Section 7:

Early
Adulthood
Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Early Adulthood.
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 Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
Emerging adulthood – the transition from adolescence to adulthood
(occurring from approximately 18 to 25 years of age), which is
characterized by experimentation.
Jeffrey Arnett (2006) 5 key features characterize emerging
adulthood
● Identity exploration, especially in love and work
● Instability
● Self-focused
● Feeling in-between
● The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an
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opportunity to transform their lives

 Allens offer the following suggestions for helping
adolescents become more mature on their way

⬤Provide them with opportunities to be contributors

⬤Give candid, quality feedback to adolescents

⬤Create positive adult connections with adolescents

⬤Challenge adolescents to be more competent

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 The Higher Education Research Institute at
ULCA has surveyed first-year college
students regarding their background,
experience, and views on a number topic. In
2016, 82.4% of students viewed becoming
well-off financially as an “essential” or a “very
important” object, compared with only 42% in
The transition 1971.
from highschool An increasing number of first-year college
to college students also report having higher level of
stress and depression, 41% of first-year
college students said they frequently or
occasionally felt overwhelmed with all they
had to do, 12% indicated they were
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depressed, and 34.5% reported feeling

anxious.
 Physical Development
Physical performance and development

Most of us reach our peak levels of physical performance before the

of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. Not only do we reach
our peak in physical performance during early adulthood, but it is
also during this age period that we begin to decline in physical
performance. Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show sign of
decline around the age of 30.
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 Health
Emerging adults have more than twice the morality rate of adolescents.

A longitudinal study revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in
during adolescence increased in emerging adulthood.

Recent study found that rates if being overweight or obese increased from
25.6% for college freshmen to 32% for college seniors.

It also indicated that 70% of college students do not get adequate sleep and
that 50% of them report daytime sleepiness.
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 Eating and Weight
Obesity is not only a problem from many children and
adolescents but a serious and pervasive problem for many
adults
● Heredity- some individuals inherit a tendency to be overweight.
● Environment factors- sociocultural factors are involved in obesity
Dieting
● A review of the long-term out-come of calorie-restricting diets revealed
that one-third to two-third of dieters regain more weight than they lost on
their diets
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
● Involves frequent binge eating but without compensatory behavior
like the purging that characterizes bulimics.
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 Regular Exercise
Many health experts recommend that young adults engaged in 30 minutes or
more aerobic exercise daily.

Strategies for making exercise part of your life

● Reduce screen time

● Chart your progress
● Get rid of excuses
● Imagine the alternative
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 Substances Abuse
● Cigarette smoking and nicotine
* Smoking linked to cancer deaths, heart diseases deaths, and chronic
pulmonary disease deaths.
* Though adult smokers would like to quit
- Addiction to nicotine makes quitting a challenge.
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 Sexuality
● Sexuality Activity in Emerging Adulthood

● Patters of heterosexual behavior:

● Sex Drive
● Physical and Emotional Sex
● Sexual Performance
● Initiation and Gateway Scripts
● Sexual Evolution
● Males have more casual sex partners, while females report being more selective.
● 60% have had sexual intercourse with only 1 individual in the last year.
● 25% report having sexual intercourse only a couple of times a year or not at all.
● Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood.
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 ● Sexual Orientation and Behavior

● Heterosexual attitudes and behavior

● Americans fall into three categories:
● -1/3 have sex twice a week or more, 2/3 a few times a month and 3/3 a few times a year or not at all.
● Married(and cohabiting) couples have an sex more often than non-cohabiting couples.
● Most Americans do not engage in kindly sexual acts
● Adultery is the exception rather than the rule
● Men think about sex far more often than women do.
● Sources of sexual orientation
● Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male/female relations to exclusive same –sex relations.
● Most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.
● Attitudes and behavior of lesbians and gays
● Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
● Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.
● Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences are a special concern.
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 ● Sexuality Transmitted Infections (STIs)

● Diseases contracted primarily through sex

● Effective strategies for protecting against HIV
● Know your risk status and that of your partner
● Obtain medical examinations
● Have protected, not unprotected, sex
● Do not have sex with multiple partners.
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 ● Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment

● Rape:
● Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does consent to it
● Characteristics of male rapists
● * Aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity
● * Angry at women in general
● * Want to hurt and humiliate their victims
● Date or Acquaintance Rape: Coercive sexual activity directed someone
with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted.
● Sexual Harassment
● Manifestation of power of one person over another
- takes many forms
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 ● Gender harassment
● Generalized sexist statements and behavior that convey insulting or degrading attitudes about women.
● Seductive Behavior
● Unwanted, inappropriate and offensive sexual advance.
● Sexual Bribery
● Solicitation of sexual activity or other sex-linked behavior by promise of reward.
● Sexual Coercion
● Coercion of sexual activity or other sex- linked behavior by threat of punishment.
● Sexual imposition
● Gross sexual imposition such as forceful touching, feeling, grabbing or sexual assault.
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 Cognitive Development
● Cognitive stages
● Piaget’s view:
● Adolescents and adults think qualitatively in same way.
● Individuals consolidate their formal operational thinking during adulthood.
● Is There a Fifth, Postformal Stage?
● Postformal thought:
● Reflective, relativistic, and contextual
● Provisional
● Realistic
● Recognized as being influenced by emotion
● Questionnaire items reflect three main categories:
● Taking into account multiple aspect of a problem or situation
● Making a subjective choice in a particular problem situation
● Perceiving underlying complexities in a situation.
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 ● Creativity
● Qualifying any conclusion about age and creative
accomplish are:
*Magnitudes of the decline in productivity
*Contrasts across creative domains
*Individual differences in lifetime output

● Impressive array of creative accomplishments

occur in late adulthood.
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 DEVELOPMENTAL
CHANGES
 Many young children have idealistic fantasies about what they
want to be when they grow up, such as superheroes, sports
stars, or movie actors. In the high school years, they begin to
think about careers from a somewhat less idealistic
perspective.
 In their late teens and early twenties, their career decisions
making has usually turned more serious as they explore
different career possibilities and zero in on the career they want
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to enter.
  In college, this often means choosing a major specialization that is designed to lead to work
in a particular field. By their early and mid-twenties, many individuals are completed their
education or training and entered a full-time occupation.
 From the mid-twenties the remainder of early adulthood, individuals often seek to establish
their emerging career in a particular field, working hard to move up the career ladder and
improve their financial standing.
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 FINDING A PATH TO PURPOSE

 William Damon (2008) proposed in his book The path to purpose:

Helping our children find their calling in life that purpose is a missing
ingredient in many adolescents` and emerging adults` achievement and
career development.
 Too many youth drifts aimlessly through their high school and college
years, Damon says engaging in behavior that places them at risk for not
fulfilling their potential and not finding a life pursuit that energizes them.
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 MONITORING THE OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK

 As you explore the type of work you are likely to enjoy in which you can succeed, keep in
mind that occupations may have many job openings one year but few in another year as
economic conditions changed.
 Projected job growth varies widely by educational requirements. Jobs that required a
college degree are expected to grow fastest. Most of the highest-paying occupations
required a college degree.
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 THE IMPACT OF WORK
 Work defines people in fundamental ways (Adler & Elmhurst, 2019; Hsieh & Huang, 2017).
 It influence their financial standing, housing, the way they spend their time, where they live,
their friendship, and their health (Blustein 2013).
 Some people define their identity through their work. Work also creates a structure and
rhythm to life that is often missed when individuals do not work for an extended period.
 Many individuals experiences emotional distress and low self-esteem when they are unable
to work.
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 WORK DURING COLLEGE

 Working can offset some of the costs of schooling, but also can restrict learning
opportunities. For those who identified themselves primarily as student, one study found
that as the number of hours worked per week increased, their grade suffered. Student need
to examine whether the number of hours they work is having a negative impact on their
college success.

 Jobs also can enhance your education.

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 UNEMPLOYMENT

 Unemployment rates in the US have remained high in recent years, and global
unemployment in increasing. It produces stress regardless of whether the job loss is
temporary, cyclical, or permanent.
 Researchers have found that unemployment is related to physical problems such as heart
attack and stroke, emotional problems such as depression and anxiety, marital difficulties,
and homicide.
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  Stressed caused by unemployment comes not only from a loss of income and the resulting
financial hardships but also from decreased self-esteem.
 Individuals who cope best with an employment have financial resources to rely on, often
savings or the earnings of other family members.
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 DUAL-EARNER COUPLES
 Dual earner couple may face special challenges finding a balance between work and family
life.
 Although single-earner married families make up a sizeable minority of families, the
proportion of two-earner have increased considerably.
 Many jobs have been designed for single earners, usually male, breadwinners, without
regard to family responsibilities or the realities of people`s lives.
 Consequently, many dual-earner couples engage in a range of adaptive strategies to
coordinate their work and manage the family side of the work-family equation.
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 DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
 The workplace is becoming increasingly diverse. Whereas at one time few women were
employed outside the home, in developed countries women have increasingly entered the
labor force.
 Ethnic diversity also is increasing in the workplace in every developed country except
France.
 Latinos are projected to constitute a larger percentage of the labor force, growing 25
percent from 2014 to 2024, as are Asians American, growing 21 percent from 2014 to 2024
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  The increasing diversity in the workplace requires a sensitivity to cultural differences and an
appreciation of the cultural values that workers bring to a job.
 Despite the increasing diversity in the workplace, women and ethnic minorities experience
difficulties in breaking through the glass ceiling that prevents them from being promoted to
higher rungs on the corporate ladder.
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 CHAPTER 14

SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN
EARLY ADULTHOOD

Presented by: BACUS, JONAVIE

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GACAYAN, LAICA
PLAZA, LHAIZA
 STABILITY AND CHANGE FROM
CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD
 TEMPERAMENT
- It is an individual`s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses.

○ Easy and difficult temperaments – children who had an easy temperament at 3 to 5

years of age were likely to be well adjusted as young adults.

○ Inhibition – individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are less likely
than other adults to be assertive or experience social support, and more likely to delay
entering a stable job track.

○ Ability to control one`s emotion – when 3 years old children showed control of their
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emotions and were resilient in the face of stress, they were likely to continue to handle
emotions effectively as adults.
  ATTACHMENT
- Appears during infancy and plays an important part in socio-emotional development.
- Although relationship with romantic partners differ from those with parents, romantic
partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children.
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 Three Attachment Styles

 Secure attachment style – adults have positive views of relationships, find it

easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with
or stressed out about their romantic relationship.

 Avoidant attachment style – hesitant about getting involved in romantic

relationships and once they are in a relationship tend to
distance themselves from their partners.

 Anxious attachment style – demands closeness, are less trusting, and are more
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emotional, jealous, and possessive.

 ATTRACTION, LOVE, and CLOSE
RELATIONSHIP
 ATTRACTION
● FIRST IMPRESSION- When we first meet someone, typically the new
acquaintance quickly makes an impression (King,2017, 2019). That first impression
can have lasting effects.

● FAMILIARITY AND SIMILARITY - Familiarity may breed contempt, as the old

saying goes, but researchers have found that familiarity is an important condition for a
close relationship to develop.

● PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS - psychologist do not consider the link

between physical beauty and attraction to be as clear-cut as many advertising
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agencies would like us to believe. Psychologist have determined that men and
women differ on the importance of good looks when they seek an intimate partner.
 So why people attracted to others who have similar attitudes, values, and life styles?

Consensual validation – our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else`s
attitudes and values are similar to ours and validate ours.
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 THE FACES OF LOVE

 INTIMACY
- Self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts are hallmark of intimacy.

- Adolescents have an increased need for intimacy. At the same time, they are
engaged on the essential task of developing an identity and establishing their
independence from their parents.
 FRIENDSHIP

- It plays an important role in development throughout the life span.

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- Adulthood brings opportunities for new friendships as individuals move to new

location and may establish new friendships in their neighborhood or at work.
  ROMANTIC LOVE

- Some friendships evolve into romantic love, which is also called passionate love or
eros.

- Romantic love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often
predominates in the early part of love relationship.

 AFFECTIONATE LOVE

- Love is more than just passion (Youyou & others, 2017).

- Also called companionate love

- Type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and
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has a deep, caring affection for the person.

  CONSUMMATE LOVE

-Stenberg proposed a
triarchic theory of love in
which love can be thought
as a triangle with three
main dimension, the
passion, intimacy, and
commitment.
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  CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP

- Culture has strong influences on many aspects of human development,

including romantic relationship.

- In collectivist countries like China and Korea, intimacy is more diffused in

love because of the strong emphasis on connections outside of a romantic
love relationship.
 RELATIONSHIP EDUCATION FOR ADOLESCENTS AND EMERGING ADULTS

- Traditionally, programs in relationship education have focused on helping

committed adult couples to strengthen their relationships.

- It consists of interventions to provide individuals and couples with information

and skills that produce positive romantic relationships and marriages.
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 FALLING OUT OF LOVE
 The collapse of a close relationship may feel tragic.
 Ending a relationship may be wise if you are obsessed with someone who repeatedly
betrays your trust. If you are involved with someone who is draining you emotionally or
financially, or if you are desperately in love with someone who does not return your feelings.
 Being in love when love is not returned can lead to depression, obsessive thoughts, sexual
dysfunction, health problems, inability to work effectively, difficulty in making new friends
and self- condemnation (Sbarra, 2012).
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 Adult Lifestyles
Single adults
- Stereotypes associated with being single range from:
* ”Swinging single” to the” desperately lonely, suicidal” single

Common problems
* Forming intimate relationships with other adults
* Confronting loneliness
* Finding a place in a society that is marriage-oriented

Advantages
* Having time to make decisions about one’s life course
* Time to develop personal resources to meet goals
* Freedom to make autonomous decisions
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* Persue one’s own schedule and interests

* Oppurtunities to explore new places and try out new things
* Privacy
 Cohabiting adults
- Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
- Reason for cohabiting
* Spend time together

* Share expenses
*Evaluate compatibility
- Lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood
.
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 Married adults
Married trends
* Married rates in the U.S. have declined in recent years
* In 2011, the U.S. average age for a first marriage climbed to 28.9 years for men and 26.5 years for women
* Marriage in adolescent is more likely to end divorce.
Cross-cultural comparisons
* Aspect of marriage vary across cultures
* Domesticity is valued in some cultures but not others
* Religions plays an important role in many cultures
Premarital education
* Occurs in a group
* Focuses in relationship advice
* Range from several hours to 20 hours
- With a median of 8 hours
* Lower risk of subsequent martial distress and divorce
Benefits of a good marriage
* Happily married people live longer, healthier lives
* Feel less physical and emotional stress
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 Divorced adults
Factors
* Youthful marriage

* Low education level

* Low income level

* Not having a religious affiliation

* Having divorced parents

* Having a baby before marriage

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 Remarried adults
- Remarriage occurs sooner for partners who initiate a divorce.

- More unstable than first marriages.

- Have higher rates of depression but improved financial status.

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 Gay and lesbian adults

- Are similar to heterosexual relationship in satisfactions and conflicts

Misconceptions
- Masculine/feminine roles are relatively uncommon.
- Small segment of the gay male population has a large number of
sexual partners.
- Gay male couples have an open relationships while lesbian
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couples usually do not.

 Chapter 14: Marriage and Family
Making Marriage Work
John Gottman identified 7 main
practice to help marriage
succeed:
● Establish love maps
● Nurture fondness and
admiration
● Turn toward each other instead
of away
● Let your partner influence you
● Solve solvable conflicts
● Overcome gridlock
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● Create shared meaning
Remarried couples, strategies
for coping with the stress of
living remarried family
● Have realistic
expectations
● Developed new positive
relationship within the
family
● Counter set relationship
or “ghost”
 “
Becoming a parents
Parents roles are well planned, coordinated with other roles in life, and
developed with the parents’ economic situation in mind.
Parenting requires a number of interpersonal skills and imposes
emotional demands, yet there is little in the way of formal education for
this work.
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 E. Mavis Hetherington’s 6 common
pathways after divorce

● The enhancer
Dealing with ● The good-enough
Divorce ● The seekers
● The libertines
● The competent loners
● The defeated
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 Gender and Communication Styles, Relationship, and
Classification
Gender and Communication Styles
● Rapport talk- is the language of conversation; it is a
way of establishing connections and negotiating
relationship.
● Report talk- is talk that is designed to give information;
this category if communication includes public
speaking.
According to Tannen, women enjoy rapport talk more
than report talk, and man prefer to engage in report
talk.
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 Gender and Relationship
● Women Development
Jean Baker Miller (1986), who has been an important advocate for
examining psychological issues from female perspective. She view
women often try to interact with others in ways that will foster the
other person’s development, along many dimension – emotional,
intellectual, and social.
Men’s Development
Areas where men’s role can cause considerable strain
*Health
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*Male-female relationship
*Male-male relationship
 Gender’s role in Friendship
- Tend to be characterized not only by
depth but also by breadth. They share
Women’s friendship many aspects of their experience,
thoughts, and feelings.
- are more likely to engage in activities,
Male friendship especially outdoors. Adults male pattern of
friendship often involved keeping one’s
distance while sharing useful information
Cross-gender- Are more common among adults than children but less
.
friendshipcommon than same-gender friendship in adulthood. One
problem that can plague an adult cross-gender
friendship is unclear sexual boundaries, which can
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produce tension and confusion

 Gender Classification
Androgyny
● The presence of positive
masculine and feminine
characteristics in the same
person.
● Sandra Bem (1977,1993), argue
that androgynous individuals are
more flexible, competent, and
mentally healthy than their
masculine or feminine
counterpart.
● Androgynous children had high
self-esteem and few internalizing
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problem
Transgender
● A broad term that refers to
individuals who adopt a gender
identity that differ from the one
assigned to them
● Transgender person also may
not want to be labeled “he” or
“she” but prefer a more neutral
label such as “they” or “ze”.
● Because trans individuals
experience considerable
discrimination, it is important that
society adopt a more welcoming
and accepting attitude toward
them
Thank you!
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