z PHILOSOPHY

WEEK
z
5
FAULTY REASONING
DIVISION OF FALLACIES
*FORMAL
*INFORMAL
AD HOMINEM

APPEAL TO FORCE

APPEAL TO EMOTION

APPEAL TO POPULAR

APPEAL TO TRADITION

BEGGING THE QUESTION

CAUSE AND EFFECT

FALLACY OF COMPOSITION

FALLACY OF DIVISION
z
 z
SPORTS

 Black lives matter

movement
 George Floyd
z
Pres. Trump

 NEGRO
 The Wall
 Chinese Virus
z

PRES. JOSEPH R. BIDEN V.P. KAMALA HARRIS

z
 z
BIAS
 PERSONAL VIEWS OF PEOPLE PRESENTING IT.
 NOT NECESSARILY ERRORS IN REASONING, BUT REFER TO
TENDENCIES OR INFLUENCES WHICH AFFECT THE VIEWS OF THE
PEOPLE
 CANNOT BE AVOIDED IN ANY DISCUSSION OR DEBATE
 WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THAT PEOPLE ENGAGING IN THE
DISCUSSSION ARE AWARE OF THEIR PERSONAL BIASES AND HAVE
AN OPEN BUT CRITICAL ATTITUDE TOWARD OTHER VIEWS WHICH
CONFLICT WITH THEIR OWN.
z
CORRESPONDENCE BIAS
 z
CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR
ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
 TENDENCY TO JUDGE A  “THESE SOLDIERS
PERSON’S PERSONALITY WHO FOUGHT IN THE
BY HIS OR HER ACTIONS,
WAR ARE ALL
WITHOUT REGARD FOR
EXTERNAL FACTORS OR
BLOODTHIRSTY
INFLUENCES MURDERERS!”
z
CONFIRMATION BIAS
 z
CONFIRMATION BIAS

 TENDENCY TO LOOK FOR  “HOW CAN I ACCEPT

AND READILY ACCEPT HIS VIEW THAT
INFORMATION WHICH
THERE IS NO GOD? I
FITS ONE’S OWN BELIEF
OR VIEWS TO REJECT
AM A CHRISTIAN”
IDEAS OR VIEWS THAT GO
AGAINST IT
z
FRAMING
 z
FRAMING

 “PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE
 FOCUSING ON A
HAS STILL NOT POINTED OUT
CERTAIN ASPECT THE ACTUAL CAUSE OF THE
PLANE CRASH, BUT
OF A PROBLEM INVESTIGATORS ARE
WHILE IGNORING CURRENTLY FOCUSING ON
THE POSSIBILITY OF PILOT
OTHER ASPECTS ERROR.”
z
HINDSIGHT
 z
HINDSIGHT

 THE TENDENCY TO  “MAGELLAN’S ASSAULT

ON MACTAN ISLAND WAS
SEE PAST EVENTS AS
A FOOLHARDY VENTURE
PREDICTABLE , OR
MADE BY
TO ASCRIBE A OVERCONFIDENT,
PATTERN TO CARELESS MAN WHO
HISTORICAL EVENTS UNDERESTIMATED THE
VALOR OF THE NATIVE
FILIFINO.”
z

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
 z
CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 A PERSON OR GROUP  “ AS THE DAUGHTER OF

IS CONNECTED TO OR THE ACCUSED, I

BELIEVE I HAVE THE
HAS A VESTED
RIGHT TO EXPRESS MY
INTEREST IN THE OPINION ON THE ISSUE
ISSUE BEING OF HIS ALLEGED
DISCUSSED CORRUPT PRACTICES.”
z
CULTURAL BIAS
 z
CULTURAL BIAS

 ANALYZING AN  “I DO NOT AGREE WITH

EVENT OR ISSUE THIS WESTERN

PRACTICE OF PLACING
BASED ON ONE’S
AGED PARENTS IN
CULTURAL RETIREMENT HOMES .
STANDARD WE FILIPINOS TAKE
CARE OF OUR FAMILY
MEMBERS.”
z