Electrical Machines (ESE-615)

Lecture # 1
Transformer Fundamentals

Course Instructor
Dr. Muhammad Shahzad
Lecture Contents
• Introduction to Transformers
• Advantages and Applications
• Essential Parts
Introduction to Transformers
• A static device which transfers AC voltage from one circuit at some level
to other circuit at different level through magnetic link, without change
in frequency.
• When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary windings, an
alternating flux (Φ) is set up in the magnetic core.
• This alternating flux links with both the primary and secondary windings
and induces EMFs VP and VS respectively, according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction
VP = - N1 dΦ/dt
VS = - N2 dΦ/dt
Single Phase Transformer
Introduction to Transformers
• VS in the secondary winding (N2) causes a secondary current (IS) and
as a result, the terminal voltage (VS) appears across the load.
• If VS > VP, transformer is called step up transformer.
• If VP > VS, transformer is called step down transformer.
• Transformer does not change the frequency of AC voltage/current
because the shape and magnitude of flux remains almost same on
either side.
• Power of transformer remains same on either side (V PIP = VSIS). It
implies that if the voltage increases, current decreases to maintaining
the power as constant.