TransCAD

Tabulations and Statistics

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Tabulations and Statistics
 Many applications that utilize geographic and tabular
data call for computing measures of associations and
relationships among entities.
 For each numeric field in the dataview, TransCAD
finds:
 The number of records with a value for the field
 The sum of all the values
 The highest value
 The lowest value
 The average value
 The standard deviation

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To Compute Statistics

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Tabulations and Cross-Tabulations
 TransCAD creates both one-way and two-way
tabulations of data stored in any dataview. A
tabulation counts the number of records with certain
values for one or more data fields.
 Tabulations and cross-tabulations are excellent
means of analyzing and comparing data. By
interactively selecting the break points, you can
explore the shape of the distributions of values for a
single variable, or generate hypotheses concerning
the relationship between any two variables.
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To Produce a One-Way Tabulation

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To Produce a Two-Way Tabulation

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Correlation Matrices
 The correlation is a measure of the amount
of correspondence between the values of two
fields in a map layer or dataview. A large
positive correlation indicates that the values
of the two fields tend to increase or decrease
together. A large negative correlation
indicates that the value of one field tends to
increase when the other decreases, and vice
versa. The correlation measure is scaled so
that the values are always between –1 and 1.
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 Correlation Matrices
 A correlation of exactly 1 (or –1) indicates that the two fields
are linearly dependent: for example, doubling the value of one
field implies a doubling (or halving) of the value of the other.
A small correlation (exactly zero is very rare) indicates that
there is no predictable linear relation between the values of the
two fields. In this case the fields are said to be linearly
independent.
 The correlation matrix can be used to examine the inputs to a
linear model, where a variable that is highly correlated with
another does not contribute any new information to the model
and interferes with the ability of the model to discern the
relative importance of variables.
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To Compute a Correlation Matrix

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Multiple Linear Regression Models
 Regression is perhaps the most widely used statistical
tool for determining relationships among data fields.
You use the regression model to answer questions like
these:
 How does the number of home-based work trips vary based
on household size, income, auto ownership, and retail
employment?
 How dose employment relate to the population in several
age categories?
 How does retail market potential relate to average household
income, population by race, and occupation classification?

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Binary Logit Model
 The binary logit model is used to model 0, 1 dependent
variables. For this reason, it is often used to describe the
relationship between a choice of two alternatives and other
variables on which the choice may depend. You use the
binary logit model to answer questions like the following:
 How is the decision to use transit influenced by transit fare, the
difference between transit and auto travel time and the difference
between the number of licensed drivers and the number of autos?
 How is the choice to go to college or not influenced by family
characteristics?

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Estimating a Model
 To estimate one of these econometric models, you choose the
dependent variable, one or more independent variables, and
the set of records on which the model should be estimated.
 Models can be estimated on any map layer or dataview. You
can choose to estimate the model parameters using all of the
records in the layer or dataview, or only those records in a
selection set.
 All of the model estimation procedures produce two output
files: a formatted report of the estimation results including all
goodness-of-fit and importance measures, and a file
containing the values of the the estimated model parameters.
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To Estimate a Model

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Evaluating a Model
 The two statistical model estimation routines
produce a text file, called the model file, with
information that can be used to evaluate the model
on a data set having similar fields. To use the
evaluation procedure, you choose the subset of
records to be evaluated and the field that will
receive the predicted dependent variable. You can
also choose the fields that contain the values of the
independent variables, and make adjustments to
the model parameters.
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To Apply a Model

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Spatial Statistics
 When the observations in the sample are areas that
make up a region, there is a tendency for adjacent
areas to have correlated values. This happens
because the distribution of area attributes (such as
income or household size) tend to vary relatively
slowly across the region. This means that you are
likely to find higher values in areas that are near
other areas with high values, and vice versa. This
effect is known as spatial autocorrelation.

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To Compute an Adjacency Matrix

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To Compute Spatial Autocorrelation

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