Movement

By: Akayla Wellington

Grade 11 Pool 1
Teacher : Mr Richards - Biology
 Objectives
 By the end of this presentation:
 Distinguish between growth and movement in plants and animals.
 Why don’t plants move by locomotion?
 How the structure of the skeleton is related to its function.
 Types of joints, antagonistic muscle
 How the human fore limb move
 Types of muscle
 What is Growth?
 Growth is described as a permanent increase in size or mass
 The growth process is slightly different in plants compared to
animals
 Both plants and animals grow via two key processes:
 Cell division - mitosis
 Cell differentiation - development of specialised features creating
specialised cells
 Growth in plants
 Growth in plants occurs as the
stems and roots lengthen. Some
plants, especially those that are
woody, also increase in thickness
during their life span. The increase
in length of the shoot and the root
is referred to as primary growth
and is the result of cell division in
the shoot apical meristem.
 Growth in animals
 Animal growth is an increase
in an animal’s size or mass
over its lifetime. Growth,
which is often associated with
progressive development, may
extend throughout the animal's
life or it may be limited to
when that species is fully
mature
 What is Movement?
 Movement is when the living organism moves a body part
or parts to bring without a change in the position of the
organisms.
 Locomotion is when the movement of a part of the body
leads to change in the position and location of the organism.
 Movement in Plants
 Movement in plants is thus usually growth
movement. Growth movement are called
tropisms

 A tropism is a directional growth or

movement response either away from or
toward a stimulus.

 A stimulus is any change in a living

organism’s internal or external environment
that can influence the organism’s activity.
 Movement in Animals
 Animal locomotion, in
ethology, is any of a variety of
methods that animals use to
move from one place to
another. Some modes of
locomotion are (initially) self-
propelled, e.g., running,
swimming, jumping, flying,
hopping, soaring and gliding.
 What is the difference between movement and growth?

 Growth is the process by which an organism

becomes taller, or larger. Movement is the way in
which any thing moves from its initial position.
 Why don’t plants move by locomotion?
 That's because plants can't travel from place to place—
their roots anchor them in the ground. Yet, a plant can
respond to environmental changes by altering the texture of
stem and leaf parts and growing leaves in specific
directions. Many plants perform these movements, called
tropisms.
 Structure of the Skeleton
 Humans have an endoskeleton that lies inside
the body, surrounded by muscles. The skeleton
is held together at joints by tough elastic
ligaments and is made from bone and cartilage.
 Bone is composed of living cells surrounded
by the non-living mineral, calcium
hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ together
with some collagen fibres. Blood vessels run
throughout bone.
 Cartilage is composed of living cells
surrounded mainly by collagens fibres which
make it more elastic than bone.
 Structure of the Skeleton
 The bony skeleton is divided into 2 parts:
the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton.
 The axial skeleton is the central core unit,
consisting of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and
sternum.
 The appendicular skeleton comprises the
bones of the extremities.
 Functions of the Skeleton
 The human skeleton has four main functions:
 Protection for the internal organs. The skull protects the brain and sense organs of the head, the
vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the ribs and sternum protect the lungs and heart.
 Support for the soft parts of the body. This is mainly carried out by the vertebral column, pelvic
girdle and legs.
 Movement. The skeleton is jointed and muscles work across these joints to bring about
movement. The vertebral column and limbs are mainly responsible for movement. •
 Manufacture of blood cells. Red blood cells, most white blood cells and platelets are
manufactured in the red bone marrow found in flat bones, e.g. the pelvis, scapula, ribs, sternum,
cranium and vertebrae, and in the ends of long bones, e.g. the humerus and femur.
 Types of joints
 Joints are formed where two bones meet. There are three main types of joints:
 Immoveable joints or fibrous joints. The bones are joined firmly together by
fibers allowing no movement, e.g. the cranium is made of several bones joined
by immovable joints. •
 Partially movable joints or cartilaginous joints. The bones are separated by
cartilage pads which allow slight movement, e.g. the vertebrae are separated
by intervertebral discs of cartilage.
 Types of joints
 Moveable joints or synovial joints. The
articulating surfaces of the bones are
covered with articular cartilage and are
separated by synovial fluid. The bones are
held together by ligaments, which are tough
and elastic to prevent dislocation, but still
allow movement. There are two types of
moveable joints:
 Hinge joints are formed when the ends of
bones meet. They allow movement in one
plane and are capable of bearing heavy loads,
e.g. the elbow, knee, finger and toe joints.
 Ball and socket joints are formed where a
ball at the end of one bone fits into a socket
in the other bone. They allow movement in
all planes, e.g. the shoulder and hip joints.
Types of joints
 Antagonistic muscle
 Movement is brought about by the
contraction of antagonistic
muscles. Antagonistic muscles are
pairs of muscles that always work
together: when one is contracting,
the other is relaxing. They move
many bones of the human
skeleton. In the joint of the upper
arm, the triceps and biceps are
antagonistic muscles.
 Movement of the Forelimb
 The biceps and triceps muscles move the radius and ulna causing the elbow
joint to bend or straighten.
 The biceps is the flexor muscle. Its origin is on the scapula, which does not
move, and its insertion is on the radius close to the elbow joint.
 The triceps is the extensor muscle. Its origin is on the scapula and top of the
humerus, which do not move, and its insertion is on the ulna close to the elbow
joint.
 To bend the elbow joint, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes. To
straighten the elbow joint, the triceps contracts and the biceps relaxes.
Movement of the Forelimb
Muscles
 What are muscles ?
 Muscles are soft tissues. Many stretchy fibers make up your
muscles. You have more than 600 muscles in your body.
 Different types of muscles have different jobs. Some muscles help
you run, jump or perform delicate tasks like threading a needle.
 Other muscles allow you to breathe or digest food. Your heart is a
hard-working muscle that beats thousands of times a day.
 Types of Muscles
 Skeletal muscle – the specialized tissue that is attached to bones and allows movement. Together,
skeletal muscles and bones are called the musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor
system).
 Generally speaking, skeletal muscle is grouped into opposing pairs such as the biceps and triceps on the
front and back of the upper arm. Skeletal muscles are under our conscious control, which is why they are
also known as voluntary muscles. Another term is striated muscles, since the tissue looks striped when
viewed under a microscope.
 Smooth muscle – located in various internal structures including the digestive tract, uterus and blood
vessels such as arteries.
 Smooth muscle is arranged in layered sheets that contract in waves along the length of the structure.
Another common term is involuntary muscle, since the motion of smooth muscle happens without our
conscious awareness.
 Cardiac muscle – the muscle specific to the heart. The heart contracts and relaxes without our
conscious awareness.
Types of Muscles
 Functions of Muscles
 Muscles play a role in nearly every system and function of the body. Different
kinds of muscles help with:
 Breathing, speaking and swallowing.
 Digesting food and getting rid of waste.
 Moving, sitting still and standing up straight.
 Pumping blood through the heart and blood vessels.
 Pushing a baby through the birth canal as muscles in the uterus contract and
relax.
 Seeing and hearing.