GRADE-10 TH

SUBJECT-CHEMISTRY
SESSION-2023-2024
CHAPTER- 01 (CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS )
1- CHEMICAL REACTION:-
• Definition- Such a process in which breaking and
making of bonds between different atoms or
molecules to form product substance is calling
chemical reaction.
• Example- H2 + O2 → H2O
(Here H2 and O2 are reactant and take part in
chemical reaction and produce new product H2O. )
2- Determination of Chemical Reaction:-
We should have to determine the chemical reaction has taken place-
• Change in State
The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised by a change in state from
solid to liquid and gas 
• Change in colour
The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured potassium
permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to
colourless.
• Evolution of a gas
The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid is characterised by the
evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑
• Change in Temperature
Ice to water is showing change in temperature.
Ice (s) ----- Water (l) ( in room temperature)
3- Chemical Equation:-
The representation of chemical reaction in the form of formulae of
reactants and products separated by an arrow marks.
Magnesium + Oxygen ------ Magnesium dioxide
( Reactant ) ( Product )
To write the equation in such manner is called a word equation.
Another method to write chemical reaction:
Mg (s) + O2 ( g) ------- MgO(s)
This is symbolic form to write chemical equation.
4- Types of chemical reaction:-
1-Combination Reaction :- Reactions in which two or more reactants combine
to form one product are called Combination Reactions.
A + B → AB ( Representation of combination Reaction)
Examples- (i)- When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed.
In this reaction, magnesium is combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
(ii)- C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

2- Decomposition Reaction-Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or

more compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction.
AB → A + B (Representation of Decomposition Reaction)
Examples- (i)-CaCO3(s) -------CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
(ii)- 2FeSO4 (s) -------- Fe2O3 + SO3 + SO2
Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on heating
is known as Thermal Decomposition.
Example- CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds

decompose into simpler compounds because of passing of
electricity.
Example- H2O(l) ---------- 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in

which a compound decomposes because of sunlight .
Example- 2AgCl(s) (white) ------------- 2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)
Sunlight
3- Displacements reaction:- The chemical reaction in which a more
reactive element displaces a less reactive element from compound is
known as displacement Reactions.
A + BC -----→ AC + B (Representation of combination Reaction)
Examples- (i)-When zinc react with hydrochloric acid , it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) --------→ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii)- When Zinc react with copper sulphate , it gives zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ---------→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
4- Double Displacement Reaction :- Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two
reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD -------→ AC + BD (Representation of combination Reaction)
Examples- (i)- BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(ii)- NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(iii)- BaCl2(aq) + KSO4 → BaSO4 (s) + KCl2
 5-Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
•Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called Exothermic Reaction. Most of the decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example: (i)- Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.

(ii)- When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

•Endothermic Reaction:A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called Endothermic Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.
 6- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
•Oxidation Reaction : Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal
of hydrogen or metallic element from a compound is known as Oxidation.
(i)- C + O2 → CO2 (oxidation of carbon)
(ii)- H2S + Br2 → 2 HBr + S (oxidation of sulphide)
(iii)- 2Cu+ O2​​→ 2CuO ( oxidation of copper)

•Reduction Reaction : Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of

oxygen or non-metallic element from a compound is called Reduction.
(i)- N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3       (reduction of nitrogen)
(ii)- ZnO + C → Zn + CO    (reduction of zinc oxide)
(iii)- CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O ( reduction of copper )
 7- Examples of Redox Reaction
Redox Reaction- Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously.

(i)-

(ii)-

(iii)- ZnO + C → Zn + CO
(iv)- CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
(V)- H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S