Watch the video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdxVvO6OvE0
 Answer the questions

How geographic isolation can lead to allopatric

speciation?

How reproductive isolation can lead to

sympatric speciation.
 Mechanisms of speciation

Lesson objective:
Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
 Assessment criteria

• Learners achieve the learning objective if

they:
• Define the terms species, speciation, isolating
mechanism.
• Use background knowledge to identify the
types and formation of speciation.
• Use pictures to correctly describe and explain
each type of speciation.
 Allopatric speciation

Island
The
Mainland
 Population

Island
The
Mainland
 A few
individuals
The colonise a new
Mainland isolated area
 Key point:
This population is
The geographically
isolated from the

Mainland Mainland population

 The allele
frequencies in the
The two populations
could be similar but
Mainland may be different.
The island population reproduces

Island
 …after a few generations

If the green allele is

unfavourable then…...
 …after a few generations

…. the green allele may

be lost completely from
the population if
individuals fail to leave
offspring carrying it.
 Mutations

Random
mutations
may occur
creating
new
alleles

Island
 Mutations

If the
mutations
create
unfavourable
alleles
then…..

Island
 Mutations

….. they will

be lost from
the
populations.

Island
 Mutations

But if the
mutations
create
alleles that
are
favourable to
the organism
in the new
Island habitat
then…..
…after a few generations

…they are
likely to
become
more
common.

Island
 The 2 populations now look very
different!

Island
The
Mainland
If we took individuals from the mainland and the island populations
and put them together to breed and they cannot produce fertile
offspring then the two populations are different species.

Island
The
Mainland
 Allopatric Speciation

Geographic separation
→ No breeding and no
genetic exchange
between the
geographically isolated
populations
→ Random mutations and
selection cause the
populations to become
genetically different
 Sympatric Speciation

No geographic separation
• Populations not geographically
separated
• Reproductive isolation caused
by rapid genetic change:
– Alter morphology
– Alter behavior
– Alter habitat preferences
 Match terms to the correct definition
1. a group of living organisms consisting of
similar individuals capable of exchanging genes
or interbreeding.
2. the formation of new and distinct species in the
course of evolution.
A. seasonal isolation
3. Any of the biological properties of organisms
B. species
that prevent interbreeding (exchange of genetic
C. behavioral isolation
material) between members of different species
D. speciation
that inhabit the same geographical area.
E. isolating mechanism
4. any variation in breeding seasons that
effectively keeps two populations of organisms
from interbreeding.
5. An isolating mechanism in which two
allopatric species do not mate because of
differences in courtship behavior. Also known as
ethological isolation.
1. Species (B)

Образец заголовка
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of
exchanging genes or interbreeding.
2. Speciation (D)
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
3. Isolating mechanism (E)
Any of the biological properties of organisms that prevent interbreeding
(exchange of genetic material) between members of different species that
inhabit the same geographical area.
4. seasonal isolation (A)
any variation in breeding seasons that effectively keeps two populations of
organisms from interbreeding.
5. behavioral isolation (C)
An isolating mechanism in which two allopatric species do not mate
because of differences in courtship behavior. Also known as
ethological isolation.
Short quiz & orally checking.
Fill in the Original population
blanks

_______ speciation ________ speciation

(a) Allopatric speciation.
A population forms a
new species while
geographically isolated
from its parent population.
(b) Sympatric speciation.
A subset of a population
forms a new species
without geographic
separation.
Reflection