IoT Enabling Technologies

Wireless Sensor Network

Cloud Computing

Big Data Analytics

Embedded Systems

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WSN(Wireless Sensor Network)

Sensor is a device that responds and detects some type of input from both the
physical or environmental conditions, such as pressure, heat, light, etc. The output
of the sensor is generally an electrical signal that is transmitted to a controller for
further processing.

Wireless Sensor Network in IoT is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is

used to connect the large number of sensors
How to connect sensors

To connect Sensors embedded in IoT devices, a communication

protocol is used.
•Wi-fi
•BLE(blutooth low energy)
•Zigbee

Example:
A low-power wide-area network  ,LPWAN, is a type of wireless network
designed to allow long-range communications between these IoT
devices
COMPONENTS OF WSN IN IOT
Sensor Nodes
Radio Nodes
Access Point or
Edge Computing and Data
Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols used
Example
•Weather monitoring system
•Indoor air quality monitoring system
•Soil moisture monitoring system
•Surveillance system
•Health monitoring system

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Cloud Computing

•"The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software
and databases that run on those servers.

•Cloud computing means providing computing services over the internet(called as

cloud).

•The computing services include

software,storage,database,networking,analytics,intelligence etc.
Cloud Computing
Types of Cloud services

IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)

 Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.

PaaS (Platform as a service)

Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
 
SaaS (Software as a service)
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
Big Data Analytics
What is Big Data
•Big Data is a term that refers to a massive collection of both structured as well as unstructured data
that is very difficult to process with traditional techniques.
 
•But it is important to analyze business data to get useful insights that help to take strategic business
steps.

•There are many tools that are used by data analysts to produce useful information from
unorganized data. 
Analytics
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Big data is now generally defined by four characteristics: volume, velocity, variety, and veracity
1. Volume:
The amount of data collected from a variety of sources.
2. Velocity:
The rate at which data is being processed.
3. Variety:
The different types of formats of data that are transferring across systems.
4. Veracity:
The ability of your Big Data tools to separate poor quality and high quality data.
Role of Big Data in IoT
Companies make use of IoT devices to collect data. Since the data stored by IoT devices are in
unstructured form, Big Data processes this collected data on a real-time basis and also stores them
using several storage technologies.
IoT big data processing occurs in four sequential steps 
•A Group of unstructured data is generated by IoT devices and stored in the big data system. 
•A big data system is a shared distributed database where a huge amount of data is stored.
•Stored data is analyzed using analytic tools .
•Then, Generating the reports of analyzed data(data tends,data patterns,data correlation).
What are Big Data Tools
•Apache Hadoop
•Apache Spark
•MongoDB
•Flink
•Apache Storm
•Apache Cassandra
•RapidMiner
•R Programming
Types of Big Data
The data collected can be in three forms
Structured, Semi-Structured, and Unstructured. You can mine data from all these data forms using
different tools. So, let us know about these forms in depth.
Structured Data 
It is a fixed format that is mostly handled by machines, not humans. This type of data contains
information that an organization is already using and is stored in SQL databases and data
warehouses.
Unstructured Data
It is a set of data that does not belong to any data model and cannot be used by computer
programs. For eg., Unstructured data files may contain email messages, videos, photos, word
processing documents, audio files, etc.
Semi-Structured
It is a set of data that does not follow any data model but has some organizational properties and
which is why it can be analyzed easily. JSON and XML are types of semi-structured data
Big Data Analytics

Examples –
•Bank transactions
•Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
•E-commerce and in Big-Basket
•Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
Communications Protocols

•They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity
and linking to applications.
•Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network.
•Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication.
Embedded Systems
•It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special
tasks.

•hardware having microcontrollers like Motorola 68HC11 or

microprocessors like 8085

•The software can be in the form of firmware and bootloaders , drivers,

embedded operating systems, user interfaces etc

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Embedded Systems
The ‘Thing’ in the IoT is an embedded system. So, in a way, embedded
systems are a subset of IoT.

Example:
Smart AC
Note:
“All IoT devices are embedded systems, but not all embedded systems
are IoT.”
Embedded Systems
What Connects IoT and Embedded?
There is also a third element that connects the embedded systems with
IoT. It is the “software” that can be an app on your mobile phone or the
firmware on embedded systems.
Examples

Imagine you have a Smart AC unit in your living room. The term ‘Smart’
makes it a prominent IoT device, and the AC unit is a "thing" connected
to the “internet” via WiFi.
Now, when you switch on the air conditioning unit of your home
remotely using your mobile, you are using another “thing”, i.e., your
phone connected to the “internet” via 5G.
Here, the “things”—AC and your mobile phone—are “embedded
systems.”
The connectivity provided via Wifi/5G is the “internet.” Hence, the
ecosystem of the “Internet of Things.”
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
•Node(Device , Resource, Controller Service)
•Database 
•Web Service 
•Analysis Component 
•Application 
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and

remote monitoring capabilities.

• Resource:Resources are software components on the IoT device for

accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the
software components that enable network access for the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
• Controller Service:Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.

• Web Service:Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,

application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
either implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for

analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy
for the user to understand.

• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can

use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and view the
processed data.
IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs

sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts
the application

• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low- cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
IoT Level-1
IoT Level-1

•Example: Home automation

•Controlling the lights and home appliances by single node
•Device used is electronic relay switches
•Local database maintains the status information of each light or
appliance
•Controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or
appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly
•Device is connected to internet
•Remote accessing is possible

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IoT – Level 1 Example …Home Automation System

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IoT Level-2

• A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud- based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved
is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
IoT Level-2
IoT – Level 2 Example …Smart Irrigation

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IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and

analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-3
IoT – Level 3 Example …Tracking Package
Handling
Sensors used accelerometer and gyroscope

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A node is monitoring a package using devices like an accelerometer and
gyroscope. These devices track vibration levels. controller service sends
sensor data to the cloud in the rear time using WebSocket APL. Data is
stored in the cloud and visualized using a cloud-based application. The
analysis component triggers an alert if vibration levels cross a threshold.
IoT Level-4

• At this level, Multiple nodes collect information and store it in the

cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe to
and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required,
the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
IoT Level-4
IoT – Level 4 Example …Noise Monitoring

•In this system, several nodes are dispatched in various locations to

detect noise in a specific region.
•Sound sensors are examples of Nodes/Devices in this context.
•Each Node/Device is self-contained, with its own controller service that
delivers data to the cloud for storage and processing.
 IoT – Level 4 Example …Noise Monitoring
Sound Sensors are used

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 IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in
which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.

Book website: http://www.internet-of-things-book.com Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

IoT Level-5
IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud
database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends
control commands to the nodes.
IoT Level-6
Weather monitoring