STUDY OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

IN INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Submitted by: Mr. Rohit

Registration No: 28620063

Supervisor: Dr. Anil Kumar

Assistant Professor
(JJT/2K9/ENGG/0761)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, JJTU

WHAT IS A SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
Safety Management System or SMS is a collection of
structured and company-wide processes that
SMS is composed of four functional components:
• Safety Policy
• Safety Risk Management
• Safety Assurance
• Safety Promotion

HAZARDS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES

1. Manual Handling
2. Being hit/trapped by another object
3. Slips and falls
CONTROL MEASURES AT INDUSTRIES

• Enough training in manual handling and lifting tasks

• Workshops for the use of PPE
• Conduct risk analyses
• Identify hazardous chemicals
• Permit-to-work to guarantee
• Fire evacuation exercises
• Access to communication tools
REASONS TO INCREASE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

• Reduce the costs of accidents and incidents

• Greater awareness of legal requirements
• Improved relations and morale as employees
• Improved image and positive public relations
• Greater business efficiency
• Greater confidence
SAFETY AND ITS POINTERS
• Quality: Get Better Visibility with MES
• Obsolescence: Assess Your Assets, Identify Risks
• Security: Go In-Depth
• The Power of Prevention
• Quality Standards
• Safety in the Automotive Industry
• Risk Mitigation
• Public Trust
• Wear Protective Equipment
• Guiding Safety in the Automotive Industry
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
EQUIPMENTS
• Safety glasses, while welding
• Hearing protection, such as earmuffs or earplugs
• Safety gloves, while dealing with chemicals,
pointed items, or temperatures that are either
excessively hot or extremely cold
• Face shields While operating machinery
• Safety helmets from potential hazards such as
falling tools and machinery
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED
• Determine safety performance
• Safety Standards
• Safety management practices
• Safety
environment across Indian
Automotive industries
• Developingconnections between safety
performance
NEED OF THE STUDY
• Study pertaining to safety
• To train individuals
• Improvement in safety management
• Factors that contribute safety of climate
• Investigation for linguistic varieties, levels of
literacy, and cultural backgrounds of Indian
laborers
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify safety management practices in Automobile industries.

2. To explore the impact of system certification on safety management

practices in industries.

3. To find out the relationship between safety management practices and

accident rates in industries.

4. To study the impact of accident rates and personal attributes such as

qualification, age, tenure, job category, and accident history on
determinants and components of safety performance.

5. To propose a model for safety performance connecting management

practices, determinants of safety performance, and components of safety
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TO BE USED
• Designing of tool
• 82-question-based survey
• Statistical-based analysis
• ANOVA Analysis

• Graph plotting
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1. This research might give an exact framework for safety
management systems in Industries.

2. Improvement in the Safety management system will provide a

safe environment in industries and enhance productivity.
• PREVIOUS STUDIES
Neal et al. (2000) examined safety management systems and safety
performance variables. Safety awareness and motivation were crucial.
Safety compliance and engagement contributed. Structural equation
modeling achieved this. This study employed a summed score of safety
management practices, therefore its effects on safety performance drivers
and components have not yet been examined. A cumulative safety
management score was applied.
• Another area of study that needed improvement was the relationship
between employee personal variables such as age, qualification, years of
experience, accident history, and work type and safety performance
determinants and components.
• Safety climate studies to determine the underlying reasons and their effects
on safety performance outcomes across all industrial sectors have not yet
commenced since Indian firms just recently embraced standard safety
management approaches. Indian firms have just lately embraced traditional
safety management systems. Indian companies just recently started using
conventional safety management methods.
CRITICAL SAFETY
MANAGEMENT DIMENSIONS

1. Policies for Safety Promotion (SP)

2. Safety Policies and Guidelines (SR)

3. Worker Participation in Safety (WI)

4. Safety Feedback and Communication (SC)

5. Safety Education (ST)

6. Management dedication (MC)

 Development and Empirical
Validation of a Measurement
Instrument for Critical Safety
Management Practices
METHODOLOGY
This study's main goal was to provide criteria for evaluating the six
employee-selected safety management solutions that were
discovered via an empirical examination. An all-encompassing
research method that accounts for reliability and validity is required
if the results of such an empirical investigation are to be useful to
specialists in the area. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was
conducted on all of the components to ensure their
unidimensionality, convergent validity, and reliability, and
individual measurement models were developed for each safety
management technique. These studies used the statistical packages
AMOS 4 and SPSS 10.
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT
 Sampling and Data Collection
A survey was sent to eight large chemical manufacturers in the NCR.
There were anything from 400 to 800 people employed at each
facility, and each one had its own safety division. According to
government-supplied accident data, two had extremely high accident
rates, four had moderate rates, and two had very low rates.
Discussion of the Links between the Factors

•Safety management is an integrated strategy that relies heavily on the

numerous facets or components that make it up, according to discussions
based on analyses of the relevant published literature. Excellence in safety
management requires the presence of "soft features," which are non-
quantitative and, therefore, hard to assess. Regardless of how crucial they are,
they are often overlooked.
•A bivariate correlation analysis was conducted to look at the connections
between the various methods of risk management. The most important
findings from the study are presented in Table 3.3 for your reference. Using a
significance level of 0.01, all relationships are considered to be statistically
significant.
  Mean S.D. MC TR WI CO SR SP
MC 3.3644 0.8228 1.000          
TR 3.5706 0.8342 0.759* 1.000        
*
WI 3.2782 0.7620 0.706* 0.681* 1.000      
* *
CO 3.2700 0.8329 0.782* 0.747* 0.748* 1.000    
* * *
SR 3.4018 0.8869 0.832* 0.753* 0.695* 0.744* 1.000  
* * * *
SP 3.1604 0.8312 0.683* 0.641* 0.599* 0.643* 0.686* 1.000
* * * * *
                 
 CONCLUSION
• In order to better understand the fundamental components of safety

management across industries and the interrelationships between those

components, this study sought to conduct an in-depth investigation into

the way in which ideas and procedures pertaining to safety management

can be arranged into a hierarchical structure.

• It was with information gathered from the NCR's most accident-prone

firms that the gadget was created and verified to be effective. Here is a

summary of these preliminary findings from the continuing research.

• Through this roundtable discussion, we were able to identify the most

important parts of safety management across many sectors.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND

ACCIDENTS AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION

A few of the most vital methods for reducing danger are as

follows:

1. Safety Education

2. Worker Participation in Safety

3. Management Commitment

4. Safety Feedback and Communication

5. Safety policies, practices,

6. Promotional policies for safety.

One-way ANOVA: Organizational safety management practices
 Information on Accidents and Management
Commitment
Data on accidents and management commitment

Accident Vs Management
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Acc rate Worker Involvement

Data on accidents vs safety training

Safety Training Vs Accident rate

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Acc rate Worker Involvement

Data on employee involvement in safety versus accidents.

Employee Involvement Vs Accident Rate

4.5

3.5

2.5
Days Lost r,= -0.76
2 Accidental rate r,- =0.06
Worker Involvement =3
1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Acc rate Worker Involvement

Safety Feedback and Communication Compared to Accident Data

Accident Rate Vs Safety feedback

4.5

3.5

2.5
Days Lost r,= -0.76
2 Accidental rate r,- =0.06
Feedback =3.2

1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Acc. Rate SC
Results and Discussion

•An in-depth study of the report's results may be found further down on this
page.

Organizations that are certified and those that are not

•By rejecting the null hypothesis H0.6, one may demonstrate that there is a
link between safety management practices and system certification.
•There is no visible difference between certified firms and non-certified
businesses in any safety management activity. This is the conclusion
reached by the hypothesis in statements H0,6.
•Companies that have achieved accreditations like as OHSAS 18001, ISRS,
and ISO 9001 belong to the category of system-certified companies.
 Safety policies and procedures in
relation to accident data
Safety Policy Vs Accident Rate
4

3.5

2.5

2
Days Lost r,= -0.76
Accidental rate r,- =0.06
1.5
Policy =3.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Acc. Rate SP
SUMMARY

•An effort was made to explore the connection between safety management
practices and self-reported accident rate with the use of empirical research.
Investigations have also been done on how safety management practices are
affected by system accreditation for industrial safety. For the different studies,
answers gathered from the workers utilizing a survey and questionnaire were
employed.
•ANOVA was first used to test a hypothesis (Ho) in order to see if there are any
notable differences between the study industries in terms of the safety management
techniques found in this investigation. A set of hypotheses (HI to H7) has been
constructed to investigate the correlation between each safety management strategy
and accident rate since the findings indicated considerable differences across
businesses.
ISRS Standards
 Planned inspections
 General promotion
 Leadership and administration  Programmed evaluation system
 Personal communication
 Management Training  Organizational rules
 Emergency preparedness  Employee training
 Personal protective equipment
 Off-the-job safety
 Health control
 Engineering controls
 Group meetings
 Accident/incident investigation
 Purchasing controls
 Task observation  Accident/incident analysis
 Task analysis and procedures  Hiring and placement
IDENTIFICATION OF DETERMINANTS AND COMPONENTS OF
SAFETY PERFORMANCE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH
SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES,
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION, AND ACCIDENTS

This lists the goals of the research described in this chapter. A

thorough discussion follows the identification of the factors that
affect safety performance. The development of the instrument,
validation, analyses, findings, and discussions. It also discusses the
relationship between safety management practices and the
determinants of safety performance, the influence of personal
characteristics on these determinants, the effect of system
certification on these determinants, and the influence of accidents
on these determinants.
OBJECTIVES
•This study presented in this chapter was conducted to investigate the
following:
•What are the determinants of safety performance?
•Is there any relationship between safety management practices and
determinants of safety performance? Do personal attributes such as
qualification, age, tenure, job category, and accident history have any
impact on determinants of safety performance?
•Do management system certifications have any impact on determinants of
safety Performance?
•Do accident rates in organizations have any relationship with determinants
of safety performance?
Safety Motivation

• Employee motivation enhances their knowledge, interest, and desire to act in ways

that improve their own personal safety and health, as well as the safety and health

of their coworkers, and that promote the stated aims and objectives of an

organization (Hagan et al., 2001). When evaluating safety performance at the

individual level, individual variations like motivation for safety should be taken into

account.

• Although precise safe work procedures provide many benefits, it is not always

possible to regulate the attitudes and motivation of the people who use them

(Hofmann et al., 1995). The workforce should be encouraged to consider safety and

perform in a safe manner (Donald and Canter, 1994).

 Safety Management Practices and Management
System Certification: A Relationship
Organizations with and without management system certification are initially
separated into two groups to examine the association between safe
management practices and certification. Companies that have achieved ISO
certification, OHSAS certification, or ISRS certification are included in the
subgroup of businesses that have achieved system certification
 Multiple Regression Analysis
• Several studies have been conducted to answer the following issues about

the relationship between safety performance factors and safety management

strategies:

• Is there a solid link between Safety Knowledge (KNO) and Safety

Management Practices (SMP)?

• Is there a robust relationship between Safety Motivation (MOT) and Safety

Management Practices (SMP)?

• To examine the relationship between safety management strategies and the

variables (KNO and MOT) that have an impact on safety performance, a

Qualification's effects on factors that influence
safety performance

• Three groups of respondents have been created, each based on one of the
following qualifications, in order to examine the relationship between
employee qualification and the factors that affect safety performance. poor
academic credentials Exceedingly low, by ten meters or more A medium
level of education is defined as any level of schooling between high school
(10th grade) and postsecondary degree work (+2, ITI, diploma, etc.).

• Using one-way analysis of variance, we looked at how certification affects

factors that affect safety performance (ANOVA). Bachelor's degrees were
the bare minimum for consideration. The beginning point, or the null
hypothesis, was analyzed after all the groups were combined.
Age-related effects on safety-related
performance characteristics

•In order to investigate the connection between the ages of workers and the

factors that determine their level of safety performance, the respondents were

divided into three age categories based on the information provided below.

Nigh age group - Age above 50 years

Medium age group - Age between 36 and 50 years

Low age group - Age up to 35 years

•An analysis of variance with one component as the independent variable was

used to evaluate the effect of age on the other variables that determine safety

performance (ANOVA).
Influence of tenure on safety performance
predictors

•In order to investigate the connection between the number of years a person has

been employed and the factors that determine their level of safety performance, the

respondents were divided into three categories according to their level of

experience, as described below.

•Medium tenure group - Tenure between 11 and 20 years

•High tenure group - Tenure above 20 years

•Low tenure group - Tenure up to 10 years

•A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to study the impact of tenure on

the factors that determine safety performance. In the beginning, each group is

combined into one, and the test of the null hypothesis Ho is performed.
Accidents' effects on factors that determine
safety performance

• Organizations were classified as low, medium, or high accident rate based

on the data they gave on their own accident rates in order to examine how
accident rates influence the factors that determine safety performance.
Using a one-way analysis of variance, this research looked at how often
accidents affected several measures of safety performance. To begin, the
replies were examined using ANOVA with each group considered
individually to establish whether or not there is a statistically significant
difference between them. One competing line of thinking In experiments,

• HO: When it comes to the factors that affect the efficiency of safety
measures, there is no discernible difference between the groups.
Safety Compliance

•Both operating safely and adhering to established safety rules are essential

components of safety compliance. Burke et al. (2002) analyzed safety performance

in terms of adherence to specific safety laws and directives and identified a good

association between safety awareness with regard to these factors. Smith-Crowe

and colleagues (2003) performed an analysis of risk. Helping colleagues,

supporting the safety program at work, displaying initiative, and making an effort

to enhance workplace safety are all components of safety involvement.

•A transformation in behavior of this kind is not going to be possible unless

employees embrace a commitment to safety that is comparable to that of

management.
Impact of age on components of safety
performance

•The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is used in order to

investigate the influence that age has on a wide variety of distinct

components of safety performance. To begin, a test was carried out to see

whether or not the null hypothesis Ho held true across all three age groups.

This was done by looking at the results of the test.

•Ho: When it comes to the many aspects of safety performance, there is not a

single obvious difference between the age groups.

•According to the findings, there are large gaps in COM between each of the

different groups. A piece of the null hypothesis, often known as Ho, has had a

portion of its validity proven as a direct result of this.

Varying levels of qualification-related safety
performance factors: ANOVA results: (In total, across all
categories)
Determinants Low Medium High F value P
value
  M SD Mean SD Mean SD
ea          
n

 
KNO     3.894 0.54 4.110 0.46 17.629 0.000

3.8 0.671 1 6

65
MOT 4.3 0.539 4.470 0.45 4.553 0.38 10.977 0.000

  95 9 7

 
Performance Vs Qualification

Dependent Variables
4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

3.8

3.6

3.4
1 2 3

KNO MOT
Performance Vs Age

Performance vs Age Group

4.6

4.4

4.2

3.8

3.6

3.4
1 2 3

KNO MOT
Effects of management system certification on
safety performance metrics

• Inorder to investigate the influence that management

system certification has on the various aspects of safety
performance, the companies were divided into two
categories: those that had been certified and those that
had not been certified. This allowed for the investigation
of the impact that management system certification has.
According to Chapter 4, the businesses that had their
systems authorized were further divided into three
distinct groups: those that were ISO-certified, those that
were OHSAS-certified, and those that were ISRS-
certified. A one-way analysis of variance was used in
order to carry out the research necessary to determine
how system certification impacts the various safety
performance components (ANOVA).
DETERMINATION OF UNDERLYING FACTORS IN SAFETY
CLIMATE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ACCIDENTS
AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION”
The notion of a "safety atmosphere" inside an industry is broken
down. The particulars of the measurement apparatus, the data
collection, the Banalysis, the findings, and the commentary are
included and the validation effort using CFA is presented, and these
sections analyze the dependability of the safety climate scale that was
construct. A comparison research study on the various levels of safety
climate elements across enterprises is presented. Section 6.6 explains
the predictive validity of the safety climate elements that were
considered
SAFETY CLIMATE

• According to Cox and Flin's analysis, a company's commitment to and actual

implementation of a culture of safety is reflected in the safety environment
the company maintains (1998). Additionally, it serves both as a public
emblem and a political representation of the company's dedication to safety in
the workplace (Kennedy and Kirwan, 1998).

• The most helpful approach to think about it is as a component of the larger

organizational climate as a whole. In other words, the safety environment
should be seen as a subset of the organizational climate. The features of the
safety environment will be utilized to characterize the application of safety
management assets, guidelines, and practices, and these qualities will have an
influence on how well these measures are implemented.
Factor analysis

• At its most basic level, the goal of the multivariate statistical method known as

factor analysis is to reveal the structure hidden inside a data matrix. By creating

a set of factors—common underlying traits that are shared by the variables—it is

feasible to overcome the difficulty of examining the structure of interactions

(correlations) among several variables.

• As a result, a more thorough investigation of the web of connections may be

conducted (correlations). The researcher may break down the structure into its

constituent parts and assess how well each variable is characterized by a certain

dimension using factor analysis. After the researcher has disassembled the

structure, this may be done.

RELIABILITY

• According to Hair et al. (1998), before determining whether or not a scale is valid,

one must first examine the scale to see whether or not it is acceptable in terms of

both item-specific and general dependability. To provide one illustration:

[Source(s) must be cited] The degree to which a particular piece of measuring gear

consistently produces the same result throughout a number of different tests is

what is indicated by the phrase "reliability" (Carrmines and Zeller, 1990).

Although there are a variety of methods that may be used, the one that has

garnered the most attention as the most efficient, particularly in the context of field

research, is known as the internal consistency methodology. The Cronbach's alpha

indicating the reliability of the scale's internal consistency is 0.9453, which is

much higher than the minimum of 0.6 needed for use in exploratory.
CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS
In a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the researcher will first hypothesize a
model, where the model is a specific set of connections between the
observed variables and their underlying components, and then will run
statistical tests on this model, assessing how well it matches with the data
that is readily available. Finally, the researcher will draw conclusions
about the model based on the results of the tests. The purpose of this kind
of analysis is to establish whether or not the researcher's original
hypothesis was correct. When used in a circumstance that calls for
verification, factor analysis is placed to the test in order to establish
whether or not a hypothesized connection exists between a group of
variables. This strategy takes into consideration a variety of the theory's
potential applications in the actual world.
Hypotheses to be tested
The following hypotheses were formulated to test validity:
H1.1: The phrase "Management attitude and actions for safety" has a
substantial inverse link with the number of accidents that take place.
H1.2: There is a considerable inverse association between "Workers'
knowledge and compliance to safety" and the accident rate. This
correlation has been shown to exist.
H1.3: There is a considerable inverse link between "Workers' attitude
toward safety" and the accident rate. This correlation is noteworthy.
H1.4: The phrase "Workers engagement and dedication to safety" has a
substantial inverse link with the number of accidents that take place.
H1.5: “There is significant negative correlation between Safeness of work
SUMMARY
Exploratory main element component evaluation the usage of SPSS
10 statistical software program was once used to pick out the
underlying elements or dimensions of protection local weather from
the responses to the questionnaire used to measure security
administration practices, the determinants and elements of security
performance, and some extra questions to measure the protection of
the work surroundings. This was done so that we could better
understand the many components of a secure working environment.
The data used in this research were selected at random for 75% of
the sample, with the remaining 25% reserved for verification. Eight
factors were identified by factor analysis, which together accounted
for 52.147% of the total variance.
Identification of Safety Performance Components

Sr. no. Components of No. of Comparativ Cronbach's Tucker-

safety e
items Alpha Lewis Index
performance
Fit Index
(a) (TLI)
(CFI)

1 Safety 4 0.997 0.763 0.990

Compliance
(COM)
2 Safety 4 0.982 0.657 0.947
Participation
(PAR)
  Overall 8 0.963 - 0.943
Accident Rate Vs Components of Safety performance

Accident Rate Vs Component

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4
1 2 3

COM PAR
MODELLING SAFETY
PERFORMANCE
• Safety management methods could only predict 23%
of the variance in safety knowledge (R2=0.23) and
8% of the variation in safety motivation (R2=0.08),
as shown by a multiple linear regression study
(Section [Link]). Similarly, Multiple Linear
Regression analysis revealed that KNO and MOT,
both of which are factors in safety performance,
predicted 39% of the variation (coefficient of
determination R2=0.41) but only 33% of the variation
in safety participation (coefficient of determination
R2=0.33). This is due to the fact that although both
KNO and MOT have a role in ensuring that safety
regulations are followed, safety participation plays a
role in ensuring that those regulations are followed.
Hypothesized model
Dimensions of the organization and the quantity of things

No. Dimensions No. of items

1 Safety participation 5
2 Safety training 5
3 Safety motivation 6
4 Safety Communication and feedback 5
5 Safety knowledge 6
6 Safety promotion policies 4
7 Safety of work environment 4
8 Safety rules and procedures 5
9 Worker involvement in safety 5
10 Safety compliance 7
Pearson's correlation coefficients showing the connection to safety
the relationship between self-reported accident rates and climatic
factor ratings

Safety Climate Vs Acc Rate

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

F sum Acc. Rate

Factor Factor Name F value P value

1 Workers' participation and commitment to -0.869 0.004**

safety

2 Workers' knowledge -0.818 0.016*

3 Safeness of work environment -0.453 Ns

4 Safety over production -0.789 0.021*

5 Justification of risk -0.179 Ns

6 Emergency -0.759 0.031*

7 Workers' attitudes towards safety -0.452 Ns

8 Management attitude and actions for -0.721 0.044*

safety
  Total safety climate score -0.629 0.032*
Factor Analysis for Confirmation

Data Construction Industry

X2 5142.524

DF 1352

x2/ DF 3.85

p 0

CFI 0.551

TLI 0.581
Conclusion
• The safety climate factor structure from the chemical and process” sector was put to
the test by using the input that was received from the engg. and construction sectors.
It was found that the model that was initially built for the chemical industry did not
fit the reality in each scenario that it was applied to.

• Exploratory factor analysis was used to have a better understanding of the factors
that individually contribute to a dangerous work environment in the engineering and
construction industries. The engineering industry only created five different
variables, and those five factors were exactly the same as the five out of eight
components that existed in the chemical and process sector. The construction
industry yielded a total of five characteristics, two of which, "Safety Knowledge"
and "Worker Apathy," were discovered for the first time. It was found that all three
different types of sectors have the same three characteristics, which is evidence that
there are some aspects of the safety climate that are universal and apply to all
businesses.
• REFERENCES

• Alfaro, Laura (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: Does the
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“Implementation of benchmarking concepts in Indian automobile industry –
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THANKYOU