more specific
physiological functions
Type of Organs in the Human Body

• The skin

• The brain

• The lungs

• The liver

• Bladder

• Kidney

• Heart

• Stomach

• Intestines
The Brain

• The brain is the control center of the

nervous system and is located within
the skull. Its functions include muscle
control and coordination, sensory
reception and integration, speech
production, memory storage, and the
elaboration of thought and emotion
The Lungs

• The lungs are two sponge-like, cone-

shaped structures that fill most of the
chest cavity. Their essential function
is to provide oxygen from inhaled air
to the bloodstream and to exhale
carbon dioxide
The Liver

• The liver lies on the right side of the

abdominal cavity beneath the
diaphragm. Its main function is to
process the contents of the blood to
ensure composition remains the
same. This process involves breaking
down fats, producing urea, filtering
harmful substances and maintaining a
proper level of glucose in the blood.
The Bladder

• The bladder is a muscular organ

located in the pelvic cavity. It
stretches to store urine and contracts
to release urine.
The Kidney

• The kidneys are two bean-shaped

organs located at the back of the
abdominal cavity, one on each side of
the spinal column. Their function is to
maintain the body’s chemical balance
by excreting waste products and
excess fluid in the form of urine.
The Heart

• The heart is a hollow, muscular organ

that pumps blood through the blood
vessels by repeated, rhythmic
contractions.
The Stomach

• The stomach is a muscular, elastic,

pear-shaped bag, lying crosswise in
the abdominal cavity beneath the
diaphragm. Its main purpose is
digestion of food through production
of gastric juices which break down,
mix and churn the food into a thin
liquid
The Intestines

• The intestines are located between

the stomach and the anus and are
divided into two major sections: the
small intestine and the large intestine.
The function of the small intestine is
to absorb most ingested food. The
large intestine is responsible for
absorption of water and excretion of
solid waste material.
The Skin

• The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a

total area of about 20 square feet. The skin
protects us from microbes and the elements,
helps regulate body temperature, and permits
the sensations of touch, heat, and cold.

• Skin has three layers:

• The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin,

provides a waterproof barrier and creates our
skin tone.

• The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains

tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and
sweat glands.

• The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

is made of fat and connective tissue.
The Organ System

• An organ system is a group of organs

that work together to perform major
functions or meet physiological needs
of the body.
• The organ system comprises of • Endocrine system: ...
different systems within the body.
• Integumentary system / Exocrine
• These include: system

• The digestive system • Immune system and lymphatic

system
• Nervous system
• Muscular system
• Skeletal system
• Renal system
• Circulatory system
• Urinary system.
• Respiratory system
THE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

TO BE CONTINUED ……….